UN17-4

uth abet ib lnuonmnt.

- Adany undn linetainty ner has actes o lele
-

Gaaie psbahiliky naalun

- Sajeuinu wanig full jad dislukulbig -with knoody npuatalalbm , we miht
We au not e e abst whethe An ue ar
- Repiastny knsolidy in meslaui domain nat th we
Rule Baaed methsds lr wnuran Aeastrny Henit
comyelet and coneet
mgh be impossible t conehut a
and decbn hees
-

Lissing data
Noi'sy data
9. Uncotaa knaualadye
- Expennenin d dicson es
Inibmple bsldse
-

’ Ab ducitn, inducn ae cn terla

Uneaky m be cauned by poblemo with data deisien depsrdo utdly teators klu, limdly annival,
usig data atio de cisien in talen.
2. neplt data
3. Unrelialele data
5. Impreus dat wth prsbhabiias in the ganrel theory 4 valanal
6. Guto data deisions caled docisien theny'
Decision thayny
Dedsin lhany ombn en the agond's beiels aind dlanio,
-prebaki lae
asatg Bu hsot acsn as the one that maimi2e9
grialnalon whne we uiliy

Sample space - t all poniblo oodo

4 - 2 die are ralled - 36 pos sS ble woylds
Selalian
wth each possible
- anso oiate
world
a
uverial pebakulty
lnartaunty Qnd ratibral du ciaubny
a Autemataf Tai
oPw 1 or euiry
Plw)-)
Plan lA90) - uawe 40 mng
Plan 2 CA))- leawe 1o mons
lan 3AjUWo)- lowe 24 hows
hich in ratanal chsiu to alah airpot yom h
(hi h
 ’Rilaitak delicen a
P(dauble | Die5) Pl1a) )-Pla)
P (a)b) Planb)
Pb)
P (avb) Plast Plb- Planb)
Ardut tule Planb): Plalb) plb)
Randem Vasiabler, vaiables n pababl, dhy
Ful Jaint dieti butn
Prbabity dahi balian
Full Jant Diohi bulitny
pababhie, d all th porble valuo d a Yondbm ’ aid when dishibulgns on mallple vaiableo.
vaia ble cAuld be Wealtor
doudyand?
Plweat = ran) =0) Toal 4Y =& conhnatdno ae possi ble
P weather = laudy) =0:29 when theu an mltple vaialblo,thes jent psballly
Pwealher = Snfo) = D-0) in waed 9! all pocs, ble wrldo ae
mo ll it dinthibutbn
Plweahe) {od, o-l, o-29,0-0)3

random Vau'able weathe

r a continusus vaiallo, P datnes the pabaaly a new
ful sant diibulin
 (6)

P(double ]bie5) Pl1a) : )-Pla)

Planb)

PCa nb) Plalb) P6) Sm Ruwle

Random Vaiables, vaniaslto in

psbabuti, all the porable valuos d a Yandbm ad uhen disthibubons on matlhple vaviable.
vavia ble Auld be

Plweathor =Yn) =0)

dauda) - 0-29
Plwealter = Sntuo) =Do) in vacd b all possi ble worldo ane

Pweah) {od,0, o-29,0-013

rardbm vauale weathi

t a catinusun vaialo, , ditns the pubablly a new
uand.
 064 DDl6tD 012 0lot 0
tthadi:
A1dhn mamat deis yutn
a
Pla)
PCb) P(alb) P(bla)
he) tostha Pl
g oiid Gnd aidio hand
lqusling
PCbla).Pa) Planb): cauily
and PCb) P(albJ. Planb
ule: podut the oms Tuo
and Rule
Bays
Plas.PC
6) Planb)e
PCb) Pbla)
Pcb)idakendunt
) Plas Plalb): pvebakhtto thtu up
add Gnd ue
rmula vue produd
Indspandsa
2alien Nermali D
00 0072
7akh 1catkh Cakh Cauy
¬ethache
ado, Trsth
fo msningüs bayai'
ayntay and nmnauua
dafinig
netuk. by ha iw, y
foobi the prior prsbaklty the a palaid has We
natral and
directd
paltt ho a
-A baytian nlork
anatd th
pubaailh infmalia:
he nsd
up the
onden vaiables male conlnusy.
I. A ad .Vauahles
nelierk
P(s]m) 0:7 Coneet paui d nod

paeent Y.
P(m)s): P(slm) P(m) 07 x/0o- 00014 céndlitnal prabak dil'bala
3 Eoch naade Xi, ho a
ahngly ndi calad ky
pobaklh o1), prsbablh Gn the node.
mkinihs (wth d 4. The guph hs
emany amall. Thi
necko ntutnce en .
means X has det

and dugendbn iz
the nehk. t
Vaiables

maunes
222 dluicled aqel'e
) talktul qraphlDAG).
 (10
They ane built rem prebabi fusng
- Jt comlab -
a

vabues.
amd conusug vaue
0 Node peatnh) ceiTeapdot a aadbin
a memhor d o c i'sp at
Are) Diretid anraws
Vatiaale .

X AD th pau4 Y, 2
()
Thee
Spud
Car
4o (an
slau faat
UAre
al nodo with eteet d paret nooeo

buen 40-fo
39: , 3$-9 o)4o2.
laL ad t tranot prebauhis
gent dving the car wil hit bra ke at yo) y Yor2
A
Canoideuiny t fas and dit ateelerato at 31-8 or 33.9

B Plc) 1 cof A faiblhy jy ag.

T T

T
Spudbj-to
- Theu ahud t e a dlas.
 (12)
A: 2,4,, - ...?
em natral nmher
[ 60, 1)
-20- 2.

4s meno mb a

nsmkeilahip. defined a a aet uhe elemenh hve

dyus memlalahip.
The choaduysties feuti valito belbim

complete
with dage mmkelahi
Tuchnigue o deal wt glany
ea 5 Tumalss)
mpuosim ond msrnalian grenuaih. The husy koy
a mechanism tor epasntng nguku couhuto o,
uch "A"medi um 4

as'). Jo).
Claical Set
Claac
The adilnal bnay t thiy don' alo crip entnie, but a pacial mnbsahip.
haue nat dhe hll,
enen that ih do o oo nt ocw
Fuy at '
migu f- {0i), (2, 075),(3,0s)4,o), (s, o)4
 9 ytims, help cant apeliameo

fuzy Seb
ag a ecd o ovoeud
-

fusy lhje poaus

olomnd n X

pyeuido a Ample way t arsive at aa dsf nte fun (ME)

gupli upuatatal
A utm bicomis a
and
sutpus iaponae.
The ues use

Fuy
Vague
almns
 (16 (

A
al pon
The auçpet y
Co, 3)
A - (0, J ) + (o, )+
A
ut
The Caesover Algha at and Shong -alpha
An d- ut cr

at o Called n& mal kas io at last

memkesehp
X:f1,2,33 ond ad A 031) losa)s(u
e4. Comisdeu
) Cerdindy Ao2{ ,2,3
2,33

SUM the
A1 133
Rant in X

Cbni de X-, 2, 34 and ets ond B an

A: (03,)t oSA) t (3),
222 Equaly fu
B:(05,) lo55,2) +3). lo.3,), los),(,3)
A (o:3)) los,-),Cl,3)
 uzy et A (, o), (2,01) (0,b2), (4, D5),
(5,3) (6,D-).1,do),(s, 0-o),(9,0-0) Co, 1)
and ny mal.
wnhenalig un f2,3,4.5,6, lo
t X,
tug autaat
Cknaide tuo fuy
d,e 4
X: a , b,
Fuzy et lo2,c), (o6,d), (ose)
-fuziy Jzseclti A li, a), (o3.b),
wnen 3,d), (o-2,e)
fuy B: 1Co4, a), (o9,),(ol, c), (o ituslion
Conp lement , tneen,
fid sut aupsst, cardinalky
and oomplemend .

Can k.
Sugpert : &ptA):
Supp(A fa,b, tsd3
X

Cardinalty 2:3
D&t0
Card a ) -)+03+ 02t

beth anb. Complemsd A cha),lo 3,6), (o:2c), (o-&,d), to,e)

1A= Co,a), (o., b), (os, c), (o-2, d), C1,e)
Union.
AU6
A (h,a),(o9,b), (o-2,c), Co 8, a),(o2,e)f

(0, e)?
ANB: f (o-6,a), ( 0 3, b), Co,),(o03.d),
 (9C
Deisi on dsisicn mabng prour
n ot por atn thi
malhcmaea nadel
Crita, amd olon 4cog ni ud and the d uin mabiy
vabliehel.
a amast ad supet ayn. 9athas atp, Ma vaialal ane
Shp 2 fuiþcabon :
3)

ons us chorss the

dugnd Vavaalis which au
bae.
als ane uwivchaa!
fo cuch idi cats, al delined v
witn the umiva a
numas and nanes. Linguuhe vaajbles au
Pimuubl thuaughsd and alordig a apeolit demade mdamnld ltiali vavaklis, te, abseuk.
ct bain
becsim making, eonplang ey aab the sbionge the
the yaibla
The hiybn the alabal univese.
bnpiened mdetad mdr the
Keision mahiy osadio dlt diven baad
the pe tmance d the the
prveV.thln,
Candléna Aanncis. tha the caniana
Vau'ablu ao a at amd or.
mathmtical spsals yes, no,
Rntene abo was ta amiglnnt nura
dlaoiratble
undy tho p. it i alo
fu

les.
the t e Alanlt 44 the oeined
 (13

Enyliryd
enpy ciedi
DL DI
the Serte Credd
(Incm
necesi hld t acumpsh nune' ce S core

valns.
9tbrpreabtn aynd eieaon Jaot (R)
Sto 5: Data et
the the tmglaymnd n th teau

) the test , dato is aplitad

Deisi gn Taes th dato acb e
Lea nade dae clamitai baud
M
Deusigm
aud
Jn clanbcehon Doasin tue o wd as a clanijer employ cd but kao law n come.
the aan tr that prsn

asor" gonn to a mahe

basd
On

ib weabons th the wold

ad dle ci sion mabuy paotslo

Deúsa
nadlo bramhs forno ltanng as

a dtns b (ae.
can b
On the
taken that odeida, what
Yamana elemed,
and a

elenend
 aleady depovdg
headpirlas,
nw ean
\We
agud the adbn
3
the
ditiminy
the
0.
duang chidlitorg digJ A1.
cunved -the
euna can
iskhuu
4
dand bratng
the lean oad wet aOn nnio. cany the uad
aanlto the
comnpomend
2) (foad
aulo elnnt ance
len
. psnind braduCopely
the
ogetandBale", comn qhves
a
lean
a can
dive,. toyi
(eanaler
To*i uomal A knawledye alo o
Divex element Lelem
nuny lear M
Sertnse
adidno shlaro
Ruerman
e,
.
 27

2. Dhect jmtrucg tld) a numh

3.
Anadogy
4. Inducn ty
5. Jeducism
DMamoaial.on (Rste leaanng ) laanng
5) Deduchen
that deducit nen act. from he
baag. lagially
puites mtfe
deived. Deduduie leanmg wuy
gmmoriing them the she mtho oo
Diet natuol
Thsee Caloorio lanng:
baae. - Superuitd haig Cclasipalia)
Uinsugr's ad lea nng
Reinbecmed aanng
Sysvisd leonnig The algoritm lans n a

an anwer tat the alrin

ang daa
walate lo acura y srm
Sutens,

of whn we lean to duve Ra

dah
Algrikm Pouning
ding. Tho
Happm me chaiems wik
wih hgh aceusa y.
olades keyiini an and casisi pnbl
- 9n
 (29

(
Unsupo id lanig
Suy sasiend
3. Piedite nat 3. Desen'pe nal
D/e magpig wih '9)e.
claisli chutrig. Associalai Ago.
dab
t-miams eluatin alg
mng aie Boyeo, k Apnori alynitm
6. More accvate
ard and punishmant.
- we cannst Prediet t atte n gomt. Snduda leanning
ewion mant Nud browledge
Thee au basi caly A methodo densnsn fe
daa aclioi

mohine learning
Agent - for a large asunt o daa, the deman
very
-umfecdbac amd bat enper ienles. ae nat very wee and elable. &o. we move
awawdo tho machine uanning ppoah.
edba - more atrat yalem
- Abo clled as May h Deusion p s .

(Yowo smpwa) in to the ame

Un upevited
we genat (ban) the uo
by uang the buliuhe
dabe a proen ude leanas
discwe ul
 (39) (3)
We can

pllen; then rd i.
We tn agpy the aule n dllosd ataibns ta Sbpe-&)
- at i bain ,

-lweth nducne mar hed. The rule added b R, 3) weather

Jhen a deisi o Yeo
dis cwi'eung the Tule. at teatn 2,

"gansial ' trem a ut obaewed ances

’ueet le)
Mango -
- Bansna ’ cBonama)weetle2)
9n a
t .

-hee the hnelim h clled a

mateh the tudbia. -A
predit nnen

Plautyeo beatabi Deison Neauuig as euanples.

mjnaim
windy Munbai No
es O Glei a lrge
montan Simla
wa m asa Yes at
5
Mumba
 (33
in the tat at at
H.
Deosion ts leamng alyerihm
the de isi on
9 t Dichotemis en 3)
ID 3
asto
- Dichalomis By
comglily
Io arive at
a

domunant ailt bute amd athes to

2v0 eat bananas whih aue he wmit
bagle 200

Endspy aud Jalormalon

eat ban anas
’ Tsn, it ealalatto
the tha md damnant

bve
dAminat on! is pud an the
Lkat tbles that, the mast
aitibut vabnes and e n duis'en le as deciston noole.
eutaut value
Enspy and Gais seares
the ther adtui b
wd to sawe bat
A deasi n ree

formulaes
otub te
2

Suy OveRcant )Rau otlihule alue

nods

mos)
lassiilion
 'unny, Duarest,Rain
Vale (sud lel) Sunng
- 9
S["9,5-) : y:
SA - S givon y A
thut alkut
adikuty
-Ra u
To &r nat/ To
ovsrc
Tenp Hami daty wind Deision
Sunny Hot tigh Weak SRai [3,2-3 :
2 Hot High No
3 Overcad Hot High We
Raim Mild tigh Weat
Raim Cos Nermal
Rain
Weak e
Co Norma (ouealad)
Ca Notm
No
Sumny Mild
Wi_h Yes
No
Sumny Co Norma wea!
Rarin Normal
Weal
Sumng
)2
Mild
Shong Ye0
GanlSsonst)= caleulate
Ovreaet Hst
Sheng Yes
nNorma Weak
Rain Hild

-Caloulate Jahrmlin
Short ValelTemp): Hot, mild
cos

0 .9183
J
Smld: [tM, 2 g 6
: 0.8113
 al attiba,
Cimpane th gais o D-2464
han (S, t ) =
O-0289
Gan(S, tome) Rou
Gainls, thuwnidaby )- o-15/6
Sumny biarce
4
(S, wind): 0oY78 (us,6, lo)
Gan (),2,63,)) J

J (0,2-]
Ct2,3-)

DayTenp tunicuty Wind lay Temnis

S [+9, 5-3 f» B.94 Hot Weade No
2
High No
mild weak No
Nerinal Weak
Strmy
7
Vale CTen tot , mild j Cu

Se

Valse (wind) Wed,

051 -

High, Normas
Value Ctumidty)
0. 97
Shigh Co, 3-]
Scunng 2*, -] >E 0
S norm
 Lt), 2-7 :
0.97, Sweat
0.983 V(ind) : Shang weak
Co, 2-J, E - l o g D
Emrypy(shy)- enbywealy

D9183
o-91-2x} -
Gud
hain ( Ssuny Tenp)
Sumy overee Rain Can ho m
(4,5dy lo, Ju)
wid) : O.0)92
Humidly wind
of a
Nomal wea Shrsny

E 0.97

0.9083
the ahcaat ahault be leand.
Trade- the nes t cllet many suanmp ar
Ainale Bampes la "dtmam

V(Humd ) : Hih. anl goa conet: A

- Ll,1-] : E )
Sigh wha the program Mn
(2+ 1-] : E o9183
 (u
- Atiag amplei what the hamig
n the world

- Aepoattal cri bnion (at):- Adasenipli opsalibral cribnia

which cbn cepto ae walele
- A damain Ieny: A et aules hat dloen'h
dmam

(dbman y) Genealzalsn canept

Ginesalizalktm as mueh poss; ble awkile deseribiny the goal
a

indiidua sbiavlr
&Stantard Approoch t CBL
An Éxplanaligi Cdehild pret goal) olaba eprembro.
we dljaalak anch ao x2 with reaprt bx
we oloun 2X
On a lag'c zbnung glm, the goa migts he prand
ASk ( Denivatue (r', a) = d,k8)
focb with s l n de 2x
(enempn methad dis dillelabin

1 x (2x() 2
ohld h mimorid
-ne the Qule idinlih d ihan tal