Third Term Examination – March 2022

2022 Batch
09 - Biology
FWC Marking Scheme

g
. or
Part I

Que.
on
Ans. Que. Ans. Que. Ans.
No No No. No. No. No.
ee
1. 2 11. 5 21. 5
2. 4 12. 1 22. 4
.b

3. 1 13. 5 23. 2
w

4. 14. 2 24. 3
5. 3 15. 2 25. 4
w

6. 4 16. 3 26. 3
w

7. 1 17. 1 27. 1
8 4 18. 4 28. 2
9. 3 19. 2 29. 4
10. 2 20. 3 30. 1
30X1= 30 Marks.

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 1 Biology – Ans.

 Part II
A – Structured Essay
01. A)
i) Indicate the hierarchical levels of order and organization of living things up to an organism /
individual.
• Molecule Organelle cell tissue organ
organ system (individual / organism) 1Pt.
ii) Name one carbohydrate found in the followings:
a) Stores fructose as energy source. Inulin

g
b) Structural component that found only in plants. Hemi cellulose 2 Pts.
iii) How purines differ from pyrimidines?

or
• Larger in size
• Two rings 2 Pts.

.
iv) Give two functions of DNA molecule.
•
•
on
Store and transmit genetic information from one generation to the next generation
Store the genetic information for protein synthesis
v) Indicate two nucleotides which are functioning as oxidizing agents.
2 Pts.
ee
• NAD+ / FAD
• NADP+ 2 Pts.
vi) a) How the loosely arranged proteins in the surfaces of the plasma membrane are termed?
• Peripheral proteins 1 Pt
.b

b) How some proteins in the plasma membrane help to maintain the shape of the cell?
• attach to cytoskeletal fibres 1 Pt
w

vii) a) Indicate the phase of mitosis where the formation of mitotic spindle begins.
• Prophase 1 Pt
w

b) Name an organelle which could contribute to the division of cytoplasm of plant cells.
• Golgi apparatus 1 Pt
w

B) i) a) What are enzyme co-factors?

• Non proteinuos components
• which are essential for the catalytic activities for certain enzymes 2 Pts.
b) Briefly explain in which ways the co-factors bind to the enzyme in the activities.
• Tightly bind and remain permanently
• Loosely bind temporarily 2 Pts.
c) Indicate the two types of the cofactors and give one example for each.
• Organic cofactors NAD+ / FAD / Biotin 2 Pts.
• Inorganic cofactors Zn2+ / Fe2+ / Cu2+ 2 Pts.
F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 2 Biology – Ans.
 ii) Photo systems consists of a reaction centre complex and light harvesting complexes.
Indicate the main components of them.
Reaction centre One pair of chlorophyll a molecules
primary electron acceptor 2 Pts.
Light harvesting complexes many photosynthetic pigments 1 Pt
a. The following diagram represents the main steps of the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.

A F
𝐂𝐎𝟐 + B

g
C
𝐆𝟑 𝐏 D

or
E
Name the substances labelled as A, B, C, D and E.

.
A RuBP/ Ribulose Bis phosphate B 3-PGA/3-phosphoglycerate
C ATP on
E Carbohydrate/ sugars
D NADPH
5 Pts
b. Name the F and briefly explain its role in 𝐂𝟑 plants.
ee
Name RuBISCO / RuBP carboxylase – oxygenase 1 Pt
Role react with CO2 and give two 3-PGA molecules and
react with O2 and give a 3-PGA molecules and a 2- phosphoglycolate
.b

molecule 2 Pts
c. Give an example for a C4 plant Corn / sugarcane 1 Pt.
w

C) i) What is Kranz anatomy?

• The bundle sheath cells enclose the vascular bundle and
• are themselves surrounded by the mesophyll cells 2 Pts.
w

ii) In C4 plants, in which cell pyruvate is produced?

• Bundle sheath cells 1 Pt.
w

iii) Indicate the location of oxidative phosphorylation of aerobic respiration and total number of
ATP produced during the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 per one glucose molecule.
Location Inner membrane / cristae of mitochondria 1 Pt.
𝐍𝐀𝐃𝐇 oxidation 25
𝐅𝐀𝐃𝐇𝟐 oxidation 3 2 Pts.
iv) Which organic molecule is used to reduce acetaldehyde into ethanol in ethyl alcohol
fermentation?
• NADH 1 Pt.

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 3 Biology – Ans.

 v) Which molecule acts as the final electron acceptor in lactic acid fermentation?
• Pyruvate 1 Pt.
40X2.5=100 marks.
02 A)
i) Name the eon that the concentration of atmospheric oxygen begins to increase.
• Archean 1 Pt
ii) Indicate the two observations of Darwin in the theory of natural selection.
• The population of a species vary in characteristics among their inheritance
traits / Variation
• Each species produces more offspring than their environment could

g
accommodate / Overproduction 2 Pts.
iii) a) What is the basis of natural classification?

or
• (Grouping based on) true relationships 1 Pt.
b) Indicate the criteria, that was used by Whittaker in the five-kingdom system of classification.

.
• Cellular organization
•
•
on
unicellular or multicellular
mode of nutrition
iv) Complete the following dichotomous key to distinguish the animals given below.
3 Pts.

Planaria, Squid> Jelly fish> Taenia, Mite> Clam.

ee
1) Radial symmetry present. ……………… Jelly fish ………………
Radial symmetry absent. ……………………2……………………

2) Eversible pharynx present. ……………… Planaria ……………….

.b

Eversible pharynx absent. ……………………3……………………

3) Head present. ……………………4……………………

w

Head absent. ……………… Clam.…………………...

4) Jointed appendages present. .……………… Mite ……………………

Jointed appendages absent. ……………………5…………………….
w

5) Muscular foot present. ……………… Squid ……………………

Muscular foot absent. ……………… Taenia …………………..
w

10 Pts.
B)
i) a) How collenchyma cells structurally differ from parenchyma cells?
• Thick primary cell wall / walls are unevenly thickened. 1 Pt.

b) State two locations of collenchyma cells.

• Just below the epidermis of young stems and
• petioles 2 Pts.

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 4 Biology – Ans.

 ii) What is the special feature found in sieve tubes for the movement of nutrients more freely?
• lack - nucleus, ribosomes, a distinct vacuole and cytoskeletal elements / cytoplasm
reduced into a thin peripheral layer 1 Pt.
iii) Complete the following statement with a suitable word.
“Cork cambium and tissues it produces are collectively called Periderm 1 Pt.

iv) Indicate the orientation of leaves to capture light efficiently in low light conditions.
• horizontal (orientation) 1 Pt.
v) Through which, the water and solutes move from cell to cell in symplastic route?
• via plasmodesmata 1 Pt.

g
vi) What is the hypothesis used to explain the phloem translocation in angiosperms?
• Pressure flow (hypothesis) 1 Pt.

or
C)
i) Write in the brackets as “correct” or “incorrect” whether each of the following statements
regarding terrestrial plants is correct or incorrect.

.
a) Seed plants do not need external water for fertilization.
on
b) Embryo which is retained and nourished by the gametophyte.
c) All the plants which produce homosporous are monoecious.
. (correct)
(correct)
(incorrect)
d) Delay of meiosis after fertilization results in creating a diploid sporophytic generation.
ee
(correct)
e) Unisexuality in some plants show special type of adaptation of self-pollination. (incorrect)
5 Pts.
.b

ii) a) What is photomorphogenesis?

• Light triggers many key events
• in plant growth and development (collectively known photomorphogenesis) 2 Pts.
w

b) Why the small seeds often remain dormant for long periods?
• nutrient reserves are limited
w

• poor light environments and other conditions 2 Pts.

iii) Indicate a plant growth substance for each of the following functions:
w

a) Functions in gravitropism. Auxin

b) Stimulate the pollen development Gibberellins
c) Delay leaf senescence Cytokinin 3 Pts.
iv) a) What is the adaptation found in the plants that could be found in the soil environments of
salinity.
• produce solutes /organic compounds at high concentrations 1 Pt.

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 5 Biology – Ans.

 b) Indicate two preexisting chemical defense mechanisms they could be found in plants to
defend them from biological stress.
• Alkaloids/nicotine
• Phenolics/flavonoids/lignin/tannins
• terpenoids/ Azadirachtin
• Lectin Any 2 Pts.
40X2.5=100 marks.
03. A)
i) Which epithelium often found in places where secretion or reabsorption is important?

g
• Simple columnar (epithelium) 1 Pt.
ii) What are the functions of mast cells found in the loose connective tissue?

or
• Secrete histamine and
• Heparin 2 Pts.
iii) Which muscle cell type consists of both sarcomeres and involuntary contractions?

.
• Cardiac muscle
on
iv) What is assimilation, one of the main steps of holozoic nutrition?
• utilization of absorbed nutrient for various functions of the body
1 Pt.

1 Pt.
v) Briefly explain the chemical digestion which takes place in the buccal cavity.
ee
• Chemical digestion of starch/ poly saccharides
• into maltose/ disaccharide / smaller poly saccharides
• by salivary amylase 3 Pts.
.b

vi) The blood found in the sinusoids of the liver is derived from which blood vessels?
• hepatic portal vein and
w

• hepatic artery 2 Pts.

vii) Deficiency of which vitamin shows the tingling of hands in human?
w

• Vitamin B5 / pantothenic acid 1 Pt.

B)
w

i) Which nutrient component facilitates proteins are not used to get energy (sparing) in human?
• Digestible carbohydrates 1 Pt.
ii) Which are the minerals needed for both maintenance in acid base balance and nerve function?
Na, K and Cl 3 Pts.
iii) Indicate three functions of dietary fibers.
• (Provide bulk to the diet and) satisfy the appetite
• Prevent constipation
• Protect against cancers in the colon and rectum 3 Pts.

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 6 Biology – Ans.

 iv) Which vitamin act as an antioxidant and water soluble?
• Vitamin C / ascorbic acid 1 Pt.
v) What are the significances of closed circulatory system over to open circulatory system?
• enable effective delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the cells larger and
• more active (animals) due to relatively high blood pressure. 2 Pts.
vi) Indicate the location of SA node.
• Lies in the myocardium of right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava. 1 Pt.
vii) What is the advantage of separation of heart into left and right halves in Aves and Mammals?
• the complete separation of oxygen enriched and oxygen poor blood 1 Pt.

g
viii) a) Indicate the respiratory pigment/ pigments found in vertebrates.
• Haemoglobin

or
• Myoglobin 2 Pts.
b) What are the ways of transport of carbon dioxide in blood with the participation of

.
erythrocytes?

C)
•
•
HCO3- on
Carbamino haemoglobin 2 Pts.
ee
i) During the blood transfusion it is vital that the recipient receive blood is compatible.
For this, which feature should be considered in the donor and recipient?
Donor Antigens in the call surface of erythrocytes/ Agglutinogens
Recipient Antibodies in the blood plasma/ Agglutinin 2 Pts.
.b

ii) Indicate the characteristics of lungs as an effective respiratory surface.

• Alveoli create a large surface area for gaseous exchange

w

• Thin / simple squamous epithelia for reduce the distance for diffusion
• Moist (thin) easy to diffuse
w

• Highly vascularized for maintain a steep gradient of respiratory gases. 4 Pts.

iii) Name the respiratory structure of the following animals.
w

a) Scorpion Book lung

b) Prawn Internal gills 2Pts.
iv) Indicate two respiratory structures in terrestrial animals, that have surface invaginations for
efficient extraction of oxygen from the atmosphere.
• Trachea/ Tracheal system
• Lungs 2 Pts.

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 7 Biology – Ans.

 v) Give three major functions of blood.
• Transport of oxygen to organs and removal of carbon dioxide from the organs and
tissues
• Transport of soluble excretory materials to organs of excretion
• Transport of nutrients
• Transport of hormones from the glands where they produced to target organs
• Defense against foreign invasions
• Aids in osmoregulation Any 3 Pts.

40X2.5=100 marks.

g
04. A)
i) Briefly describe how the sound is produced in the human larynx.

or
• When expired air rushes across the stretched or tensed vocal cords
• causing them to vibrate (sound produces) 2 Pts.

.
ii) Briefly explain what is mucus escalator and indicate its significance.
•
•
on
Mucus helps trap the dust and other particulate contaminants in the inhaled air
beating of cilia moves this upward towards pharynx
• where it is swallowed into the oesophagus.
ee
• Significance - helps clean the respiratory system. 4 Pts.
iii) Underline the word (in bold) in the following statement for the completion.
“Human employ what is referred to as negative pressure breathing where air is pulled or pushed
.b

into the lungs. 1Pt.

iv) Which muscles participate in the respiratory mechanisms in human at rest?
• Intercostal / rib muscle
w

• diaphragm 2 Pts.
v) Indicate that the sites of each the internal and external respiration takes place.
Internal respiration Between lungs and blood
w

External respiration Between blood and tissues 2 Pts.

vi) Briefly explain the effects of carbon monoxide found in cigarette smoke on the smooth
w

functioning of the respiratory system.

• Carbon monoxide has better affinity to haemoglobin than oxygen and irreversibly
• Thus decrease the amount of oxyhaemoglobin produced / oxygen transport through
blood decreases. 2 Pts.
vii) a) Which combinations of respiratory volumes are included in the functional residual
capacity?
• Residual volume
• Expiratory reserve volume 2 Pts.

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 8 Biology – Ans.

 b) What is the significance of the above-mentioned capacity in (vii) a?
Important for continuous exchange of gas in the alveoli / to prevent the collapse of the
alveoli during expiration. 1 Pt.
B)

i) Indicate three major differences between the innate immunity and the adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity adaptive immunity.
• Nonspecific specific
• Immediate but general protection long term protection
• Found in both vertebrates and invertebrates only in vertebrates 3 Pts.
ii) In which ways the human skin, one of the barrier defenses, protect from microorganisms?

g
• Keratinized cell layer in the epidermis provides a significant physical barrier to
entrance of microbes.

or
• Periodic shedding of epidermal cells helps remove microbes from skin surface.
• Lysozyme in the sweat can destroy cell walls of some bacteria.
• Acidity of sweat and sebum/ secretions of sebaceous gland helps prevent growth of
bacteria. 4 Pts.

.
iii) Give the types of immune responses of the adaptive immunity and indicate the cell type involved
for each. on
Type of immune response
• Cell mediated (immune response)
cell type
T lymphocyte
• Humoral (immune response) B lymphocyte 4 Pts.
ee
iv) What is meant by passive immunity?
• A short-term immunity developed within the body due to the transfer of antibodies
produced by another individual. 1 Pt.
C)
.b

i) a) Name the excretory structure of insects.

• Malpighian tubule 1 Pt.
b) Briefly describe the excretory structure you mentioned above in i) a.
w

• Extensive blind end tubules

• immersed in haemolymph and opens into the digestive tract 2 Pts.
w

ii) What are the three areas can be seen in the longitudinal section of the human kidney, from outer
most to inside?
Fibrous capsule, renal cortex , renal medulla. If all correct 1 Pt.
w

iii) What is the modification found in the glomerulus important for increasing blood pressure for
ultra-filtration?
The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole. 1Pt.
iv) Indicate two nitrogenous wastes that can be secreted during the formation of urine.
• NH3
• Creatinine 2 Pts.
v) What is the major ion deposit for the renal calculi?
(Calcium) oxalate / (Ca 2+ ) C2O42- 1 Pt.

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 9 Biology – Ans.

 vi) What are the measures can be taken to prevent chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
• Follow a low slat and low-fat diet
• Doing proper exercise
• Having regular check ups
• Prevent smoking 4 Pts.
……..………………… Ꭓ…….…………………………….. Detach here …………………………… …….………Ꭓ……………...………………………….

40X2.5=100 marks.
B – Essay
05. a) Briefly describe the different types of nutrition in plants.
1) Autotrophic nutrition
2) using CO2 / inorganic substances
3) and light energy

g
4) synthesis organic substances
5) symbiosis
6) Ecological relationship

or
7) between two species
8) mutualism
9) commensalism
10) parasitism

.
Mutualism
on
11) Both partners get benefit
12) e.g:- nitrogen fixing Rhizobium – legume root nodule.
13) Mycorrhizae/ Fungus and roots of higher plants.
14) Anabaena - Cycas in coralloid roots.
Commensalism
15) one organism gets benefit
ee
16) the other gets no loss or gain
17) e.g:- epiphytic orchids
Parasitism
18) Two different species
19) close relationship
.b

20) one gets benefit and

21) the other get harmful
22) e.g:- semi parasite
23) Loranthus - host tree
w

24) Total parasite

25) Cuscuta – host tree
26) Carnivorous plants as special nutrition
w

27) Trap small insects/ animals kill and digest

28) to obtain nitrogen and other minerals
29) Nepenthes/ Drosera / Utricularia
30) They live in nitrogen deficient habitats.
w

31) They are photosynthetic.

b) Indicate the agricultural applications of plant growth substances.
Auxin
32) Induce roots in stem cuttings
33) Induce parthenocarpy
34) serve as weedicides
35) e.g:- 2,4D / MCPA
36) Gibberellin – induce seed germination
37) Auxin and cytokinin – in tissue culture technology
38) cytokinin – maintain the freshness in flowers/ cut leaves.
Any 37x4=148
If more than 37 correct +2
Total =150 Marks.

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 10 Biology – Ans.

 06. a) Describe the digestion and absorption that takes place in the small intestine.
Chemical digestion
1) Polysaccharides converted into disaccharides
2) by pancreatic amylase
3) disaccharides converted into mono saccharides
4) by intestinal disaccharidases
5) trypsin and chymotrypsin
6) convert small polypeptides into smaller polypeptides
7) pancreatic carboxypeptidase
8) convert smaller polypeptide to small peptides and
9) amino acids
10) dipeptidases, carboxy peptidase, and amino peptidase
11) convert smaller peptides into amino acids
12) pancreatic lipase

g
13) covert fats into fatty acids and glycerol
14) intestinal lipase also participates
15) pancreatic nucleases

or
16) covert nucleic acids into nucleotides
17) nucleotides, nucleosidase and phosphatase
18) convert nucleotides into pentose, nitrogen bases and phosphate.
Absorption

.
19) takes place actively and passively across the intestinal epithelium
20) Fructose facilitated diffusion

22) most of the glucose

on
21) Amino acids, small peptides and vitamins

23) actively into the epithelium

24) and into the blood capillaries of villi
25) then transported via hepatic portal vein
ee
26) fatty acids and glycerol diffuse into the epithelium and
27) reform into triglycerides and convert to
28) chylomicrons and they enter the lacteals
29) finally release into the blood circulation via lymph
.b

b) Indicate the contribution of the antimicrobial proteins in the innate immunity.

30) type of proteins
31) Interferons and complementary proteins
Interferons
w

32) are produced by cells which are (already) infected by viruses

33) produce antimicrobial proteins and protect the non-infected cells
34) Some interferons induce the phagocytosis
Complement proteins
w

35) found in the blood plasma and plasma membrane as an inactive form
36) a cascade of biochemical reactions occurs
37) which leads to inflammatory responses and
w

38) phagocytosis.
Any 37x4=148
If more than 37 correct +2
Total =150 Marks.
07.
a) Extra cellular matrix.
1) Animal cells have an extended extra cellular matrix
2) Glycoprotein
3) carbohydrate are major components
4) abundant glycoprotein- collagen
5) which form strong fibres out side
6) the collagen fibres are embedded

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 11 Biology – Ans.

 7) in a network woven out of proteoglycan secreted by cells
8) collagen joins with
9) the fibronectin which is an integral protein of plasma membrane

b. Mechanism of opening and closing of stomata.

10) Depends on the turgor changes of the guard cells
11) When water moves into the guard cell by osmosis
12) turgor pressure increases and cell expands
13) there is no uniform expansion
14) irreversible inner walls
15) bend the guard cell
16) draw away of inner wall from each other.
17) when water is lost from guard cells inner wall become straight
18) this is explained by K+ influx hypothesis

g
19) During day time accumulation of K+ into the guard cells
20) which reduces the water potential and water move into the guard cells by osmosis

or
21) turgor increases in guard cells and stomata open
22) ABA also participates in this mechanism.

c). Role of hormones in the functioning of kidneys.

23) Increase in the blood osmotic pressure

.
24) sensors in the hypothalamus are stimulated
on
25) hypothalamus produces thirst
26) drinking water or
27) stimulate the posterior pituitary to
28) increase the secretion of ADH
29) which acts on DCT and collecting duct to reabsorb water
ee
30) controlled by negative feedback mechanism
31) When blood pressure / blood volume falls
32) sense by juxta glomerular apparatus/ kidney
33) renin secreted
34) that convert angiotensinogen (from liver) into angiotensin I
35) then convert to angiotensin II (by AEC)
.b

36) angiotensin II aid to release aldosterone

37) Aldosterone acts on DCT/ collecting duct to reabsorb Na+ and water
38) Blood pressure increases due to the constriction of arterioles.
Any 37x4=148
w

If more than 37 correct +2

Total =150 Marks.
w

Marks Allocation:
w

Part I 30X01= 30 Marks

Part II A Structured Essay 4X100= 400

B Essay 2X150= 300

700/10 =70 Marks

Total 100 Marks

F.W.C Grade - 12 (2022) 3rd term 2022 12 Biology – Ans.