INTERNAL SECURITY

MAINS 365 SUMMARY 4. SECURITY FORCES IN INDIA

LEGEND BHAIYA  Defence Indigenisation
 Third Positive Indigenisation List
 INS Vikrant
Table of Contents  Submarines in India
 Defence Modernisation
1. STATE AND NON-STATE ACTORS  Technology Development Fund (TDF)
 Left Wing Extremism (LWE)  Technology and Border Management
 Insurgency in North East  Drones in India
 Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA)  Military Applications of Drones
 Illegal immigration and Internal Security  Military Logistics Agreements
 Indo-Naga Ceasefire Agreement  Theaterisation of Armed Forces
 Bodo Peace Accord  Chief of Defence Staff (CDS)
 Agnipath Scheme
2. THREATS TO INTERNAL SECURITY  Integrated Battle Groups (IBG)
 Technology and Internal Security  Police Forces
 Media and Social Media  Global Security Agencies
 Cyber Security  Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
 Recent Developments in Cyber Security  International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
 Ransomware  Police metaverse
 Critical Information Infrastructure  UNSC Counter Terrorism Committee
 Technology for Law Enforcement  International Criminal Court (ICC)
 Facial Recognition Technology (FRT)
 Money Laundering and Smuggling 5. MISCELLANEOUS
 Amendment to the Prevention of Money laundering  Nuclear Disarmament
(Maintenance of Records) Rules, 2005.  25 years to Pokhran Nuclear Tests
 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act  Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
 Smuggling and Counterfeiting  Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)
 Smuggling in India Report 2021-22  Wassenaar Arrangement
 Counterfeit Currency Notes  Cluster Bombs and Thermobaric Weapon
 Drug Trafficking  Defence Exports
 Terrorism  Foreign Military Bases
 Lone-wolf Terrorism  Extradition
 Bio-Terrorism  Climate Change and Security
 Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), 1967
 Emerging Dimensions of Warfare
 Hybrid Warfare
 Space Weaponisation

3. SECURITY CHALLENGES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT IN

BORDER AREAS
 Security Issues in Border Areas
 Role of Community in Border Management
 Geo-spatial Data and National Security
 Maritime Security
 Anti-Maritime Piracy Act
 Strategic development of Andaman and Nicobar
Islands (ANI)
  Leveraging new technologies such as Micro/Mini UAVS
STATE AND NON-STATE ACTORS Enhancing capabilities of the state police forces.
 Choke Funding

LEFT WING EXTREMISM (LWE)

LWE also called as Naxalism/Maoism is a form of armed INSURGENCY IN NORTH-EAST
insurgency against the state.
Operating in India's “Red Corridor” Reasons-
1. Large scale migration or ethnic rivalries with neighboring
Fact- tribes.
1. Incidents of LWE violence have reduced by 76% from 2010 2. Poor connectivity and limited infrastructure
to 2022. 3. Informal governance and economy d
2. Number of LWE affected districts reduced from 35 to 25 4. Porous international borders with difficult typography.
from 2018 to 2021. 5. Sense of alienation from mainstream.

Causes of LWE Need for maintaining peace in the Northeast

1. Governance Related Factors 1. National security
- The failure to implement welfare schemes 2. Strengthen cross border relationship
- Malfunctioning of government machinery 3. Gateway to Southeast Asia.
- Weak governance allowed Maoists to gain legitimacy in 4. National Integration
deprived areas. 5. Economic Significance: with rich natural resources,
2. Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors tourism and export potential.
- Poverty, inequality fuel LWE support.
- Land acquisition displaces farmers/tribes, fuels LWE
violence in tribes Initiatives taken
- Cultural alienation of tribal communities. 1. Peace deals or settlement agreements Eg. Recent Karbi
- The lack of basic infrastructure Anglong Peace Agreement.
3. Political Marginalisation of the marginalized communities. 2. Fencing of borders with regional cooperation.
3. Priority to Northeast routes under UDAN 4.0
Important initiatives for LWE affected states 4. Fast-track efforts to bring all North east capitals on
Creation of LWE division in 2006 Indian Railway network.
 National Policy and Action Plan (2015) 5. Maitri Setu, a 1.9 km bridge over Feni River to connect
 Operational strategy SAMADHAN Sabroom in Tripura with Ramgarh in Bangladesh
 Modernization of Police Forces' like Special Central 6. Development of North east under the Act East Policy via
Assistance (SCA). Mandatory earmarking of at least 10% of Gross Budgetary
 A LWE Mobile Tower Project Support.
 Aspirational District programme 7. Initiatives like Swadesh Darshan Scheme,
 Operation Green Hunt in the naxal-affected areas. Comprehensive Telecom Development Project, Agri Export
Zones, National Bamboo Mission.
Issues in handling LWE 8. Aspirational District programme.
1. Sluggish Capacity building and leadership issue in Police
Forces
2. Extremist are trained in guerrilla warfare. Challenges to Peace and Prosperity Initiatives
3. Inefficient technology 1. Presence of un-demarcated borders with difficult terrain.
4. Laundering of funds by Naxals 2. Natural challenges to the economic development and
5. Radicalisation connectivity initiatives from disaster risks.
3. Limited FDI inflows
Way Forward 4. The presence of organized crime syndicates
 Leaming from best practices 5. Border disputes between states
 Eliminating root causes 6. Ethnic Conflicts like in Manipur violence over Meiti
community's addition in ST list
 invincible and ended the immunity of the armed forces
Way ahead from prosecution under AFSPA.
1. Increase awareness on culture, language, and people of
Northeast among rest of Indians and outside. Committees related to AFSPA
2. Working on light industries such as food processing, 1. B P Jeevan Reddy committee (2005): Repeal of AFSPA
floriculture, etc. 2. Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2007)-
3. Continue with peace talks. Repeal AFSPA
4. Sorting out un-demarcated border issues with 3. Santosh Hegde committee (2013)- review encounter
neighbour’s. killing in Manipur
Engaging with civil society for social integration in the
region Issues with AFSPA

1. Violation of rights like right to life, right to remedy and

right to be free from arbitrary deprivation of liberty
ARMED FORCES (SPECIAL POWERS) ACT 2. Violates International Law:Like Universal Declaration of
Human Rights (UDHR, , The Convention Against Torture
(AFSPA)
and the UN Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials.
3. Centre-state conflicts:Law and order is a state subject
About AFSPA
AFSPA undermine state autonomy
1. AFSPA for North-Eastern states was passed in 1958
4. Misuse of powers
2. It gives armed forces the power to maintain public order
in “disturbed areas”
Conclusion:
- It provides use of armed forces in aid of the civil power
Ensure accountability with limited applicability of AFSPA,
- Act gives various special powers to armed forces like:
Alternative approaches to conflict resolution including
 To prohibit a gathering of five or more persons in
dialogue and engagement needs to be explored.
an area
 Can use force or open fire if they feel a person is
in contravention of the law. ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION AND INTERNAL
 arrest a person without a warrant; enter or SECURITY
search a premises and ban the possession of
firearms.
Reasons of conflict-
1. Manipur government withdrew from the Suspension of
Need of AFSPA-
Operations (SoO) agreement with two insurgent groups
1. Protect country's borders.
Kuki National Army (KNA) and Zomi Revolutionary Army
2. Tackle insurgents elements in the country
(ZRA).
3. Boosts Morale of the armed forces
2. Manipur High Court ordered the state government to
4. Provides organizational flexibility and effective
recommend a ST Tag for the community to the Ministry of
utilization of resources at disposal
Tribal Affairs.
3. Instability in Myanmar: Illegal immigration of various
Judicial pronouncements on AFSPA
ethnic communities is considered as a threat to internal
1. Naga People’s Movement of Human Rights v Union of
security.
India (1997): Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of
AFSPA
Others-
 While declaring a region as “disturbed area”, the
SoO Pact It was a ceasefire agreement signed in 2008, with
opinion of the state government must be taken.
the primary objective of initiating political dialogue with
 The act has to be reviewed every six months by the
Kuki insurgent groups and meant ending violence and
state
hostilities from all sides.
2. Extra Judicial Execution Victim Families vs Union of India
How illegal immigration is a threat to Internal Security?
& Anr (2016): Supreme Court held that AFSPA is not
1. Threat to National Security- Allegedly there are also 3. Priority should be on studying and working on aspects
militants especially groups such as NSCN-K/ULFA, who such as autonomy in the Naga-inhabited areas.
enter India to carry out terrorist activities. 4. Confidence-building measures with participation and
2. Human trafficking became quite rampant. acceptance of locals
3. Community tension- The Commission on Integration and 5. People-to-people contacts need to be built up.
Cohesion found that tension expedited because of
migration added with poverty, housing etc BODO PEACE ACCORD
4. Increase financial burden on government exchequer.
5. Illegal voters claiming themselves as citizens of the state.
3 rd Bodo Peace Accord as tripartite agreement between
6. Crisis of identity among the indigenous people.
the Centre, Assam Government and the banned Assam-
7. Environmental degradation- creates conflict in resource
based insurgent group National Democratic Front of
utilization with the local communities
Bodoland (NDFB) was signed in 2020, for bringing a lasting
peace in Bodo-dominated areas in Assam.
Way forward
- To promote democratic decentralization, recognize
1. A holistic refugee policy for immigration management.
identity of the bodo people and ensure long term peace
2. Diplomatic Effort to get cooperation of neighbouring
and harmony in the region.
countries in resolving the issue of illegal migration.
3. Unique identity cards for the borderland people
Key highlights
4. Central government should complete the border fencing
1. Bodo Territorial Areas District (BTAD) was reorganized by
5. Use of regional forums
including new Bodo dominated villages contiguous to the
6. Use of regional forums like BIMSTEC to discuss these
existing BTAD.
sensitive issues.
2. BTAD renamed as Bodoland Territorial Region (BTR) with
7. Better management of borders with BSF and ITBP, a
more powers.
second line of defense can be created by the State
3. Bodos living in KarbiAnglong and Dima Hasao districts
government through state forces.
would be conferred Scheduled Hill Tribe status.
4. Number of seats in Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) will
INDO-NAGA CEASEFIRE AGREEMENT be increased.
5. Bodo with Devnagri script would be associate official
language for entire Assam.
25 years of signing the “Indo-Naga” ceasefire agreement
6. A Special Development Package of Rs. 1500 crores over
The NSCN-IM signed a ceasefire agreement with the
three years was provided.
Government of India on July 25, 1997, which became
effective on August 1, 1997.
Progress so far
1. Boundary commission has been formulated for BTR.
Issues-
2. Assam Official Language (Amendment) Bill, 2020 passed
1. Nature of demands: longstanding demand for a separate
to give due respect to the Bodo language.
flag and constitution which will hamper India’s federal
3. Development work for the residents of the Bodo region
features.
being done.
2. Finding shared goal for different ethnic groups with deep
4. Many militants surrendered- 1,615 cadres of NDFB laid
rooted tribalism in Nagaland is difficult.
down arms
3. Concern from other states: Integration of Naga-inhabited
areas into a greater Nagaland (or Nagalim) would involve
territories of three states — Assam, Manipur, and
Arunachal Pradesh —making the process more difficult. MEDIA AND SOCIAL MEDIA
4. Low transparency and limited participation of Local Challenges to internal security through Social Media
citizens.
1. Rise in rate of communal violence due to fake news, eg.,
Way Forward Mob lynchings
1. Negotiations should be kept away from public gaze as far 2. Anti-national groups/elements
as possible Eg., Use by Terrorist groups like 1515 during its peak
2. Stand firm against pressure to secure a quick fix. spreading propaganda material in Hindi, Tamil, etc.
3. Cyber Attacks: Trojans attacks like mobile banking SOVA 2. National Digital Communication Policy 2018 for ensuring
Android Trojan. sovereignty and security of digital communications
4. Deep Fakes sowing the seeds of polarization, amplifying
division in society, and suppressing dissent. Institutional Framework
5. Data Colonization which can be manipulated against 1. National Cybersecurity Coordination Centre > India's
India. Computer Emergency Response team.
6. Criminal Activity and Money laundering 2. National Critical Information Infrastructure Protection
7. Virtual Community attracting potential members and Centre
followers like Lone wolf attackers 3. Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre and
4. Cyber Sachta Kendra
Steps taken by India
1. IT (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Recent Initiatives
Amendment Rules, 2023 established PIB's fact-checking 1. Operation Chakra by CBI against crime networks
unit. 2. Cyber enabled Cyber Surakshit Bharat (CSB)
2. Delhi Declaration of UNSC Counter-Terrorism Committee 3. KAVACH-2023, a national level hackathon, identifying
flagged concerns over increased use of cyberspace and ICT. innovative ideas.
3. E-Banning/blocking anti-national like recently 6 YouTube 4. Exercise Synergy by CERT-in
Channels were banned by PIB. 5. Army to raise Command Cyber Operations and Support
4. E-Surveillance Projects like NATGRID, CERT-In, Central Wings (CCOSW)Challenges to Cyber Security In India
Monitoring System ICMS Internet Spy System Network and
Traffic Analysis System (NETRA) of India, National Critical Challenges
Information Infrastructure Protection Centre (NCIPC) of 1. Absence of any geographical constraints enabling
India etc. attackers to launch an attack from anywhere.
2. Lack of uniformity in devices used for internet access.
Way Forward 3. Rapidly evolving technologies and the investment
1. Coordination among all stakeholders ie., governments, required to cope up with it.
private sector, civil society, etc. 4. Lack of national level comprehensive architecture for
2. Enacting a law specifically addressing harms caused by cyber security.
misinformation 5. Lack of awareness among the local police about various
3. Changing behaviour of citizens towards false/fake news provisions of legislative framework.
and developing attitude of fact checking before forwarding
4. Data Localisation to prevent data colonization and Way Forward
misuse. 1. Information sharing and coordination among agencies
like DRDO, NTRO, CERT-In, RAW, IB etc.
Cyber Security 2. PPP Model for Cybersecurity to ensure protection of
private sector Critical Information Infrastructure.
Need for Cyber Security
3. Capacity building and skill development
1. National Security
4. Learning from best practices such as Tallinn Manual of
 Cyberspace is increasingly being used in public policies
US
to process and store sensitive and critical data.
5. Data localization for better cyber security.
 Rise in Digitalization increasing cybercrimes, such as
online bank frauds, etc.
 Startup digital push (India is one of the fastest
growing market for digital technology). RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CYBER
SECURITY
Existing Mechanisms for Cyber Security
Legal Framework 1. RBI’s Draft Master Directions on Cyber Resilience and
Digital Payment Security- Controls for Payment System
1. National Cybersecurity Policy 2013 IT Act 2000 and Operators (PSOs)- To ensure that authorized non-bank
Amendment 2008 PSOs are resilient to cyber security risks.
2. CERT-In “Guidelines on Information Security Practices” TECHNOLOGY FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT
for government entities ensuring Mandatory cyber security
News- Recently, the Tamil Nadu Government decided to
audits every six months.
use ‘Fingerprint Analysis Tracking System’ to create a
3. SEBI proposes a consolidated cybersecurity framework
biometric database record of criminals.
for SEBI-Regulated Entities (REs) to put in place a
comprehensive incident response management plan and
Technology in crime and law enforcement
SOP's
1. Rise of ICT has changed the nature and modus operandi
of crime. E.g. Crimes like Drug trafficking have started to
RANSOMWARE operate online, through the dark web rather than
traditional setup.
Ransomware report-2022 released by CERT-In.
2. Technologies used by Law Enforcement Agencies-
 Hard Technology includes new materials, devices like
Highlights
CCTV, Metal detectors etc
• Ransomware incidents have gone up by 53% in 2022 over
 Soft Technology like crime analysis technique, data
2021.
sharing techniques.
• IT and IT-enabled services sector was the most impacted
sector, followed by finance and manufacturing sectors.
Initiatives taken by Indian Law Enforcement Agencies
(LEAs) and its benefits-
CRITICAL INFORMATION 1. Crime and Criminal Tracking Network & Systems (CCTNS)-
INFRASTRUCTURE a national database of crime and criminals which feeds into
Threats- the Interoperable Criminal Justice System (ICJS) which
1. Natural- Earthquake, Tsunami etc covers e-courts, e-prisons, forensics, and prosecution for an
2. Anthropogenic causes- Terrorism, Cyber- attacks, efficient criminal justice system.
Economic espionage etc 2. Technologies of Surveillance and Detection such as
3. Accidental/Technical- Power grid failure, transportation biometric, Automatic License Plate Recognition (ALPR) etc
accidents. 3. Digital Forensic Software
4. Crime Mapping and Forecasting, i.e., tracking crime
Challenges- trends which helps in detecting crime hotspots.
1. India lacks Indigenization in hardware and software 5. Crime Multi Agency Centre (Cri-MAC): Launched in 2020
2. Lack of coordination among different agencies to share info on crime 24x7.
3. Inhibition to the Private and public sector to share
vulnerable information. Barriers in Use of Technology against Crime
4. Not enough trained security professionals. 1. High Cost of technology procurement
2. Technology (Reliability/Effectiveness) Risk
Steps Taken 3. Risk of biased outcomes or discrimination
1. Legislative- National Cyber security strategy 2020 4. Lack of proper data security legislation
2. Institutional- 5. Ethical Concerns such as: Violation of privacy etc
 Indian Cyber crime coordination center(I4C)
 CERT-In Best Practices in India-
 National Cyber coordination center 1. UP- An AI enabled app storing real time info on crimes
 Defence Cyber agency 2. ODISHA- MO-SAATHI helps women stuck in dangerous
 NCIIPC situation alerting police
3. MH- (Automated Multimodal Bimoetric Identification
Way Forward- system(AMBIS) digital database of criminals.
1. Comprehensive Security policy
2. Cyber kill chain alike methodology that trace cyberattack Way Forward
3. Better understanding of Vulnerabilities 1. Develop clear legal standards
4. Cyber workforce capacity development 2. Should be made cost-effective
5. Need for establishing International norms. 3. Technical Integrity be maintained.
4. Ensure fair recruitment with proper training and
supervision
5. Awareness among people. 3. For investigation purposes by state law agencies
4. For providing digital marksheets
FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY (FRT) 5. Automated Facial Recognition System (AFRS) of NCRB
built by using police records
FRT is a biometric software application capable of uniquely
Way Forward
identifying or verifying a person by comparing and
1. Conducting privacy impact assessment help organisations
analyzing patterns based on the person’s facial contours.
in assessment.
2. Ensuring that use of FRT by Government agencies fulfils
Applications-
the thresholds of Necessity and Proportionality.
1. Law Enforcement
3. Establishing consent-based standards and legislation to
- Tracking and identification of criminals.
govern use of the technology
- Finding missing persons

2. Retail sector MONEY LAUNDERING

- Customize retail experiences
Consequences of Money Laundering
- Identify known shoplifters
 Loss of Tax Revenue
- Face pay technologies
 Distortion of markets by allowing illegal business
 Facilitates crime and corruption
3. Airports and border control
 Can distort economy
- Hassle free, contactless, Paperless and fast processing at
 Erode integrity
checkpoints.
- Enhanced Security
Challenges in curbing money laundry
- Non-intrusive and automatic identify verification
 Weak enforcement mechanism such as under PMLA
only 19% cases been filed.
4. Healthcare
 Lack of proper definition of word like black money
- Access patient records
 Lack of necessary political will
- Pandemic management
 Ineffectiveness of KYC
-Helps identify specific genetic diseases
 Poor coordination among investigating agencies

5. Marketing and advertising

Initiatives by India
- Creating tailored advertisement
 Statutory framework like PMLA 2002
- Feedback from facial expression
 ED, FIU-IND
 RBI, SEBI
Concerns about use of FRT
 Other institutions like Economic offences wing, CBI etc
1. Inaccuracy and mis-identification- The results are
probabilistic and are found inaccurate.
Global Initiatives
2. Surveillance- With existing setup of CCTV, AI and Data
 Convention against illicit traffic in NDPS (Vienna
analytics. E.g., China uses it for tracking and control of the
Convention)
Uighur Muslims.
 FATF
3. Risk of Function creep
 Global programme against Money Laundering (GPML)
4. May lead to violation of fundamental rights.
5. Right to privacy under Article 21 due to lack of clarity and
consent.
6. Absence of data protection regulations in India AMENDMENT TO THE PREVENTION OF
7. Prevailing issues of cyber security MONEY-LAUNDERING (MAINTENANCE OF
8. Tech limitations
RECORDS) RULES, 2005
Use cases of facial recognition systems in India
NEWS- Ministry of Finance notified 2023 Amendment to the
1. As a proof of “life certificate for pensioners”
Prevention of Money-laundering (Maintenance of Records)
2. Part of Operation smile by Telangana police to tackle
Rules, 2005.
child labour and missing child.
 - Details of NGOs should be made available in a database
Key changes-
1. Tightened the definition of beneficial ownership- Any 2. 2 nd ARC report recommendations:
individual or group holding 10% ownership in the client of a - FCRA should be decentralized and delegated to State
“reporting entity” will now be considered a beneficial Government
owner. - Fine balance between purpose of legislation and
2. Expanded the due diligence requirements in form of functioning of voluntary sector.
several documents at DARPAN portal of NITI Aayog.
3. Have defined Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs) SMUGGLING AND COUNTERFEITING
4. Widened the definition of Non-profit organisations.
Factors responsible
1. Huge Domestic demands
FOREIGN CONTRIBUTION REGULATION 2. Lack of political will and stringent regulations
3. Misuse of Foreign Trade agreements
ACT 4. Rising use of electronic platforms

Need- Effects
1. As per CBI report, less than 10 percent of 29-lakh 1. Loss to revenue- $7billion in 2022
registered NGOs across the country file their annual income 2. Loss of Jobs- 3million lost
and expenditure 3. Additional costs on exchequer for implementing anti-
2. Foreign-aided NGOs are actively stalling development counterfeiting measures
projects and impacting GDP growth by 2-3% per 4. Risk to environment
annum.(Intelligence Bureau) 5. Health issues for poor people involved in it
3. Regulate NGO’S to make them accountable
4. Regulae religious conversions suported by foreign funds Steps taken
5. Ensure foreign money isn't used against national 1. Directorate of revenue intelligence
interests 2. Automation of custom clearance at borders
3. Terror funding and fake currency (TFFC) cell
Major provision of FCRA 2020 4. Amendment in UAPA 1967
1. Prohibits receipt of foreign funds by candidates for
elections; journalists and media etc SMUGGLING IN INDIA REPORT 2021-22
2. Prior Permission to receive foreign funds Key highlights-
3. Designated FCRA Account in branches of State Bank of 1. Record number of seizures of heroin (including Mundra
India, New Delhi port seizure), gold and of cocaine etc
4. Validity of FCRA registration is five years 2. Myanmar became the main transit corridor
5. Use of funds is limited to purpose for which it was 3. Narcotics smuggling also changed from passenger route
received. to cargo route
6. Majority funds goes for administrative purpose only 4. Increased Fake Indian Currency Notes (FICN) Seizure with
7. Compulsory filing of annual returns. Bangladesh, Myanmar
8. Inquiry before renewing of license 5. Use of cryptocurrency, dark net increased

Concerns-
COUNTERFEIT CURRENCY NOTES
1. Lacks fund accessibility as Re-granting has been banned
FACT-
2. Privacy concern due to compulsion of Aadhaar which
1. Value of the counterfeit currency in the banking system
contravene SC judgement
has reduced from ₹43.47 crore in 2016-17 to about ₹8.26
3. Hamper delivery of social welfare schemes which have
crore in 2021-22, amounting to a sharp decline of more than
far reaching consequences.
80%.(MoFinance)
2. Notes seized by different law enforcement agencies--
Way forward
INCREASED
1. Recommendations of Vijay Kumar Committee:
- Modernising registration process for seamless operation.
3. Value of fake currency seized by various enforcement 2. Rise inn social crimes due to drug consumption
agencies in 2017 was ₹28 crore which shot up to ₹92 crore 3. Drug cartels stimulates corruption
in 2020.(NCRB) 4. Narco driven terrorism affecting environment.

Threats- Measures-
1. Black marketing and corruption 1. Operation Samudragupta to combat drug trafficking
2. Devaluation of currency and inflation 2. Enacting Legislation such as NDPS Act, 1985
3. Loss of Public confidence 3. Ensuring physical security of the borders
4. Increase in Terrorism 4. Seizure information Management system (SIMS) and
5. Economical impact NIDAAN portal for an online database of drug
5. NCORD Portal for Drug law enforcement agencies
Steps taken 6. Signed international conventions like UN Single
1. Legal provisions: convention on Narcotics drugs 1961 etc
 Made punishable offence under Sections 489A to
489E of the Indian Penal Code and UAPA,1967 Way Forward
2. Anti-counterfeiting Measures by RBI- 1. Effective coordination and Information sharing
 Incorporating Security Features in Indian Banknotes 2. Develop accountability mechanism and practices for
like Micro-letting etc shipping and cargo.
 Public awareness campaigns 3. Control online drug supply chain
 Installation of note sorting machines 4. Enhancement of punishment under NDPS
 Forged Note Vigilance Cells at banks. 5. Creating awareness among citizens like Nasha Mukti
 Conduct of regular training programs Bharat Abhiyaan (NMBA)
3. Government Measures-
 FICN Coordination Group to share intelligence TERRORISM
 Terror Funding and Fake Currency Cell in NIA
1. Radical ideologies like left-wing communism
 Capacity-building programmes at State/center level
2. Ethnic or Nationalist aspirations for separation
 Demonetization
3. Globalisation facilitates terrorism
 Cooperation with neighbouring countries like Nepal,
4. Terrorism as a foreign Policy
Bangladesh
5. International Injustice fuels desire for revenge

Way ahead
Challenges
1. Introducing digital currency
1. Ambiguity around definition of Terrorism
2. Increase digital transactions
2. Lack of comprehensive International legal framework
3. Law Enforcement be made stringent
3. Inadequate domestic capacity of this nation
4. Information Exchange at multiple points
4. Restriction of civic freedoms as per 2019 human rights
5. Vigilance among common people.
councils report
5. Lack of effectively counter the financing of terrorism
DRUG TRAFFICKING
Characteristics- GLOBAL INITIATIVES
1. India a transit hub as well as destination for heroine etc 1. United Nations Global counter-terrorism
due to Golden triangle and Golden crescent strategy(GCTC),2006
2. India- Top destination for synthetic drug- 2. UNSC Counter-Terrorism committee (CTC)
methamphetamine 3. Global Counter-Terrorism Forum
3. Border states worst affected 4. FATF
5. SCO- Regional Anti Terrorism Structure
Issues associated 6. Proposed Comprehensive Convention on International
1. Significant threat to National security Terrorism (CCIT)
 Facilitates other organized crimes such as human 7. “No Money for Terror” conference
trafficking etc
 Destablises nation by Narco Terrorism INDIA INITIATIVES
 Used to finance terrorism 1. UAPA,1967
2. NIA
3. NATGRID AGENTS
4. Creation of 2 division within MHA  CATEOGARY A- High priority agents pose risk to
- Counter-terrorism and Counter-Radicalization Division national security results in high mortality eg. Anthrax
- Cyber and security division  CATEOGARY B- Include Brucellosis etc
5. UNSC Resolution 2396  CATEOGARY C- Eg., Nipah virus and Hanta virus etc

LONE-WOLF TERRORISM NEED-

1. India’s high vulnerability- Due to high population etc
Define- Violent terror attacks by extremist individuals acting
which is extremely susceptible for such attacks.
upon their radicalized beliefs.
2. Control its impact on society
3. Control Access to such Biological weapons
What makes India vulnerable to such attacks-
1. State sponsored terrorism by Pakistan
Mechanism to counter bio-terrorism
2. Groups like ISIS consider India’s social fabric as a threat
1. Deterrence by law- There is a need to introduce Public
to Islamic caliphate
Health Bill on the line of Public Health (Prevention, Control
3. Multiple avenues of unrestrained radical propaganda
and Management of epidemics, bio-terrorism and disasters)
Bill-2017
Role of Technology in amplifying terrorism
2. Prevention- By Thoroughly examining the risk associated.
1. Social Media- 90% cases of radicalisation cases in 2016
3. Surveillance and assessment for early manifestations of a
2. 3D Printing- Use to print guns etc
biological warfare attack.
3. Autonomous vehicles creatinf threat
4. Thorough Laboratory investigation
4. Drones and AI
5. Medical management to prevent the spread of the
5. Metaverse helps in performing preemptive missions in
disease.
virtual mode.
6. General public sensitization should be done.
Challenges
India Initiatives-
1. Unpredictable nature of the crime.
1. Epidemic Diseases Act of 1987
2. Use of internet- Communication is anonymous
2. Integrated Diseases Surveillance Project
3. Easy to carry out which is logistically simple.
3. NDMA guidelines to handle such disasters
Measures
International Measures-
1. Diverse Policy measures to be taken.
1. Biological weapons convention
2. Capacity building measures strong technical intelligence
2. INTERPOL Bio terrorism Prevention Unit
3. De-radicalisation and counter-radicalisation strategies
3. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
should be taken
4. Strengthening international cooperation to counter
measures for finance of terrorism.
UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES PREVENTION ACT
Steps taken by India (UAPA), 1967
1. Difficult to obtain weapons in India Unlike in US where
News- Supreme Court (SC) declared that mere membership
sophisticated weapons can be easily bought.
of a banned organisation will be a crime under Unlawful
2. State-supervised counselling initiatives like Kerala’s
Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), 1967.
Operation-Pigeon.
Key highlights-
1. Overruling the 2011 judgments:
BIO-TERRORISM In 2011, in 3 separate judgments {State of Kerala vs. Raneef;
Arup Bhuyan vs. State of Assam; and Sri Indra Das vs. State
of Assam} SC had ruled that mere membership of a banned
Bio-terrorism is a planned and deliberate use of pathogenic organization is not sufficient to constitute an offence,
strains of microorganisms to create destruction.
unless it is accompanied with some overt violence has been
overruled now. Key Domains
2. Restored the doctrine of “guilt by association” which is  Political warfare: Interference in the political activities
a/k/as association fallacy of the countries to their detriment.
3. Affirmed the constitutional validity of Section 10(a) (i) of  Technological warfare: Using technological capabilities
UAPA, 1967 which makes association to a banned to inflict harm on entities.
organization punishable offense.  Military Warfare: Action such as use of improvised
4. The SC also observed that unlike the US, the right to explosive, guerrilla warfare, etc.
freedom of speech in India is not an absolute right, it is  Economic Warfare: To weaken the economy by
subject to reasonable restrictions. disrupting the supply chains, introducing counterfeit
5. Under, Section 3 of UAPA, center can declare any  currency, etc.
organization as banned.  Social warfare: Exploiting already prevalent social
issues and vulnerabilities via propaganda,etc.
About UAPA,1967
1. It deals with terrorist activities, and related matters. Reasons for growth of Hybrid warfare
2. Act also defines Unlawful activities which questions the 1. Usually overlooked in traditional threat assessments.
sovereignty of India or disrupts the integrity of India 2. Target areas are highly vulnerable
3. Powers with the government: 3. Involves state or non-state actors
- Government can impose all-India bans on associations and 4. Scale of target of the attack can be controlled by certain
declare them unlawful detection methods.
- Both Indian nationals and foreign nationals can be
charged under the Act even if the crime is committed on Associated challenges for India
foreign land outside India. 1. Encourages new forms of terrorism such as Lone wolf
4. Investigating powers: Cases can be investigated by both attacks, hybrid militants, creation of sleeper cell that are
State police and National Investigation Agency (NIA). difficult to detect.
5. It provides for tribunal to review or to hear an appeal 2. Cyber- attacks:
against the ban.  Privacy and personal data theft
 Insecure framework of mobile apps
Issues:  Cyber espionage
1. Lacks Broad definition of terrorist act which leads to 3. Interference in electoral processes
stigmatisation of those inappropriately labelled as 4. Using disinformation and fake news to fuel social
“terrorists”. fragmentation.
2. Violation of federalism principle by giving NIA’s “suo 5. Financial influences negatively affected.
motu power”
3. Low conviction rate under UAPA- Only 3.6% conviction Ways to combat
rate 1. Systematic and synchronized real time response be given.
 Effective coordination between different response
Way Forward: domains.
1. Safeguards against misuse be checked  Use of intelligence tools like Real Time situational
2. Need for a central agency for overseeing evidence Awareness (RTSA).
collection
3. Police Reforms because of their massive arbitrary powers. 2. Institutional measures through threat assessments.
4. Compensations for innocent individuals 3. Strengthening the safety of digital ecosystem
5. Protection of political dissent 4. Strengthening our democracy from within
5. Developing international cooperation

HYBRID WARFARE SPACE WEAPONIZATION

Hybrid warfare entails an interplay fusion of conventional Includes placing weapons in outer space or on heavenly
as well as unconventional Instruments of power and tools bodies as well as creating weapons that will destroy targets
of subversion. in space.
Reasons Challenges
1. Lack of faith in the present missile defence system 1. Inadequate state capacity with poor border infra
2. Preserve own satellites in space against (ASAT) weapons. 2. Alienation of border communities lead to hostile attitude
3. Gives supremacy to a country in the conduct of war over 3. Border Fencing and Connected Problems
the land, sea and air. 4. Agitation approach where locals supports criminals due
4. Insufficient existing Treaties like OST. to vested interests.

Implications Measures
1. Fear of War which creates an environment of uncertainty, 1. Taking into account local characteristics and built climate
suspicion and aggressive deployment of weapons. of trust.
2. Against commercial and scientific interests involved in 2. Improving understanding of border community by
scientific explorations. fulfilling their basic needs.
3. Rise in space debris which can even trigger Kessler 3. To replace the concept of ‘border guarding’ by ‘border
Syndrome. management’ with effective political will.
4. Earth based critical infrastructure will be impacted. 4. Improving the Community Relations ability of border
5. Peaceful exploration of outer space will be impacted personnel

Global Efforts Initiatives taken for border area development

1. Outer Space Treaty 1. Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP) for border villages
2. Prevention of an Outer Space Arms Race 2. Border Area Development Programme (BADP)
3. Others initiatives: 3. Border Infrastructure and Management (BIM) Scheme
4. Enhanced budgetary allocation for BRO
 Sino-Russian proposal of Prevention of Placement of
Weapons in Outer Space and Threat (PPWT) GEOSPATIAL DATA
 European Space Agency's 'Code"
Geospatial data is information that describes objects,
 US' Artemis Accords which India is also its member.
events or other features with a location on or near the
earth’s surface.
Steps taken by India
1. Mission Def-Space to develop innovative solutions in
Significance
defence.
1. Enhancing the precision and reliability of intelligence and
2. Mission Shakti - Anti- Satellite(ASAT) Mission
surveillance.
3. Defence Space Agency: Tri Agency of Indian Armed
2. Advancing situational awareness
Forces
3. Supporting military operation in logistics management,
4. Defence Space Research Agency
developing tactical plans,etc.
5. Navigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC)
4. Tackling new and emerging threats like hybrid warfare,
6. IndSpaceEx: Simulated Space Warfare Exercise
etc.
5. Modernizing security operation e.g., Crime prediction
4. SECURITY CHALLENGES AND THEIR and precision guided munitions.
MANAGEMENT IN BORDER AREAS
Steps taken
1. Policy framework: National Geospatial Policy, 2022
ROLE OF COMMUNITY IN BORDER MANAGEMENT 2. Building a constellation of Earth Observation Satellites.
3. Establishment of dedicated institutions like Indian
Importance Institute of Remote Sensing
1. To ensure a secure and safe border and create sense of 4. National Spatial Data Infrastructure like Bharatmaps
belonging. platform and Bhuvan portal
2. Enhanced surveillance: Indian Navy and Indian Coast 5. India's "NAVIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation)
Guard (ICG) regularly conduct Community Interaction
Programmes (CIPs) Challenges
3. To uphold human rights of free movement. 1. Lack of access to comprehensive and accurate data.
2. Research outputs are usually stand-alone and lack
unanimity Key Highlights
3. Shortage of trained human resources 1. The Act defines piracy as “any illegal act of violence or
4. Financial constraints in geospatial analytics. detention or any act of depredation committed for private
5. Ensuring secure storage of geospatial data, given India's ends.
vulnerable digital ecosystem. 2. The Act will apply to high seas which includes EEZ
3. The accused can be transferred to any country for
prosecution with which India has signed an extradition
MARITIME SECURITY treaty
India recently chaired UNSC high level open debate on 4. Central Government, in consultation with the Chief
"Enhancing Maritime Security: A case for International Justice of the concerned High Court, will specify certain
Cooperation". courts as Designated Courts for speedy trial of offences of
piracy.
Significance 5. Only authorized personnel can carry out arrest and
 Important for India's economic development seizure of the Pirate ships
 Fulfilling India's geostrategic interest in the Indian 6. Disposing the seized property only by courts order
Ocean Region (IOR)
 Countering Chinese influence Significance
 Becoming a net security provider and executing HADR 1. Help India fulfilling its obligations to UNCLOS
operationa in IOR 2. Control the Growing menace of Piracy
 Dealing with climate induced crises 3. India doesn’t have any specific law dealing with piracy
 Coastal area security preventing incident like 26/11 alone.
Mumbai terror attack. 4. Need to provide Maritime security

Challenges Measures taken-

1. Piracy and Maritime Terrorism in the IOR 1. Inter-Ministerial Group has been set up under
2. Transactional organized crimes MoShipping
3. Maritime Cyber Threats targeting maritime infrastructure, 2. Committee of Secrateries on Anti-piracy and hijacking at
vessels, or maritime supply chains sea has been constituted
4. Protecting the marine environment 3. Approved National Maritime Domain awarenes project
5. Many Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (UU) fishing
activities Concerns
6. Maritime Border Disputes with neighboring countries, 1. The Provision of death penalty, as a punishment for an
such as Pakistan, Sri Lanka. act violated A14 and A21
7. Issues in Security Framework with Fragmented approach 2. Lack of Clarity in certain provisions
and overlapping jurisdiction 3. Difficulties related to Extradition from a Third country
not party to the treaty.
Steps Taken By India 4. The Act is silent on the potential cyber-attacks on the
1. India has become a Nuclear Triad country by inducting vessels/ships
Nuclear (SSBN) INS Arihant and Aircraft carrier'INS Vikrant
2. Regional cooperation through SAGAR, Indian Ocean Rim
Association (IORA), Indian Ocean Naval Symposium etc.
STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF ANDAMAN
3. International Fusion Centre (IFC).
4. Coastal Security Scheme (C55) by the MHA AND NICOBAR ISLANDS (ANI)
Utilizing soft power like Project Mausam
5. Promoting Sustainability such as Blue economy initiative.
Strategic importance of ANI
6. Infrastructure development initiatives like Sagarmala.
1. Securing Sea Lines of Communications (SLOC) by creating
7. Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR)
a series of choke points Like Preparis Channel in the north,
initiatives like Vaccine Maitri.
the Ten Degree Channel and the Six Degree Channel in
south.
ANTI-MARITIME PIRACY ACT 2. Countering increasing Chinese presence
3. Net security provider in IOR
4. Gateway to Southeast Asia Issues
5. Important fulcrum of Indo-pacific 1. Huge import dependency. As per SIPRI, India was the
world's biggest importer of major arms in 2018-2022
Challenges 2. Absence of an Overarching Policy Framework
1. Wrong Perception in the Region 3. Lack of synergy among stakeholders
- Turning ANI into a strategic military hub might not go 4. Lack of investment in R&D.
good with southeast countries 5. Lack of Private sector Participation.
2. Slow development pace
3. Institutional Reluctance to allow port visits to ANI
4. Ecological fragile area Recent Initiatives
1. Draft Defence Production and Export Promotion Policy
Developmental initiatives taken in ANI 2020
1. In 2015 ANI was declared as Maritime hub 2. Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020
2. In 2019, a new Island Coastal Regulation Zone 3. Positive Indigenisation list for which there would be an
Notification was introduced lead to decrease in embargo on the import.
Protectionism. 4. Technology Development Fund (TDF) to promote self-
3. Indian Navy conducts joint maritime exercises like MILAN reliance in Defence Technology.
etc 5. Defence Industrial Corridors (DICs)
4. Expanding naval presence in the IOR 6. Mission Defspace, iDEX scheme,etc.
5. Increasing connectivity btw ANI and Sabang port 7. SRIJAN portal to facilitate indigenisation by India industry

Road Ahead Way Forward

1. Encouraging migration to uninhabitable islands
2. Strategic infrastructure be developed Adopt 5is (Identify, Incubate, Innovate, Integrate and
3. Cooperation with strategic partners Indigenise) to accelerate progress and Fostering innovation
4. Engagement with ASEAN through Board of Research for Advanced Defence Sciences
(BRADS)

4) SECURITY FORCES IN INDIA THIRD POSITIVE INDIGENISATION LIST

To promote self-reliance in defence manufacturing, MoD

DEFENCE INDIGENISATION approved third PIL of 780 strategically important Line
SELF-RELIANCE IN DEFENCE MANUFACTURING Replacement Units (LRUs).

Need About Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020

1. Security concerns (territorial disputes with China and 1. Notification of positive indigenisation lists
Pakistan, Insurgency in JK, North-Eastern states, Left-wing 2. Increased Indigenous Content (IC) in procurement.
extremism). 3. Highest priority to procurement under Buy (Indian-IDDM)
2. Regional Power (To act as a net security provider in the category.
region). 4. Reservation for MSMEs and small shipyards for orders up
3. Economic Benefits (reduce dependency on arms imports, to Rs 100 crore/year.
reducing Current Account Deficit.
4. Advancement in technology (to improve Armed Forces Significance
war fighting capabilities etc. 1. To make India a global defense manufacturing hub.
2. Reduce dependence on imports.
FACT- 3. Boost overall economy.
1. India ranks 4" among 12 Indo-pacific nations in self-reliant 4. Ensure timely acquisition of military equipments.
arms production capabilities as per SIPRI 5. To modernise and improve capabilities of the Armed
2. As per SIPRI India is the 4th largest military spenders in Forces.
2022 6. Defined role for Private sector.
 2. Inadequate number of equipment's like aircraft,
INS VIKRANT submarines etc.
3. Become regional power and a net security provider.
Significance
4. Rapidly changing landscape of warfare like hybrid
1. Significant boost to self-reliance in defense
warfare.
manufacturing.
5. Building R&D capabilities
2. Enhance capability of defence operations
6. Altered nature of border threats
3. Increased strength: Through ability to manufacture elite
naval asset and project India’s power overseas.
Steps taken by India
4. Net Security provider in IOR
5. Creates Deterrence and will boost India’s defence
1. For defence production and indigenisation, steps like DAP
capabilities.
2020, Positive Indigenisation List (PILI, SRIJAN etc)
2. Mobilising finance for defence: allowing 74% FOI under
SUBMARINES IN INDIA automatic route and 100% through government approval
3. Preparation for Space warfare: Mission DefSpace,
Recently, Russia pulled out of the Project-75 India (P-75I) Mission Shakti, etc.
submarine project citing difficulties 4. Restructuring/Integration of armed forces
Major Concerns- 5. Corporatization of Ordinance Factory
1. No Prototypes: Requirements specified by Indian Navy
include Transfer of Technology; stealth technology; state- Challenges
of-the-art submarines etc not fulfilled 1. Slow decision making process for contracts.
2. High penalties- paid by original equipment 2. Limited Public Sector manufacturing capacity
manufacturers (OEM) in case of delay 3. Lack of investment in R&D.
4. Absence of a concrete Defence industrial base.
About Project-75I- envisages construction of six 5. Limited discourse on nature of future warfare.
conventional submarines with better sensors and weapons 6. Limited technology transfer
and Air Independent Propulsion System (AIP)

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT FUND (TDF)

Issues with India’s naval build-up
1. Delays and Aged Fleet
Executed by the Defence Research and Development
2. Akula class submarine, INS Chakra, on lease from Russia,
Organisation (DRDO), TDF aims to create an ecosystem for
is only for training Indian sailors and is not permitted to
promoting self-reliance.
carry nuclear missiles or be deployed on operational roles.
3. Limited endurance with short refueling cycle
KEY FEATURES OF SCHEME
4. Lackadaisical Development cause significant delays
Promote self-reliance in Defence Technology
5. Lack of Infrastructure like ATAS
6. Funding- India spends only around 15 percent of its total
BOOST TO MSMES AND STARTUPS
military expenditure on its navy
Encourages participation of public/private industries
especially MSMEs and Startups for enhancing cutting-edge
Steps to be taken-
technology capabilities
1. Boost Indigenous Development
2. Enhanced Surveillance
BETTER FUNDING MECHANISM
3. Technology Upgradation
Scheme facilitates up to 90 percent of the total project cost
4. Boost communication and intelligence Network
and allows industry to work in consortium.
5. Enhanced Bilateral Agreements

DEFENCE MODERNIZATION
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN DEFENCE
Need
1. IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1. Challenging strategic environment like China's presence
in Indian ocean.
(AR/VR) for fight or combat training, mopping information, 1. Dedicated labs in DRDO for application orientated
movement markers etc. research
2. BLOCKCHAIN 2. Defence AI Project Agency (DAIPA)
For protecting confidential military data, countering cyber
threats etc MILITARY APPLICATIONS OF DRONES
3. INTERNET OF MILITARY THINGS
Connecting ships, phones, tanks, drones,etc for improving
situational awareness Need for autonomous drones by Indian armed forces
4. CYBER WARFARE CAPABILITIES 1. Border surveillance
5. ROBOTICS & AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 2. Regional Security to keep eye on movement of foreign
Reducing workload, facilitating movement in difficult vessels.
terrains 3. Technological supremacy in warfare powered by AI
6. QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY 4. Reconnaissance and Tactical Support with drones
7. ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING (3D PRINTING) providing real-time intelligence
For novel material combinations for armors, self-heating
military clothing etc Issues with deployment of autonomous drones in warfare
8. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) 1. Dehumanizing warfare
2. Absence of accountability
3. Risk of shared liability between networked drone
TECHNOLOGY AND BORDER
systems
MANAGEMENT 4. No easy way of incorporating AI-fuelled drones into
military doctrine
ROLE-
1. Complementing existing system MILITARY LOGISTICS AGREEMENTS
2. Checking infiltration
3. Facilitate Cross Border Trade
Benefits-
4. Improved Intelligence inputs and Surveillance
1. Expanding India’s Military reach
5. Madhukar Gupta Committee on border protection which
 Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (RELOS)
led to led to implementation of Comprehensive Integrated
with Russia gives India access to Russian facilities in
Border Management System (CIBMS) in 2015.
the Arctic region
 Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement
Challenges
(LEMOA) provides India access to U.S. military facilities
1. Infusion of large amount of fund for technology
in Djibouti, Diego Garcia, Guam, and Subic Bay.
acquirement
2. Saves time and cost
2. Under-utilization of existing infrastructure
3. Enhanced cooperation and greater interoperability
3. Lack of technical expertise
between Nations
4. Adverse terrain- 12.36 percent of the Indo-Pakistan
4. Strategic importance
border is riverine
5. Edge to Indian Navy in high seas.

Artificial Intelligence in Military

Concerns-
Role of AI in military domain
 Re-orientation of foreign policy according to the other
1. Training and simulation to provide battlefield experience.
nation.
2. Surveillance in difficult terrain.
 Issue of Jurisdiction
3. Reconnaissance and tactical support in combat situations.
 Sovereignty issue

Concerns associated
1. Ethical risks: Principle of distinction between civil and THEATERISATION OF ARMED FORCES
military assets and populations can be compromised. Recently, the Government introduced the ‘Inter-Services
2. Data biases impact rational decision making. Organizations (Command, Control and Discipline) Bill, 2023’
in Lok Sabha.
Steps taken by India to increase usage of AI in military
Key features 6. To implement Five-Year Defence Capital Acquisition Plan
1. Inter-Services organisation including Joint Services and Two-Year roll-on Annual Acquisition Plans, as a follow
Command up of Integrated Capability Development Plan.
2. The bill seeks to empower the Commander-in-Chief or
Officer-in-Command of Inter services Organizations to Need of CDS
exercise disciplinary or administrative control over the 1. Better advice to political executive
service personnel. 2. Integration of armed forces
3. Constantly changing security dynamic
About- 4. Prioritizing procurement
Globally, over 32 nations, including the US and China, have 5. Global similarity
adopted jointness of different theatre commands.
Challenges of CDS
Significance 1. Other pending reforms such as unified thatre commands.
1. Create a unified approach for increased synergy 2. Domination of Army- CDS will establish dominion over
2. Improved functioning of inter-services organizations. other services
3. Overcome Budgetary Constraints by pooling resources 3. Balancing Procurement Requirements will be a tough
4. Prepare for Future Wars in synergized way task.
5. Improve the efficiency of military operations

Challenges AGNIPATH SCHEME

1. Declining military spending: In 2023-24, the Defence Concerns related to scheme
Budget was merely 1.97% of the projected Gross Domestic 1. Building cohesion in a short period will be a task.
Product (GDP) against 2.5% of GDP in 2010-11. 2. Might not attract best candidates as absence of
2. Inter-services frictions cause disruptions continued employment guarantee.
3. Dynamic nature of security threats 3. Unfair to the potential recruit which could be
4. Turbulence in existing structure with lack of self-reliance demoralizing
in defence production. 4. Untested scheme
5. Absence of National Security Strategy 5. Potentially militarize the society
6. Disturbing the regional balance
Steps Taken-
1. In 2001, India 1st Tri service command at ANI. Way forward
2. In 2019, Post of CDS was created 1. Scheme needs to be linked to other manpower
3. At bureaucratic level, Integrated Defence staff was management related reforms based on optimisation of
created manpower.
2. Educational qualification can be raised to 10+2 with some
merit level.
CHIEF OF DEFENCE STAFF (CDS)
3. Ensure that it does not upset the regimental ethos of the
Duties and functions of CDS
Indian Army.
1. To head the Department of Military Affairs (DMA) in
4. Reduced training period will have to be offset by focused
Ministry of Defence (MoD) and function as its secretary.
training and employment of other innovative methods.
2. To act as the Principal Military Advisor to Defence
5. ensure that Agniveers are absorbed gainfully in the
Minister on all TriService matters.
society not as a threat.
3. To function as the Permanent Chairman of the Chiefs of
Staff Committee and to administer the Tri-Service
organizations/agencies/commands. POLICE FORCES
4. To be a member of Defence Acquisition Council and Need for effective Policing Reforms
function as the Military Advisor to the Nuclear Command 1. Increasing complexities of crimes
Authority. 2. Public has no corresponding obligation to help police
5. To ensure optimal utilisation of infrastructure and 3. Required to help in various departments as Income Tax
rationalise it through jointness among the Services. raids.
4. Police is first responder in event of crime.
5. Holding police accountable
 5. Setting up National Security commission
Policing issues in India 6. Institute a Police Complaints Authority

1. Human resource problem FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE (FATF)

 Overburdened forces- According to the Status of
Policing in India Report 2019, police in India work at
Key areas of FATF recommendation
77% of their sanctioned strength and for 14 hours a day
on average.
 Measures to ensure transparency
 Absence of incentives to perform: 86% of the state
 Arrangement to cooperate with other countries.
police comprises of constabulary with no incentives
 Establishment of component authorities.
 Gender inequality with women being
 Measures to be placed in criminal justice and
underrepresented
regulatory systems
2. Physical infrastructure:
 Preventive measures
 According to Bureau of Police Research and
Development (BPRD) data (2020), several police
Shortcomings of FATF
stations have been found with no wireless, no
 Structural weakness because of simplistic
telephone and no vehicles.
categorization of different jurisdictions into grey and
 CAG audits and BPRD has found shortages in
black.
weaponry and lack of modern weaponry with state
 FATF relies on assurances without actually considering
police forces
the actual performance.
3. Lack of Technology Upgradation like forensics,
 Seen as an instrument of power politics
fingerprinting, facial recognition etc
4. Insufficient financial allocation: Expenditure on police
Way forward
accounts for about 3% state government budgets.
5. According to 2nd ARC Report, police-public relations is in
1. Making FATF more representative by formalizing the
an unsatisfactory state.
appointment process.
2. Inclusion of new risks such as regulation of virtual assets.
Steps to be taken-
3. Policy advice and technical assistance to members
1. SMART police- The Prime Minister, at 49th DGP
4. Close cooperation and coordination with other key
conference in 2014, enunciated the concept of SMART
international organizations.
Police.
 Strict and sensitive
 Modern and Mobile INTERPOL
 Alert and accountable
 Reliable and responsive Achievements of Interpol
 Tech savy 1. ID-ART Mobile App: To identify stolen cultural property,
2. Community Policing: Such as Mohalla committee in reduce smuggling, and recover stolen works and artefacts.
Maharashtra, Janamaithri in Kerala, have produced good 2. Human Trafficking operations are carried well.
results. 3. Securing Cyberspace: Multi-sector partnerships to
3. Optimization of police personnel with technology monitor emerging trends, police the webs, etc.
integration like National Data Governance Framework 4. Training: Specialized Interpol training to Police,
4. Filling legal loopholes immigration authorities on forensic identification
5. Cooperative policing setup: Increased cooperation techniques and data sharing mechanisms.
between state police and federal authorities
Challenges faced by INTERPOL
POLICE REDORMS DIRECTED BY SC IN PRAKAS SINGH vs 1. No influence over its member states as extradition is
UOI case possible only through bilateral agreements.
1. Establish state security commission 2. Politically Motivated Arrests like arrest of Belarusian
2. Appointment of DGP an merit basis politician, Ukrainian politician etc
3. Minimum tenure of tenure of 2years for DGP
4. Establish a Police Establishment Board
3. Member states are not in any way obliged to comply with 3. It also conveys nuclear restraint to the world and India’s
the demands of General Secretariat Article 2 of interpol's adversaries, ensuring stability.
Constitution 4. Conventional attacks and incursions can be tackled at the
4. Emergence of transnational, cyber and organised crime. conventional level, keeping nuclear weapons out of the
5. National Sovereignty of member states hinders interpol equation.
in carrying out its responsibilities
6. Ladden with corruption WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION
(WMD)
UNSC COUNTER TERRORISM
Weapons of Mass Destruction and their Delivery Systems
COMMITTEE(CTC) (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Amendment Act, 2022
was passed by Parliament.
About Delhi declaration
It is called for: Key features
1. Issuing new set of non-binding guiding principles in 1. It amends the Weapons of Mass destruction and their
countering digital terrorism threat. delivery systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act,
2. Counter terrorist exploitation of ICT 2005.
3. Countering use of technologies for terrorist purposes, 2. It prohibits financing of any activity in relation to WMD
while respecting human rights and fundamental freedoms. 3. It empowers the Central Government to
4. Deepen engagement with civil society etc. - freeze, seize or attach funds or other financial assets
- Prohibit making available funds for any prohibited activity.
25 YEARS TO POKHRAN NUCLEAR TESTS
Significance of the Amendment
Significance of India becoming nuclear weapon state
1. To meet international obligations of UNSC, FATF etc
1. Improved international standing: India now member of
2. Address shortcomings in the present acts like the WMD
MTCR, Wassenaar Arrangement, Australia Group — and is
or UAPA which only banned manufacture of weapons of
in the reckoning for membership of the NSG.
mass destruction
2. Help balance Security situation along the border.
3. Tackling evolving threats in emerging technologies
3. India among foremost global military powers having an
4. To strengthen global enforcement as no one can gain
operational nuclear triad.
access to any such material
4. Energy security : India currently posses 6,780 MW (2023)
5. Enforcing global WMD controls
5. Transformed relations with USA into a substantive one.
6. Perception of India and national pride
What more should India do?
1. Amendment will have to be enforced through proper
Challenges
outreach measures to industry and other stakeholders to
1. Continuing Pakistan's use of sub-conventional warfare
make them realize their obligations under the new
despite nuclear deterrence
provisions.
2. Border skirmishes along border area
2. India should keep WMD security in international focus
3. No progress on goal of complete disarmament
3. India can offer help to other countries on developing
4. Pak developing Tactical nuclear weapons
national legislation through IAEA or bilateral ways.
5. Could lead to nuclear war
6. Atomic energy sector hasn’t benefited much
Global treaties to outlaw WMDs
1. Biological Weapons Convention, 1972
Do we need to revise No first use (NFU) policy?
2. Chemical Weapons Convention, 1992
Arguments in favour
3. Treaty on the Non Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
1. It obviates pre-emption, which would otherwise place
(NPT), 1970
considerable pressure on Indian decision makers to carry
4. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW),
out a nuclear First Strike in the heat of a crisis.
2017
2. Helps India avoid the pitfalls of building a technologically
5. Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), 1996
advanced nuclear capability deployed on hair-trigger alert,
6. Hague Code of Conduct (HCOC) formerly known as “The
which is a financially costly nuclear posture.
International Code of Conduct” (ICOC), 2002
7. Multilateral Export Control Regimes (MECR) 2. Adhering to the TPNW will make a strong contribution in
pursuing nuclear disarmament
NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY 3. Encouraging peaceful uses of nuclear energy
4. Establishing Nuclear-weapon-free zones
(NPT)
Only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the
WASSENAAR ARRANGEMENT
goal of disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States.
It is a multilateral export control regime which aims to
promote regional and international security and stability by
FACT-
controlling the export of conventional weapons and dual-
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI),
use goods and technologies.
2022 report highlights on Nuclear weapons proliferation
1. While absolute numbers of nuclear arsenal have reduced,
Significance of membership of WA for India
they are expected to grow over the next decade.
1. WA will facilitate high technology tie-ups with the Indian
2. Russia and the USA together possess over 90% of all
industry for India’s defence and space programmes.
nuclear weapons.
2. India is recognized as a responsible exporter which will
3. Nine nuclear-armed states—including India, Pakistan,
boost India's defense industry
Israel and China continue to modernize their nuclear
arsenals.
CLUSTER BOMBS AND THERMOBARIC
Achievements of NPT WEAPON
1. Reduction in number of nuclear weapons- From a peak of
Cluster bombs
70,300 warheads in 1986 to around 14,000 at present, with
 These are non-precision weapons that are designed to
the US and Russia accounting for over 12,500
injure or kill human beings indiscriminately over a large
2. Successfully prevented proliferation around the world ,
area, and to destroy vehicles and infrastructure.
bringing the total number of nuclear-weapon-states to nine.
 India has capacity to have cluster munitions delivered
3. Additional Protocol for detection under IAEA. Eg. At Iran
by ground-launched artillery projectiles, rockets, and
4. Creating nuclear weapon free zones
missiles
Thermobaric weapon (also called aerosol bombs, fuel air
Challenges to effective implementation on NPT
explosives, or vacuum bombs)
1. Non-compliance of each nuclear-weapon state with the
 They use oxygen from the air for a large, high
Treaty
temperature blast
 Increases in arsenal sizes(Russia and china)
 Causes significantly greater devastation than a
 Increases in arsenal sizes
conventional bomb of comparable size
 Failing to pursue negotiations to end nuclear warfare
 These are not prohibited by any international law or
2. Unsettled international security environment may
agreement.
polarize nations to adopt the path of nuclear proliferation
 Russia suspending its participation in the New START
treaty DEFENCE EXPORTS
 US. withdrawal from the JCPOA
 U.S.-North Korea negotiations at a halt Defence Exports from India
3. Loopholes like no sanctions for violators or for 1. India's defence export reaches an all-time high of approx.
withdrawal from the treaty Rs.16000 crore in FY 2022-23.
4. Emergence of new technologies further destabilizing 2. In 2021-22 private sector accounted for 70% of the exports
security. while public sector firms accounted for the rest.
5. Breakdown in international diplomacy over the Ukraine 3. Presently, India is exporting different equipment to more
invasion may prompt other nations. than 85 countries around the globe.

Way Ahead Challenges

1. More stakes on USA and Russia to take initiative in stop 1. Red tapism
nuclear proliferation. 2. IPR Issues: Indian defence industry has been
manufacturing some weapon platforms (Tank T-90, Su-30
fighter aircraft etc) with IPR held by foreign Original 1. Economic Cost is exacerbated
Equipment Manufacturer (OEMs). 2. Emerging geopolitics situations needs to be thoroughly
3. Low productivity: It leads to higher per unit cost making checked
the end product costlier and thus, less attractive to buyer. 3. Substantial Operational Risks
4. Identification of target countries: Indian export is mainly 4. Can bring political instability with later governments
focused on assemblies/sub-assemblies/components of 5. Risk of contamination and of accidents increases
military equipment, thus making it difficult to establish a environmental concerns
pattern about target countries.
5. Other issues: Absence of designing and development EXTRADITION
capabilities (especially in critical technologies), lack of
Extradition is an act where one country delivers a person
industry-academia-defence linkages less pro-active
accused or convicted of committing a crime in another
diplomatic efforts etc.
country, over to their law enforcement.
6. High competition as countries prefer the defence
Process in India
products of US, France, etc.
1. In India, The Extradition Act, 1962 covers the extradition
of a fugitive from a foreign country to India or vice versa.
Steps taken up to boost Defence exports
2. India has signed extradition treaty with 48 countries

1. Formulation of a Defence Export Strategy and

Need for Extradition of Fugitive offenders
constitution of a Defence Export Steering Committee
1. To avoid Macro Economic implications by fugitive
(DESC) and Export Promotion Cell (EPC)
offenders.
2. Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP) 2020
2. To punish the guilty
3. Scheme for Promotion of Defence Exports
3. To deter future Crimes
Indigenisation Support to MSMEs: by issuing "positive
4. To maintain cordial relationship with the other country.
indigenisation lists"
5. To maintain peace and bring transnational crime in check.
4. Simplified defence Industrial licensing: Dept. of Defence
Production (DDP) notified as the Licensing Authority for
Challenges in Extradition:
export of various items.
1. Absence of Extradition treaties with many countries
5. Strategic Partnership
where fugitive takes shield.
6. Allowed FDI under automatic route up to 74% and upto
2. Clause of Double Jeopardy if the offender has already
100% through government route.
faced legal action in the other country, then it debars to
7. Corporatisation of Ordinance factory.
punish the person again for the same crime.
8. Innovations for Defence Excellence (DEX) initiatives.
3. Exclusion of political offenses
4. The overcrowded and unhygienic nature of Indian jails
FOREIGN MILITARY BASES was sought as a reason to avoid transfer to India.
A military base is an installation created to serve as support 5. The extradited offender can be prosecuted only for the
for military operations and logistics. offence he was surrendered and no additional/other cases
 Foreign military bases are found in more than 100 can be included in the prosecution process.
countries and territories within or near the land.
 US currently maintains a world-wide network of some Way forward
1000 military bases and installations. 1. Signing of more extradition treaties with possible allies
 Farkhor Air Base in Tajikistan is India’s foreign military 2. By Reciprocating the deeds of other countries
base overseas. 3. By reforming the Prisons
4. By signing international instruments like the Convention
Significance Against Torture (1984)
1. Contingency Responsiveness 5. By improving the capacity and efficiencies of law
2. Deterrence and Assurance enforcement agencies
3. Securing National Interests
4. Security Cooperation
5. For other defence related reasons like military maneuvers. CLIMATE CHANGE AND SECURITY
Concerns regarding foreign military bases
Russia and India among other countries voted against the
UNSC draft resolution aimed at systematically integrating
climate-related security risks into the UN’s conflict
prevention, conflict management and peace building work.

Concerns regarding resolution

1. While climate change has the potential to impact peace
and security many other factors like environmental
degradation, Food shortages etc creates manifold tensions
2. Climate change lies outside the ambit of UNSC and are
associated with UNFCCC
3. More powers to the world’s industrialised countries OR
THE P5 countries who are among the top pollutors.

Way forward
1. International community must provide stronger support
to climate change adaptation.
2. Enhance global efforts to ensure the sustainable and
equitable development of all countries
3. Anticipate and prepare to address unprecedented
challenges.
4. Improve the flow of information and sharing of
assessments