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Lec20 Struct

Chapter 11 discusses structured data in C++, focusing on the use of structures to group related variables. It covers struct declaration, accessing members, initializing structures, using arrays of structures, and passing structures as function arguments. Additionally, it explains pointers to structures and how to access structure members via pointers.

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5 views37 pages

Lec20 Struct

Chapter 11 discusses structured data in C++, focusing on the use of structures to group related variables. It covers struct declaration, accessing members, initializing structures, using arrays of structures, and passing structures as function arguments. Additionally, it explains pointers to structures and how to access structure members via pointers.

Uploaded by

mohamedsalahrohaim09
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Chapter 11:

Structured Data

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


11.2
Combining Data into Structures

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Combining Data into Structures
• Structure: C++ construct that allows multiple
related variables to be grouped together
• General Format:
struct <structName>
{
type1 field1;
type2 field2;
. . .
};

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Example struct Declaration
struct Student
{
structure tag
int studentID; structure members
string name;
short yearInSchool;
double gpa;
};

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


struct Declaration Notes

• Must have ; after closing }


• struct names commonly begin with
uppercase letter
• Multiple fields of same type can be in
comma-separated list:
string name,
address;

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Defining Variables
• struct declaration does not allocate
memory or create variables
• To define variables, use structure tag as
type name:
bill
Student bill; studentID
name
yearInSchool
**codeblocks gpa

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


11.3
Accessing Structure Members

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Accessing Structure Members
• Use the dot (.) operator to refer to members of
struct variables:
cin >> stu1.studentID;
getline(cin, stu1.name);
stu1.gpa = 3.75;

• Member variables can be used in any manner


appropriate for their data type

11-8
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Displaying a struct Variable
• To display the contents of a struct
variable, must display each field
separately, using the dot operator:
cout << bill; // won’t work
cout << bill.studentID << endl;
cout << bill.name << endl;
cout << bill.yearInSchool;
cout << " " << bill.gpa;

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Comparing struct Variables
• Cannot compare struct variables
directly:
if (bill == william) // won’t work

• Instead, must compare on a field basis:


if (bill.studentID ==
william.studentID) ...

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


11.4
Initializing a Structure

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Initializing a Structure

• struct variable can be initialized when


defined:
Student s = {11465, "Joan", 2, 3.75};

• Can also be initialized member-by-


member after definition:
s.name = "Joan";
s.gpa = 3.75;

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


More on Initializing a Structure
• May initialize only some members:
Student bill = {14579};
• Cannot skip over members:
Student s = {1234, "John", ,
2.83}; // illegal
• Cannot initialize in the structure
declaration, since this does not allocate
memory

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Excerpts From Program 11-3

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


11.5
Arrays of Structures

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Arrays of Structures

• Structures can be defined in arrays


• Can be used in place of parallel arrays
const int NUM_STUDENTS = 20;
Student stuList[NUM_STUDENTS];
• Individual structures accessible using subscript
notation
• Fields within structures accessible using dot
notation:
cout << stuList[5].studentID;

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
11.7
Structures as Function Arguments

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Structures as Function
Arguments
• May pass members of struct variables to
functions:
computeGPA(stu.gpa);
• May pass entire struct variables to functions:
showData(stu);

• Write prototypes for the functions

• Can use reference parameter if function needs


to modify contents of structure variable

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Excerpts from Program 11-6

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Structures as Function
Arguments - Notes
• Using value parameter for structure can
slow down a program, waste space
• Using a reference parameter will speed up
program, but function may change data in
structure
• Using a const reference parameter
allows read-only access to reference
parameter, does not waste space, speed

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Revised showItem Function

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


11.8
Returning a Structure from a
Function

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Returning a Structure from a
Function
• Function can return a struct:
Student getStudentData(); // prototype
stu1 = getStudentData(); // call

• Function must define a local structure


– for internal use
– for use with return statement

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Returning a Structure from a
Function - Example
Student getStudentData()
{ Student tempStu;
cin >> tempStu.studentID;
getline(cin, tempStu.name);
getline(cin, tempStu.address);
getline(cin, tempStu.city);
cin >> tempStu.yearInSchool;
cin >> tempStu.gpa;
return tempStu;
}

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
11.9
Pointers to Structures

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.


Pointers to Structures
• A structure variable has an address
• Pointers to structures are variables that
can hold the address of a structure:
Student *stuPtr;
• Can use & operator to assign address:
stuPtr = & stu1;
• Structure pointer can be a function
parameter

11-35
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Accessing Structure Members
via Pointer Variables
• Must use () to dereference pointer
variable, not field within structure:
cout << (*stuPtr).studentID;

• Can use structure pointer operator to


eliminate () and use clearer notation:
cout << stuPtr->studentID;

11-36
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Program 11-8

Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

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