Unit 1: Introduction

to Multivariate Data
Analysis
By Prof.Asmita
Gaikwad
Overview of Multivariate Analysis

Multivariate analysis is a powerful tool that allows you to simultaneously examine multiple variables to uncover complex
relationships and patterns within your data. It's a core component of data science and helps you extract meaningful insights
from complex datasets.

Uncovering Complex Relationships Predictive Modeling

Multivariate analysis goes beyond simple correlations by By understanding these relationships, you can build
delving into the interactions between variables. It reveals predictive models that forecast future trends, identify
how multiple factors influence each other and the overall potential risks, or optimize business processes. It empowers
outcome. data-driven decision-making.
Types of Multivariate
Data
Multivariate data comes in various forms, each with unique characteristics and
requiring specific analysis methods.

Categorical Continuous
Data are grouped into distinct Data that can take on any value
categories, such as gender, product within a range, such as height,
type, or customer satisfaction levels. temperature, or sales figures.

Ordinal
Data representing ordered Time Series
categories, like customer feedback Data coover llected time, such as

ratings (poor, good, excellent) or stock prices, weather patterns, or

product quality rankings (low, website traffic.

medium, high).
Applications and
Importance
Multivariate analysis plays a crucial role in various disciplines, aiding in
understanding complex phenomena and making informed decisions.

Business Science
Customer segmentation, market Medical research, biological studies,
analysis, product development, and risk environmental monitoring, and climate
management. change modeling.

Social Sciences
Political polling, public opinion analysis,
social network analysis, and economic
forecasting.
Data Preparation and Preprocessing
Before diving into analysis, your data needs to be carefully prepared and preprocessed to ensure accurate and reliable results.

Data Cleaning
1
Identifying and removing errors, duplicates, outliers, and inconsistencies in the data.

Data Transformation
2 Converting data into a suitable format for analysis, such as standardizing units or
creating new variables.

Handling Missing Data

3 Addressing missing values by imputation, deletion, or other
techniques to maintain data integrity.
Data Cleaning and
Transformation
Cleaning and transforming your data is a critical step in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of your analysis.

Removing Errors Handling Outliers Standardizing Units

Spotting and correcting incorrect Identifying and addressing extreme Converting data into a common scale
values, such as typos or impossible values that may skew analysis results. to enable meaningful comparisons
entries. across variables.
Handling Missing
Data
Missing data is common and can significantly impact analysis results.
Appropriate techniques are needed to manage it.

Imputation Deletion
Replacing missing values Removing rows or columns
with estimated values based with missing values if they
on other data points. represent a small portion of
the data.

Model-Based Methods
Using statistical models to predict missing values based on existing
patterns in the data.
Data Normalization and
Standardization
These techniques are essential for making data comparable and ensuring that different variables have equal influence on
analysis results.

Normalization
Scaling data to a common range, typically between 0 and 1, to reduce the
1
impact of differing scales.

Standardization
Transforming data to have a mean of 0 and a standard
2
deviation of 1, allowing for comparisons across variables
with different scales.
Introduction to Data Visualization in
Excel, SPSS, and R
Data visualization plays a crucial role in understanding and communicating insights from multivariate data. Several popular software
tools provide powerful visualization capabilities.

Excel SPSS R
A widely accessible tool for basic A powerful statistical software package A programming language designed for
visualizations, offering charts, graphs, and with advanced visualization options for statistical analysis and data visualization,
pivot tables. complex data analysis. offering immense flexibility and
customization.
Exploratory data analysis

. EDA is Foundation It is like a solving a

stone puzzle

EDA is the foundation stone. Very [an investigation carried out by a

important step before you begin with
data analysis detective]
.

The better you It revels the

know your data true nature of
the
The better your analysis data
/
Case Outcome.
Objectives of Exploratory
data analysis
.
To check If the collected data is
making sense In the context of
the business problem

EDA helps to resolve the

issues
Missing Data
Uncover and
Duplicates
resolve data
Incorrect Values
quality issues
Anomalies

Incorrect Data Types.

Reliability testing
 Types of EDA
EDA- Univariate data analysis
For the categorical variable simple tabulation of
For the numerical variable descriptive

frequency
statistics summary
Gender
Cumulative

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent

Valid male 151 59.2 59.4 59.4 To get mean , median ,mode, slandered
female 103 40.4 40.6 100.0
Total 254 99.6 100.0
Missing System 1 .4 Statistics
Total Age
255 100.0
deviation
N Valid 254
Missing 1
Mean 2.60
Median 2.00
Mode 2
Std. Deviation 1.520
Variance 2.312
Skewness .749
Std. Error of Skewness .153
Kurtosis -.574
Std. Error of Kurtosis .304
Range 5
Sum 661
To explore the relationships between variables such as self-esteem, crafting
behavior (low/high), quit intentions, and voluntary job changes. To prepare a
proper case study or analysis based on these diagrams, the following
elements should be considered:

Abstract:
This case examines how crafting behavior, self-esteem, and the need for challenge interact to influence quit intentions and voluntary job
change. Using structural equation modeling, it demonstrates the mediating and moderating factors that connect personal and workplace
dynamics to turnover intentions and actual job transitions.
Introduction:
Context: High employee turnover can be costly for organizations, making it essential to understand psychological and behavioral precursors
to quitting.
Objective: To investigate how crafting behavior (approach crafting), self-esteem, and the need for challenge shape employees' intentions to
quit and their eventual voluntary job change.