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The Periodic Table

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7 views5 pages

The Periodic Table

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pharmacyandbeyond.copycentre
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© © All Rights Reserved
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1

The Periodic Table


The first periodic table to become generally accepted was that of the Russian chemist Dmitri
Mendeleev in 1869.
The Periodic Table is a listing of all know elements sorted by increasing atomic number.
The Periodic Table is divided into:
• Groups which are vertical columns
• Periods which are horizontal rows
Metals are found on the left side of the table while non-metals are found on the right side of the
periodic table.
N.B. Please obtain a picture of the periodic table and stick in your book.
From studying the Periodic Table certain patterns or trends can be observed in physical and
chemical properties of elements.
Some common properties of elements which can be compared are:
Ionisation energy – This is a measure of the ability of an atom to lose electrons to form positive
ions.
Electronegativity – A measure of the ability of an atom to gain electrons to form negative ions.
Atomic radius – Measure of the size of the atom.
Reactivity
Other physical properties – E.g. melting point, boiling point and electrical conductivity

Groups
Groups are vertical columns. The Periodic Table contains 18 groups. Eight of those groups are
numbered using Roman numerals from I-VIII. Group VIII is sometimes called group 0.
Some general trends in a group include:
• All group members have the same number of valence electrons, corresponding to the
group number.
• They have the same common oxidation number and valency
• Elements in a group show similar chemical properties
• Atomic radius increases as you go down a group because of an increase in electron shell
numbers.
• Ease of ionisation increases down the group.
• Electronegativity decreases down the group.
2

Periods
Periods are horizontal rows. There are 7 numbered from 1 to 7.
• All elements in the same period have the same number of occupied electron shells.
• As you move from left to right, each element has 1 more valence electron than the
previous element.
• As you move from left to right, the metallic nature of the elements decreases while the
non-metallic nature increases.
Relating the periodic Table and the Electronic configuration of atoms
1. The group number of an element and the number of valence electrons in an atom is the
same.
2. The period number of an element and the number of occupied electron shells are the
same.
E.g.
Magnesium is in Group II and period 3.
This means a magnesium atom has 2 valence electrons and 3 occupied shells.
Therefore the electronic configuration of magnesium atom is 2,8,2

Oxygen is in group VI and period 2.


This means an oxygen atom has 6 valence electrons and 2 occupied shells.
Therefore the electronic configuration of oxygen atom is 2,6

Chlorine has an electronic configuration of 2,8,7.


This means a chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons and 3 occupied shells.
Therefore Chlorine is in Group VII and period 3.
3

Trends in Group II – Alkaline Earth Metals


The group II elements are as follows:
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ba
All elements in group II have 2 electrons in their outer shells. They will prefer to lose 2 electrons
to form a stable configuration.
M – 2e- → M2+ (where M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba)

Reactivity increases down the group.


The main oxidation state of group 2 elements is +2.
Group II elements are reducing agents.
As you go down the group there is an increase in atomic radius.
All the elements in Group II have high melting points because of the strong metallic bonds.
Ionisation energy decreases as you go down the group.

Reactions of Group II elements:


Reactions of Calcium:
With oxygen:
2Ca (s) + O2 (g) → 2CaO (s)

With water:
Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

With Hydrochloric acid:


Ca (s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
4

Strontium is lower down the group than calcium, do you expect the reactions to be more
vigorous or less vigorous?
Trends in Group VII – The Halogens
The group VII elements are as follows:
F – pale yellow gas
Cl – pale green gas
Br – reddish brown liquid
I – black solid
All elements in group VII have 7 electrons in their outer shells. They will prefer to gain 1
electron to form a stable configuration.
N + e- → N - (where N = F,Cl, Br, I)
Reactivity decreases down the group.
The main oxidation state of group 7 elements is -1.
Group VII elements are oxidising agents.
As you go down the group there is an increase in atomic radius.
The melting point increases as you go down the group, due to van-der-waals forces. Causing the
elements to turn from gas, to liquid to solid as you go down the group.
The colours of the elements get darker as you go down the group.
Electronegativity decreases as you go down the group.
The reactivity of the halogens decreases down the group. This means that elements higher up are
able to displace those lower down from their salts.
Chlorine + potassium iodide → potassium chloride + iodine
Cl2 (g) + 2KI(aq) → 2KCl(aq) + I2 (s)

Trends Across Period 3


The Period 3 elements are as follows:
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
For period 3, the number of shells of each element is the same(3 shells).
As you go from left to right, the number of electrons in the outer shell increases by one.
5

As you go from left to right, the elements change from metallic to non-metallic. As a result the
oxides change from basic for the metals to acidic for the non-metals.
Atomic radius decreases as you go from left to right across the period.
Electronegativity increases as you go from left to right across the period.

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