Department of EEE

DC Generators
I. Working Principle of DC Generator or Simple Loop Generator:

An electrical generator is a rotating machine, which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy. It operates on the principle based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
According to Faraday's Law of electromagnetic induction, when a conductor is rotated in a
magnetic field to cut the magnetic lines of flux, dynamically induced emf is produced in the
conductor. This emf causes a current to flow if the conductor circuit is closed. The induced emf
𝑑∅
is proportional to rate of change of flux linkages(𝑒 𝛼 ). And the direction of current is found
𝑑𝑡
by Fleming's Right-Hand Rule as shown below.

Hence, the basic requirements for the dynamically induced emf to exist are the following:
1. A steady magnetic field.
2. A conductor or coils,
3. Relative motion between the magnetic field and the conductors.

Consider a single-turn rectangular copper coil ABCD rotating clockwise in a magnetic field
provided by permanent magnet or electromagnets as shown in fig.1. The two ends of the coil
are joined to two Slip-rings 'a' and 'b' which are insulated from each other and from the central
shaft. Two collecting brushes (of carbon or copper) press against the slip rings. Their function is
to collect the current induced in the coil and to convey it to the external load resistance. The
rotating coil may be called 'armature' and the magnets as "field magnets". It is rotated in
clockwise direction at a uniform magnetic field.

Fig. 1 Simple Loop Generator

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Department of EEE

• At position 1 (0=0°), the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the direction of lines of flux.
Now, the flux linked with the coil is maximum. But the rate of change of flux linkages is
minimum. So, no emf is induced in the coil. That is at the starting position emf induced
is zero.
• When the coil is rotated further, the rate of change of flux linkage increases upto
position, 3 (0-90°). At this position, the plane of the coil is parallel to the lines of flux.
Now, the flux linked with the coil is minimum, but rate of change of flux linkages is of
the core of maximum. Therefore, at this position emf induced in the coil is coil is
maximum.
• On further rotation of the coil from position 3(0 = 90°) to position 5 (0=180°) the rate of
change of flux linkages decreases, and the emf induced is gradually decreased.

Fig. 2 EMF waveform

• At position 5 (0 = 180°), it is reduced to zero. The magnitude of emf with respect to the
coil position is indicated in Fig. 2. From position 5 to position 7 (that is 180° to 270°), the
induced emf value starts again from zero to maximum and from position 7 to position 1
(from 270° to to 360°) maximum to zero in opposite direction.

• Note that emf generated in the loop is alternating one. It is because any coil side, say AB
has emf in one direction when under the influence of N-pole and CD in the other
direction when under the influence of S-pole. If a load is connected across the ends of
the loop, then alternating current will flow through the load. The alternating voltage
generated in the loop can be converted into direct voltage by a device called
commutator

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Rajagopal Reddy B
Department of EEE

II. Construction of DC Generator:

The construction of DC generator and DC motor are the same. Any DC generator can be run as
a DC motor and vice-versa. The schematic diagram of a typical DC machine (generator or
motor) shown in fig. 3. All DC machines have a Stator and Rotor.

The Stator consist of

1. Yoke or Magnetic frame
2. Field Poles, Field winding, Interpoles

The Rotor has the following parts.

1. Armature core, Armature winding
2. Commutator
3. Brushes, Bearing

Fig. 3 Construction of DC Machine

1. Yoke or Magnetic Frame

(a) Functions
(i) It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a protecting cover for the
whole machine.
(ii) It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.
(b) Choice of Material
(i) To provide low reluctance path, it must be made up of some magnetic material
usually made up of cast-iron because it is cheapest.
(ii) But for large machines rolled steel (or) cast steel, silicon steel is used which
provides high permeability. i.e., low reluctance and gives good mechanical strength.

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Rajagopal Reddy B
Department of EEE

2. Field Poles
Each pole is divided into two parts namely: (i) Pole core (ii) Pole shoe. This is shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 Field Pole

(a) Functions of pole core and pole shoe

(i) Pole core carries field winding which is necessary to produce the flux.
(ii) Pole shoes spread out the flux in the air gap, and also, being of larger cross-section,
to reduce the reluctance.
(iii) They support the exciting coils (or field coils).

(b) Choice of material

(i) It is made up of magnetic material like cast-iron or cast-steel.
(ii) As it requires a definite shape and size, laminated construction is used. The
laminations of required size and shape are stamped together to get a pole which is
then bolted to the yoke.

3. Field Winding
The field winding is placed on the pole core.

(a) Functions
(i) To carry the current and to produce the magnetic flux.

(b) Choice of material

(i) It is made up of aluminium or copper.

4. Inter Poles or Commutating Poles

Interpoles or the commutating poles are fixed to the frame in between main poles. They are
smaller in size compared to main poles. They are used for sparkles commutation (To improve
commutation)

5. Armature Core
It is cylindrical in shape with slots on its outer periphery. It is mounted on the shaft.
(a) Functions
(i) It provides the house for armature conductors.

(b) Choice of Material

(i) It is made up of cast-iron or cast-steel.
(ii)It is made up of laminated construction to keep eddy current loss as low as possible.

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Rajagopal Reddy B
Department of EEE

Fig. 5 Armature Core

6. Armature Winding
The armature windings are placed into the slots on the armature surface. The ends of the coils
are soldered with commutator segments. Based on number of parallel paths created in
armature winding, it is classified as Lap wound and Wave wound. Number of parallel paths in
Lap wound is equal to number field poles(A=P), where as in Wave wound is always two (A=2).
a) Functions
(i) When the armature rotates an emf is induced in the armature conductors in case of
generators.
(ii) To carry the current supplied in case of DC motors.
b) Choice of material
(i) Armature winding has to carry the entire current so it is made up of conducting
material, which is copper.
7. Commutator
The basic nature of emf induced in the armature conductor is alternating. This needs
rectification in case of DC generator, which is made possible by a device called commutator.

Fig. 6 Commutator and Brushes

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Department of EEE

(a) Functions
(i) To facilitate the collection of current from the armature conductors.
(ii) To convert the alternating current induced in the armature conductors into
unidirectional current in the external load circuit.

(b) Choice of material

(i) As it collects current from armature, it is also made up of copper segments.
(ii) Each segment is separated by mica insulation.

5. Brushes
The brushes are housed in brush-holders usually of the box-type. The brushes are made to press
over the commutator with spring tension. The tension of the spring can be adjusted by changing
the position of lever in the notches. A flexible copper wire called pigtail is casted at the top of
the brush. It conveys current from the brush to the terminal box mounted on the yoke.

(a) Functions
(i) To collect current from commutator in case of generator.
(ii) To supply current to the commutator in case of motor.

(b) Choice of material

(i) Brushes are usually made up of carbon or graphite and in the shape of rectangular
block.

6. Bearings
Ball bearings are frequently employed because of their reliability. But for heavy duty machines,
roller bearing are preferable.

Fig. 7 Bearings

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Department of EEE

III. EMF equation of a DC Generator

Let the emf equation of a DC generator is derived as follows.

𝑃 = Number of poles
𝜙 = Flux per pole in weber
𝑍 = Total number of armature conductors = No. of slots x No. of conductors/slot
𝐴 = No. of parallel paths in armature
𝑁 = Speed of armature in revolutions per minute (rpm)
𝐸𝑔 = EMF induced or generated in any one of the parallel paths

𝑑𝜙
Average emf generated per conductor = 𝑑𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠.
Since ϕ is flux per pole, the total flux cut by one conductor in one revolution 𝑑𝜙 = 𝑃𝜙.
Since N is in revolutions per minute, No. of revolutions per second = 𝑁/60.
60
Time for one revolution, 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑁 𝑠econds.

Hence, according to Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction,

𝑑𝜙 𝑃𝜙 𝑃𝜙𝑁
EMF generated per conductor = = = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠.
𝑑𝑡 60/𝑁 60

Eg = EMF generated per parallel path

= (EMF per conductor) × No. of conductors in series per parallel path.

𝑃𝜙𝑁 𝑍
𝐸𝑔 = ×𝐴
60

Therefore, EMF generated in DC generator is given by,

𝑃𝜙𝑁 𝑍 𝜙𝑍𝑁𝑃
𝐸𝑔 = × = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
60 𝐴 60𝐴
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴 = 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐴 = 𝑃 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑎𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

7
Rajagopal Reddy B
Department of EEE

IV. Types and Circuit Models of DC Generators

DC generators are classified according to the manner in which their field windings are
connected. The process of giving DC voltage to the field winding for producing magnetic field
is called field excitation. The generators are classified based on the excitation, as
1. Separately excited generator
2. Self-excited generator.
Self-excited generators are also classified as Shut wound, Series wound and Compound
wound. The complete classification is shown below:

Separately Excited DC Generators:

In this type of generator, the field winding is excited by a separate DC supply. The electrical
equivalent circuit of a separately excited DC generator is shown in below circuit. The field
winding is connected to a separate DC source. The load is connected across the armature
terminals.
Here,
𝐸𝑔 = 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑓 = 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

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Rajagopal Reddy B
Department of EEE

Current relations:
Here armature current is same as load current and there is no relation between
armature current and field current.
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝐿
Voltage relations:
By writing KVL equation in the loop, we get
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
If Brush contact drop (𝑉𝑏𝑟 ) is considered, Then
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑉𝑏𝑟
Brush voltage us usually 1 Volt per brush. Therefore 𝑉𝑏𝑟 = 2 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠.
Power relations:
Power generated in armature 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power Loss in armature 𝑃𝑎𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power delivered to the load 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑉𝐼𝐿 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

Self-Excited DC Generators:
In this type of generator, the field winding is excited by the same machine. When the armature
is rotated, some EMF is generated due to the presence of residual magnetism. Thus, some
induced current is produced and this passes through the field coils. This induced current
produces more flux. This action is repeated and thereby sufficient current passes through the
field coils to generate the rated induced emf.
The self-excited generators are further classified into three types, according to the way of their
field winding connections to the armature as follows.
1. DC Shunt generator
2. DC Series generator
3. DC Compound generator
a. DC Long shunt compound generator
b. DC Short shunt compound generator
❖ DC compound generators are also classified based the flux direction of series and shunt field
windings. In a generator, if series and shunt field flux are additive such that net flux
increases, then it is called cumulative compound generator. If both fluxes are opposite each
other such that net flux deceases then it is called differential compound generator.

DC Shunt Generator:
In this type of generator, the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature terminals
as shown below.
Here,
𝐸𝑔 = 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑠ℎ = 𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑠ℎ = 𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

9
Rajagopal Reddy B
Department of EEE

Current relations:
Here armature current is divided into shunt field current and load current.
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑠ℎ + 𝐼𝐿
𝑉
But shunt current can be calculated as, 𝐼𝑠ℎ = 𝑅
𝑠ℎ

Voltage relations:
By writing KVL equation in the loop, we get
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
If Brush contact drop (𝑉𝑏𝑟 ) is considered, Then
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑉𝑏𝑟
Power relations:
Power generated in armature 𝑃𝑎𝑔 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power Loss in armature 𝑃𝑎𝐿 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power Loss in shunt field 𝑃𝑠ℎ𝐿 = 𝐼𝑠ℎ 2 𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power delivered to the load 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑉𝐼𝐿 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

DC Series Generator:
In this type of generator, the field winding is connected in series with the armature terminals
as shown below.
Here,
𝐸𝑔 = 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑠𝑒 = 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

Current relations:
Here armature current is same as series field current and load current.
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝐿

Voltage relations:
By writing KVL equation in the loop, we get
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒
If Brush contact drop is considered, Then
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑉𝑏𝑟
Power relations:
Power generated in armature 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power Loss in armature 𝑃𝑎𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power Loss in series field 𝑃𝑠𝑒𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 2 𝑅𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power delivered to the load 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑉𝐼𝐿 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

10
Rajagopal Reddy B
Department of EEE

DC Long Shunt Generator:

In this type of generator, the shunt field winding is connected across with the series
combination of armature and series field as shown below.

Here,
𝐸𝑔 = 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑠ℎ = 𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑠ℎ = 𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑠𝑒 = 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

Current relations:
Here armature current is same as series field current and this current is divided into
shunt field current and load current.
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝑠ℎ + 𝐼𝐿
𝑉
But shunt current can be calculated as, 𝐼𝑠ℎ = 𝑅
𝑠ℎ

Voltage relations:
By writing KVL equation in the loop, we get
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒
If Brush contact drop is considered, Then
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑉𝑏𝑟
Power relations:
Power generated in armature 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power Loss in armature 𝑃𝑎𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power Loss in series and shunt field 𝑃𝑓𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 2 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ 2 𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power delivered to the load 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑉𝐼𝐿 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

DC Short Shunt Generator:

In this type of generator, the shunt field winding is connected across with armature and the
series field is connected in series with load as shown below

Here,
𝐸𝑔 = 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝐿 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑠ℎ = 𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑠ℎ = 𝑆ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅𝑠𝑒 = 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡

11
Rajagopal Reddy B
Department of EEE

Current relations:
Here armature current is divided into shunt field current and load current.
𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑠ℎ + 𝐼𝐿
And series field current is same as load current
𝐼𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝐿
But shunt current can be calculated as,
𝑉+𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 𝐸𝑔 −𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
𝐼𝑠ℎ = 𝑅𝑠ℎ
= 𝑅𝑠ℎ

Voltage relations:
By writing KVL equation in the loop, we get
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒
If Brush contact drop is considered, Then
𝐸𝑔 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 + 𝐼𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑉𝑏𝑟
Power relations:
Power generated in armature 𝑃𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝐸𝑔 𝐼𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power Loss in armature 𝑃𝑎𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑎 2 𝑅𝑎 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power Loss in series and shunt field 𝑃𝑓𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑠𝑒 2 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ 2 𝑅𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Power delivered to the load 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑉𝐼𝐿 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠

V. Applications of DC Generators

1. DC Shunt Generator
(i) In shunt generator, terminal voltage is more or less constant. So these are used for
supplying loads needing constant voltage.
(ii) Electroplating
(iii) Battery charging purpose
(iv) Exciters for AC generators

2. DC Series Generators
(i) They are used for series arc lighting.
(ii) They are used for series incandescent lighting.
(iii) They are used as boosters, for the purpose of compensating the drop in voltage in
the transmission lines on loading.
(iv) Used for regenerative braking of DC locomotives.

3. DC Compound Generators
(i) By means of compound generator it is possible to give constant voltage at the line
end by proper compounding.
(ii) Differentially compound generator may be used for welding purpose.
(iii) They are used to supply power to railway circuits, incandescent lamps, elevator
motors etc.

4. Separately Excited Generators

(i) They are used for supplying DC motors whose speed is to be varied widely
(ii) They are used where a wide range of DC voltage is required for testing purpose

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Rajagopal Reddy B