TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 1 / i: / SEE and / I / IF

Unit 2 / e / EGG, / & / HAND &/ V / UP
Unit 3 / Q / HOT / O: / SAW
Unit 4 / u: / FOOD / U / PUT
Unit 5 / 3: / BIRD & / A: / CAR
Unit 6 /@/ AGAIN
Unit 7 / eI / PAGE / aI / FIVE /OI / BOY
Unit 8 / @U / HOME & / aU / NOW, / e@ / THERE & / I@ / NEAR
Unit 9 / p / PEN & / b / BAD, / t / TEA & / d /DID
Unit 10 / k / CAT & / g / GET
Unit 11 / T / THIN & / D / THIS
Unit 12 / s / SO / S / SHOP / z / ZOO
Unit 13 / Í / CHIN/ Ù / JUDGE / Z / PLEASURE /j/ YOUNG
Unit 14 INTONATION
Unit 15 STRESS
Unit 16 LINKING OF WORD

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 UNIT 1: / i: / SEE and / I / IF
1. PRONUNCIATION
a. / i: / To make the sound / i /, open your mouth very little. Spread your lips wide. Put your
tongue forward and up. / i / is a long sound.

b. / I / To make the sound / I /, first make the sound / i /.Now open your mouth a little more. / I
/ is a short sound.

2. SPELLING
a. / i: / - All ee and most ea in the words: see, sea, sleep, read, eat, bean, Greek,....
- Usually e in the open syllables and long sounds: these, be, she, he,...
- Less common:
+ i: machine, police,...
+ ie: piece, field, belief, believe,..
+ ei: receive, perceive,...
+ ey: key,....
B. / I / - Most i: if, him, this, hill,...
- Many e in unstressed syllables: believe, begin, decide, English, women,...
- Exception: o: women; u: busy , a: village
3.PRACTICE
*Task 1: Distinguish between / i: / and / I /
a. Listen and practise the difference:
green grin feet fit
bead bid cheek chick
reason risen deep dip
meal mill each itch
b. Listen to the words on the cassette. Write the words you hear

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 c. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the words you hear
1. The beans/bins were quite cheap
2. I’m going to leave/live with my brother
3. Did you feel/fill it?
4. The peach/ pitch was bad.
5. He beat/ bit the dog
6. The children were badly beaten/ bitten.
* Task 2: Find the words and say the sounds in contrast
/ i: / /I/ / i: / /I/
feet ------ peel -----
------ sit eat -----
steal ------- ------ hill
feel ------ sheep -------
------ gins ------ bin
cheap ------ ------ hit
* Task 3: Say / i: / and / I /
Listen and practise this conversation between two doctors:
A: Have you been busy this evening?
B: Pretty busy. My first patient was Jim Beaton. He had twisted his knee. He slipped on
the banana skin in the street. I think he just needs to rest his knee. He’s very fit.
A: My first was Mrs Neale. She keeps being sick, and it’s just because she eats too much.
B: A lot of patients don’t really need treatment. They feel ill because they do silly things.
We can give some pills to treat some illnesses, but they need to keep fit and eat sensibly.
* Task 5: Read the following words and classify them. Which words contain / i:/ and which
contain / I /
India river sweet Swedish street fourteen knee builder
Bristish teacher milk city chicken Christmas finger Egypt
Easter tea stream million minutes return trip business
shopkeeper season imagine symbol language
* Task 5: Circle the ONE word in each group of four that is NOT pronounced with / I: /
Examples: keep lean fit piece
1. bead great leave tea
2. eight either believe niece
3. scene women these even

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 4. need been slip thirteen
5. police thief machine vision
6. pretty wheat sweet scream
7. people bread deal east
8. leave live leaf lease
9. tin teen steam receive
10. sleep Steve easy still
* Task 6: Read each of the following sentences aloud. In the brackets above each boldface
word, write the phonetic symbol / i: / or / I / representing the vowel in that word.
Example: The field was filled with flowers

1. Take a dip in the deep water

2. They picked Tim for the team.

3. Please beat the sweet cream.

4. She will sit in the seat.

5. The heat wave hit the city.

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 UNIT 2: / e / EGG, / & / HAND &/ V / UP
1. PRONUNCIATION
a. /e / To make the sound / e /, open your mouth and spread your lips. Put your tongue
forward for / e /. / e/ is a short sound

b. / & /. To make the sound / & /, open your mouth more and more and lower your tongue. /
& / is a short sound.

c. / V /. To make the sound / V /, relax your mouth and move your tongue back and up a little.
/ V / is a short sound.

2. SPELLING
a. / e / - Most of written e: bed, met, set, cheque,...
- Less often with ea: head, dead, breath,...
- Exception with ie (friend), a (any, says, said), ei (leisure)
b. /&/ - Almost always written a: hat, man, hand, black,....
- Exception with ai: plait
c. / V / - Usually written u: cup, Sunday, uncle, funny,....
- Less common with o: mother, one, brother,....
ou: young, trouble,...
ough: enough, tough,....
oo: blood, flood,....

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 - Exception: oe (strong form of does)
3. PRACTICE:
Task 1: Distinguish between / e /, / & / and / V /
a. Listen and practise the difference:
/&/ /e/ /V/ /&/
had head bug bag
bag beg mug mad
land lend puddle paddle
can Ken fun fan
pan pen sung sang
mat met butter batter
pack peck hut hat
marry merry truck track
pat pet much match
cattle kettle drunk drank
cup cap
uncle ankle
b. Listen to the words on the cassette. Write the words you hear (for / & / & / e /)

c. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the words you hear
1. You have been using my pan/ pen.
2. He lost his bat/ bet
3. I can see a band/ bend ahead.
4. We heard the cattle/ kettle from a long way away.
d. Listen to the words on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear
1. I like my fish cooked in the butter/ batter.
2. He’s worried about his uncle/ ankle.
3. Put the rug / rag on the floor.
4. Here’s a cup/ cap for you.
5. I’ve lost the truck/ track.
6. Does my hut/ hat look nice?
Task 2: Read the following phrases and write them in this table
A hungry cat, somewhere sunny, a gun factory, hurry up, a plastic bag, a traffic jam,
stand up, a lucky number, a jazz club, a company manager, a black jacket, nothing much.

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 / & / + / V / / V / + /& / / & / + /& / / V / + /V/

Task 3: Read these sentences, circle the words containing / e /, underline those containing /V/
and square those containing / & /
- Eddie and Ellen spent ten days on an expensive holiday in America.
- Jenny spent ten pence on expensive cigarettes.
- There was a red van travelling west, and several cars and vans behind it.
- An accident happened. One of the passengers was a hijacker.
- My brother and my cousin come to my hut for lunch.
- A fat woman in a red hat was carrying a big black handbag in her left hand.
- Russ was so sad and unhappy. Her boyfriend went away because she wasn’t as lovely
and wonderful as everyone had said.
- My uncle Cuthbert went to London and spent a lot of money. He bought a bus...
Task 4: Rearrange the following words into three columns with / e /, / & /, & / V /
bug, sacks, bed, tan, ton, bag, sex, bug, bad, ten, sucks, Ben, bud, bun, beg, ban

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 UNIT 3: / Q / HOT / O: / SAW
1. PRONUNCIATION
a. / Q / To make the sound / Q /, your tongue should be low at the back of your mouth and
your lips should be rounded. / Q / is a short sound

b. / O: / To make the sound / O: /, first make the sound / Q /. The put the back of your tongue
up a little and move your lips forward. / O: / is a long sound

2. SPELLING
a. / Q / - All o + consonant: dog, hot, pot, got ...
- All ock: clock, stock, cock, knock,...
- All o + double consonant: bottle, bottom,...
- Some a after w, wh, qu: what, want, quantity, quality ...
- Exceptions: au, ow: knowledge, because, sausage,
b. / O: / - Most or, our: board, more, store, sore, forty, score...
- All aw: saw, law, jaw,...
- Most au: daughter,...
- Some a, ar after w, wh, qu: water, quarter, warm, toward,...
- Some oor, our, ough + consonant: floor, door, four, bought, thought, court,...
- Some all, alk: small, wall, tall, ball, walk, talk,...
3. PRACTICE:
* Task 1: Distinguish between / Q / and / O: /:
a. Listen and practice the difference:
not naught spot sport
stock stalk cod cord
pot port cock cork
cot court fox forks
b. Listen to the words on the cassette. Write the word you hear
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c. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the words you hear
1. They couldn’t find the fox/ forks
2. The pot/ port was very old.
3. We saw the spot/ sport.
4. The cod/ cord isn’t very good.
5. The cock/ cork has been stolen.
* Task 2:
Say these phrase and sentences. Then circle the words containing / Q / and underline those
containing / O: /
- hot water - four o’clock
- knock at the door - a tall bottle
- stop talking - a small shop
- a bottle of port - talk to the doctor
* Task 3
Read the following sentences. In the brackets above each underlined words, wire the phonetic
symbol: / V /, / Q / and / O: /:
1. Don was done at dawn

2. Maude mowed the lawn in mud

3. Bud bought a horse

4. She caught her coat on the cod

5. The caller’s collar is a nice color

6. It never lost, of course

7. Who got very confused on the job

8. Bud had a lucky young son named Jud

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 UNIT 4: / u: / FOOD / U / PUT
1. PRONUNCIATION:
a. / u: / To make the sound / u: / , your tongue should go up at the back of your mouth and
your lips should be rounded. / u: / is a long sound

b. / U / To make the sound / U /, your tongue should be lower in your mouth and your lips
are rounded and more open than / u: /

2. SPELLING
a. / u: /: - usually written u, ew, ue, oo: blue, June, chew, food,...
- less common: o (do, move, shoe), ou (soup, group ), ui (suit, fruit, juice)
- Exceptions: eau (beautiful), ough (through)
b. / U /: - usually written u, ou (pull, put, good, look), oo (good, foot)
- less common: ou (could, should), o (woman, wolf)
3. PRACTICE:
* Task 1: Distinguish between / u: / and / U /
a. Listen and practise the difference:
fool full boot foot
pool pull food good
Luke look tool wool
b. Listen to the words on the cassette. Write down the words you hear

c. Listen to these quotations. Which sound is in the words underlined: / u: / and / U /

A good book is the precious life blood of a master spirit (Milton)
No sun - no moon
No morn - no noon.......November (Hood)

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 A fool and his money are soon parted (proverb)
I could not love thee (Dear) so much
Lov’d I not honour more (Lovelace)
Beauty is truth, truth beauty (Keats)
I like work.... I can’t sit and look at it for hours (Jerome K. Jerome)
I was a stranger and you took me in (The Bible)
* Task 2
All the words below include the letter “u”. How are they pronounced? Write the correct
symbol of each word:
include customer full supermarket
June gun pull Sunday
put push number
* Task 3: Saying contrastive sentences, underline the contrastive sounds:
1. This horse should be shoed
2. The pigeons could be cooed
3. Luke does not look well
4. Ken had soot on his suit
5. Who took the child’s tube?
6. Mary was wooed in the wood
7. Did you pull her into the pool?
8. That fool is never full
9. Who would remove the criminal’s hood?
* Task 4: Ways of pronouncing oo:
Say the following sentences to yourself and write all the “oo” in the correct columns
a. Have you read the “Good Food Guide” to Britain?
b. The best cooks use wooden spoon to stir the sauce.
c. Look! There’s a pool of blood on the carpet
d. If I won the football pools, I’d be flooded with begging letters
e. We foolishly booked a hotel room without an ensuite bathroom
f. I took my woolen jumper in case the weather turned cool in the afternoon
g. He stood on the stool and climbed onto the roof
/U/ / u: / /V/

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 UNIT 5: / 3: / BIRD & / A: / CAR
1. PRONUNCIATION:

a. / 3: / To make the sound / 3: /, try to relax your mouth, lower the back of your tongue,

your lips close a little. / 3: / is made in the middle of your mouth. / 3: / is a long sound.

b. / A: / To make the sound / A: /, first make the sound / 3: /, then open your mouth wider.
/ A: / is a long sound

2. SPELLING
a. / 3: /: - All er, ir, ur + consonant or stressed at the end of the words: her, verb,
prefer, fir, girl, first, fur, turn, church
- Less common: w + or (word, work), our (journey, courtesy), ear (learn,
earth)
b. / A /: - Most ar: artist, car, park
- Some a: father, half
- Less common: ear (heart), er (sergeant), au (aunt, laugh)
3. PRACTICE:
* Task 1: Distinguish between / 3: / & / A: /:
a. Listen and practice the difference:
firm farm dirt dart
burn barn hurt heart
stir star birth bath
heard hard purse pass
Listen to the words on the cassette. Write the words you hear

Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear

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 1. He works for a firm/ farm in the north
2. I’ve lost my purse/ pass
3. The first/ fast train leaves at seven o’clock
4. She noticed the dirt/ dart in the corner
* Task 2: Listen and practise this conversation
A: I’d like to reserve a seat on the ten thirty flight to Birmingham, on Thursday. My name is
Vernon
B: Thursday May 21st? Certainly, sir. There’s a seat in the third row.
A: That’s fine. And I’m returning on May 23rd.
B: The first flight leaves Birmingham at eight thirty.
A: That’s a bit early
B: Or there’s twelve thirty, or four thirty.
A: Four thirty’s too late. Twelve thirty, please.
B: On the twelve thirty flight on May 23rd there’s only a seat free in row thirteen.
A: Row thirteen? No, thanks. I’ll go at eight thirty.
*Task 3: Say / 3: / & / A: /
a. Listen and read out this newspaper advertisement
FIRKIN DEPARTMENT STORE
Perfect for gift
Fur coat.......................................bargain of a lifetime
Furniture Department..................30 % off furniture
Curtain........................................half price
Leather purses............................₤1.30- worth far more
Shirt............................................large sizes
b. Listen and repeat these sentences. Then circle all the words containing / 3: / and
underline those containing / A: /.
Margaret Irwin is moving into a new flat soon
Martha Kirby is going on holiday to Siberia.
Marcus Irving is having a party at the weekend.
Shirley Parkes is a commercial artist
Carl Parker’s son is five next week.
John Darling is tall and fat

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 UNIT 6: / @ / AGAIN
1. PRONUNCIATION:
To make the sound / @ /, try to relax your mouth. The sound is made in the middle of your mouth.
Your lips should be like this:

2. PRACTICE
* Task 1: Say / @ / in unstressed syllables
a. Listen and repeat. Make the stressed syllables strong, and the unstressed syllable weak
and quick
Try again Come along
Paul’s a postman Martha’s a teacher
Michael’s a policeman Barbara’s a pilot
A coloured picture
In all the stressed syllables above, the sound / @ / is used. Notice that / @ / can be spelled
in many ways
b. Look again at the phrases in 1.1 a. Find words where / @ / is spelled a, e, o, u.
c. Listen to these phrases, and mark the stressed syllables. Then practise the phrases; be
careful to use / @ / in the unstressed syllables
Go away Come again
Susan’s a singer Jill’s a photographer
John and Michael are policeman
Brian’s bus conductor
A big adventure.
* Task 2: Say / @ / in weak forms
Many common words have a weak form, with / @ /, when unstressed:
* “and” The following words often appear in a phrase with “and”. For each word, say
a phrase
E.g: Knife and fork
1. knife 2. black 3. ladies 4. fish 5. bacon 6. here 7. up
Now listen to the phrases on the cassette to check. Can you think of some more phrases
with “and”
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 * “to” Listen and repeat
11.50 It’s ten to twelve
3.45 It’s quarter to four
Now say the times shown below
6.40 8.45
1.50 2.55
2.55 4.35
* “than” Compare the people shown below. How many true things can you say?
E.g: Catherine is taller than Susan
Catherine: 22 yrs, 175cm, 63 kilos
Susan: 24 yrs, 160 cm, 70 kilos
Alan: 20 yrs, 163cm, 60 kilos
Brian: 28 yrs, 183 cm, 90 kilos
* “of” Listen and repeat
a bottle of wine a cup of tea a glass of wine
a bag of potatoes a tin of beans a packet of sweets
a box of chocolates a jug of water
Make similar phrases using these words
beer sugar coffee matches tomatoes milk chocolate
* “can” Listen and repeat
I can swim quite well
I can speak French and German
I can swim but I can’t play tennis
In pairs, say which of these things you can do
type speak Chinese/ German/ French/etc
play tennis/ football/etc
play the guitar/ piano/etc
dive ride a bicycle ride a horse ski cook
* Task 3: Say in weak forms and unstressed syllables:
Listen and notice the words with the sound marked in italics. Practise the conversation
A: What shall we have for supper?
B: Would you like bacon and eggs?
A: No, not bacon and eggs tonight. What else have we got?
B: There are some potatoes, and lots of tomatoes. We could have baked potatoes,
and a tomato salad

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 A: I had a baked potato yesterday.
B: Well then, you can buy some fish and chips, from the shop at the end of the
road.
A: OK. Shall we have a bottle of wine?
B: No, just a jug of water

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 UNIT 7 / eI / PAGE / aI / FIVE /OI / BOY
1. PRONUNCIATION
a. / eI / To make the sound / eI / , first make a long / e / -sound /eee / and then raise your
tongue slowly and close your lips to make a very short / I / sound, like this

b. / aI / To make the sound / aI /, first make the sound / A /. Your tongue should be low in
your mouth and your lips should be open. The add a short / I / sound , like this

c. /OI / To make the sound , first make the sound / O /. Your tongue should be low in your
mouth and your lips should be round. Then add a short / I / sound, like this:

These sounds above are combination between / e /, / a /, / O / and short / I /:

/e/ + /I/
/a/ + /I/
/O/ + /I/
These diphthongs are the longest in open syllables (say, delay, way, boy, toy, why, I , buy) and
shorter in positions before p, t, k, s (tape, gate, case, write, joice, Nike)
2. SPELLING
/ eI / : - a (long a): radio, nation, station
- a with final e: page, take, place, make
- most ai: rain, wait, paid
- all ay: day, away, pay, lay
- some ea, ei, ey: grey, they, great, break, eight
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/ aI /: - most i: blind, sign, island
- most i with final e: write, drive, quite
- y in stressed syllable: sky, dry., apply
- some igh: high, tight, thigh
- some uy, eye: buy, guy, eye
/OI /: - all oi: boil, rejoice, spoilt
- all oy: toy, boy, enjoy
3. PRACTICE
* Task 1: Distinguish between / eI / & / e /:
a. Listen and practise the difference:
pain pen paper pepper
tail tell late let
main men wait wet
fail fell gate get
age edge taste test
shade shed date debt
b. Listen to the words on the cassette and write the words you hear

c. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the words you hear
1. He’s sitting in the shade/ shed
2. The paper/ peeper is on the table
3. I can’t remember what the date/ debt was
4. Please taste / test this wine
5. They’re sailing / selling their boat next week
* Task 2:
a. Listen and say these words. Notice the words containing / aI /
List A: white kitchen pint ripe apple ice sharp fried
List B: pie glass knife cream table wine rice fruit
b. Put a word from List A with a word from List B to make a phrase connected with cooking,
eating, or drinking
E.g: white wine
* Task 3: Say /OI /
Listen, and practise this conversation:
A: Could I make an appointment with Doctor Boyle?

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 B: I’m afraid all Dr Boyle’s appointment are taken today.
A: How annoying! I like Dr Boyle.
B: Sorry to disappoint you. Now, you’ve got a choice. You could make an appointment
to see Dr Boyle tomorrow, or see Dr Lloyd today.
A: My employer has given me time off to go to the doctor. I’d better see Dr Lloyd today.
* Task 4: Read the following “shopping list” out loud. (You are going to buy the items with
the / eI / sound). Circle ONLY the items pronounced with / eI /
steak lettuce mayonnaise cereal
bread raisins melon bananas
cake tomatoes bacon baking soda
potatoes crackers peas ice cream
grapes celery gravy carrots
toothpaste peas squash paper plates
* Task 5: Read each four-word series aloud. Circle the ONE word in each group that is NOT
pronounced with /OI /
EXAMPLE: joy join enjoy jaunt

1. voice avoid void vows

2. noise nose hoist annoy
3. towel toy toil spoil
4. Detroit Illinois St. Croix New York
5. oil oily foil owl
6. boil broil bow boy
7. poison pounce point appoint
8 poise Joyce Joan soil
9. coil coal coy coin
10. lobster sirloin oyster moist
* Task 6: Read each four-word series aloud. Circle the ONE word in each group that is NOT
pronounced with / aI /
EXAMPLE: pie line rice rich
1. price crime pity pile
2. mind kind spinning finding
3. sign high fright freight
4. list cite aisle cried
5. gyp bye cry reply

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6. niece nice knife night
7. style failed filed fire
8. pretty try resign goodbye
9. ice cream eye aim aisle
10. flight fine duty dying

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UNIT 8: / @U / HOME & / aU / NOW, / e@ / THERE & / I@ / NEAR
1. PRONUNCIATION:
a. / @U / The sound / @U / has two sounds, / @ / and / U /. First, say / @ /. Make it longer. Now
add / U /. It starts in the middle of your mouth and moves back and up a little. It’s very
short. Your lips should be rounded.

b. / aU / To make the sound / aU / , you should first practise the sound / & /. Your mouth
should be open and you should make the sound at the front of your mouth with your
tongue down. To make / aU /, add a short /U / after the long / & / sound

c. / e@ / This is the combination between / e / & / @ /

d. / I@ / This is the combination between / I / & / @ /

2. SPELLING
a. / @U /: - All o at the end of the words: so, ago,...
- Most o with the final e: home, toe,...
- Some o in the middle of words: cold, both,...
- Most oa: boat, coast,...
- Less common: ow (low), ou (shoulder)
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b. / aU /: - Many ou: house, out, ground
- Many ow: brown, how, towel
c. / e@ /: - All air: chair
- Many are (care), ary (Mary)
- Less common: ear (pear)
- Exception: ere (where, there)
eir (their)
d. / I@ /: - All eer: beer
- Many ere: here
- Many ear: dear
- Less common: ier: fierce
eir: weird
ea: idea, real
2. PRACTICE
* Task 1: Distinguish between / @U / & / O /
a. Listen and practise the difference:
low law boat bought
Joe jaw cold called
yoke York bowl ball
toe tore hole hall
tone torn sew saw
snow snore show shore
b. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear
1. The hole/ hall is enormous
2. I think your bowl/ball is in the kitchen.
3. The coal/ call was delayed.
4. We’re going to the show/ shore next week.
* Task 2: Distinguish between / e@ / & / I@ /
a. Listen and practise the difference
hair here, hear dare dear, deer
bear beer chair cheer
air ear Clare clear
fair fear stare steer
rare rear spare spear
pear pier rarely really

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 b. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear
1. They gave her three chairs/ cheers
2. The bear/ beer was awful
3. The pear/ pier is rotten
4. He is rarely/ really unhappy
5. The driver of that car is staring/ steering at us.
* Task 3: Look at the words on the left and match them to the correct transcription on the
right, like this:
a. bear / beI / d. how / he@ / g. dear / daI /
beer / bI@ / hair / h@U / day /dI@ /
bay / be@ / high / haI / die /deI /

b. toy / tOI / e. they / DeI / h. show / Se@ /

tie / t@U / though / De@ / share / SaI /
toe / taI/ there / D@U / shy / S@U /

c. roll / reIl / f. I’ll / OIl /

real / rI@l / oil / aIl /
rail / r@Ul / owl / @Ul /
* Task 4: Listen, and practise the conversation. Then circle all the words containing / e@ /
& / I@ /
A: I’ve brought my car for repair
B: OK, leave it here, and we’ll take care of it. What’s the trouble?
A: There are various things. Some are serious, some not so serious. The gearbox is bad.
It won’t go into top gear.
B: Yes, that does sound serious
A: The steering wheel is stiff. And the radio aerial doesn’t work.
B: You may need a new aerial. They wear out quickly.
A: But it’s only three years old.
B: You can’t get spare parts. So if one part wears out, you have to have a new aerial
A: I see. And would you repair the spare wheel. The air comes out.

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 REVISION EXRECISES
1. REVISION OF VOWEL SOUNDS /e /, /i: /, / I /, /ei /, and /ai /
Look at the vowel sounds marked and put the following words into the correct column
Kennedy intermediate naked dead find recent chief sign beach
discovered died death pray strike office disease described said visit
related assassinated biography peace life
/e / /i: /I/ /ei / /ai /

2. REVISION OF VOWEL SOUNDS / Q/, / V /, / 3 /, / O: / @U / and / aU /

Look at the vowel sounds marked and put the following words into the correct column
divorce common court husband couple important intolerable broken
become flowers home hurt about grown emotion courage
circumstances cause dishonest conservative however personally front suffer
/Q /V/ /3/ / O: / / aU / /@U/

3. THE LETTERS”EA”
All the words below contain letters “ea”. Put the words into the correct box, according to the
pronunciation of “ea”
health heard appeared feature leave yeah earn rehearsing ideal wears
leather increase theatre break colleagues please teacher death
/e/ / I@ / /i:/ /3/ /ei / / /e@ /

24
UNIT 9: / p / PEN & / b / BAD, / t / TEA & / d /DID
1. PRONUNCIATION
a. / p / and / d /: To produce these two sounds, the lips are pressed tightly together. The air
passage is blocked for a short time. Then the lips are quickly opened, and the air escapes with
explosion
/ p / is voiceless and not vibrate. / b / is voiced and vibrate

b. / t / and / d /: In the production of these two sounds, the tip of the tongue is pressed
against the upper teeth (the alveolar ridge). The air passage through the mouth is
blocked for a short time. Then the tip of the tongue is quickly removed from the
alveolar ridge, and the air escapes with explosion.
/ t / is voiceless and not vibrate. / d / is voiced and vibrate

2. PRACTICE
* Task 1: Distinguishing between / p / and / b /
a. Listen and practise the difference
pit bit rope robe
pat bat tripe tribe
port bought tap tab
pull bull cup cub
pride bride rip rib
b. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear
1. Have you got a pet/ bet?
2. There’s a pin/ bin in the corner
3. She saw some pears/ bears in the garden
4. The peach/ beach was dirty

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 5. Have you seen the plays/ blaze?
6. The rope/ robe is too short.
7. What does “tripe/ tribe” mean?
8. The doctor looked at the rip/ rib
* Task 2: Distinguish between / t / and / d /
a. Listen and practise the difference
two do sight side
ten den heart hard
ton done plate played
town down bat bad
train drain set said
b. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear
1. There was something wrong with the trains/ drains.
2. She tied/ dyed the scarf.
3. They saw a trunk/ drunk lying on the ground.
4. he writes/ rides very well
5. This cart/ card has just arrived
6. My brother hit/ hid the ball.
7. He has never made a bet / bed
* Task 3: Saying sounds in the sentences
1. The pullover is twelve pounds fifty pence.
2. To be healthy, go to bed before ten, put little butter on the bread, belong to a sport
club. If you have three yes, it is not bad, but could be better if you try.
3. There’s a bottle of beer at the beer at back
4. Peter Piper picked a pack of picked pepper
* Task 4: Repeat each three- word series after your teacher. Circle the ONE word in each
group that has a different - ed sound than the others
EXAMPLE: place pleased played
d

1. stopped started stated

2. finished followed phoned
3. loved booked looked
4. tasted traded tapped
5. cooked cleaned baked
6. packed pasted passed

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 7. ironed sewed mended
8. whispered shouted screamed
9. skipped hopped lifted
10. pushed pulled raised
Here are the rules for the pronunciation of the - ed endings:
 If the verb ends in the sound / t / or / d / , you pronounce the -ed ending / -id /
E.g: invited, wanted, needed
 If the verb end in a voiced consonant sound apart from / d / , / b /, / g /, / v /, / z
/, / D /, / Z /, / Ù /, / l /, / r /, / m /, / n /, / N /), or a vowel, you pronounce
the -ed ending / d /
E.g: called, destroyed, discovered
 If the verb ends in a voiceless consonant sound apart from / t / , /p /, / k / , / s
/ , / f /, / T /, / S /, or / Í /), you pronounce the -ed ending / t /
E.g: stopped
* Task 5: Read the following dialogue aloud. For each past tense verb, write the phonetic
symbol representing the sound of the -ed ending.
Roberta: Kate, have you started your diet? I hope you haven’t gained any weight
Kate: I boiled eggs and sliced celery for lunch
Roberta: Have you exercised at all?
Kate: I walked five miles and jogged in the park
Roberta: Have you cleaned the house? Calories can be worked off!
Kate: I washed and waxed the floors. I even painted the bathroom.
Roberta: Who baked this apple pie? Who cooked this ham?
Kate: When I finished cleaning, I was starved. I prepared this food for dinner
Roberta: Oh, no! I’ll take this food home so you won’t be temped. I really
enjoyed being with you. Your diet is great!
Kate: What happened? Somehow, I missed out on all the fun.

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 UNIT 10: / k / CAT & / g / GET
1. PRONUNCIATION
Touch the back of the roof of your mouth (soft palate) with the back of the tongue. Put air
forward in the mouth. The move the tongue quickly
Use your voice to make / g /. So, /k / is voiceless and / g / is voiced

2. PRACTICE :
Task 1: Distinguish between / k / and / g /
a. Listen and practise the difference:
could good leak league
cot got pick pig
coat goat lock log
cave gave ankle angle
clue glue crow grow
b. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the words you hear
1. One of the cards/ guards is missing.
2. What a beautiful curl/ girl!
3. My cold/ gold has gone
4. Sarah’s class / glass is quite big.
5. There’s no clue/ glue
6. I could see her back/ bag in the crowded train
7. He cut through the lock/ log.
* Task 2: Say / k / and / g /
Match each problem with a solution. Then listen and practise the sentences
Problems Solutions
My car’s broken down Call an ambulance
Cats keep coming into my garden Cut the grass
My cousin has broken his leg Drink a cup of coffee
I’ve broken a glass in the kitchen Call a mechanic
There’s a cow in my garden Look it up in the phone book

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I’ve been bitten by a dog Get a dog
I can’t keep awake Go to the doctor
My garden looks a mess Take a photograph
I’ve forgotten Carol’s address Pick it up carefully

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 UNIT 11: / T / THIN & / D / THIS
1. PRONUNCIATION
To make the sound / T /, put your tongue between your teeth, then push out air between
your top teeth and your tongue. / T / is a voiceless sound.
To make the sound / D /, make the sound / T / but use your voice

2. PRACTICE
* Task 1: Practise these words:
/ T /: thick, thin, thinks, thirty, three, theatre, both, path, teeth, healthy
/ D /: this, those, these, there, then, with, mother, father, together, although
* Task 2: Put the following words into the correct column below
weather brother theatre three
death breathe clothes there
wealthy month their birthday
another either together leather
thirty worth bathroom method
/T/ /D/

* Task 3: Say / D / & / T /:

THE BLYTHE FAMILY
John Blythe is thirteen. His brother Timothy is fifteen. Their sister Heather is eleven. Their
father and mother come from Northern Ireland, but the children were all born in London. Their
mother is called Thelma and she is 38. Their father’s name is Mathew, and he is 39.
*Task 4:
Repeat these sentences, paying attention to / D / & / T /:
1. Three thirty
2. The bathroom’s through there

30
 3. They’re brothers, aren’t they?
4. When does it get there?
5. Is that Tom and David?
6. That’s OK.
* Task 5
Work in pairs. Write the sentences above in the spaces in these conversations. Then practice
the conversation together
1. A: Where’s the toilet?
B:…………………………..
A: Thanks.
B: ………………………….
2. A: What time is the train to Doncaster?
B:……………………………………….
A:……………………………………….
B: 10.23
3. A:……………………………………………….
B: Yes, they’re always together
A:…………………………………………………..
B: That’s right.

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 UNIT 12: / s / SO / S / SHOP / z / ZOO
1. PRONUNCIATION
To make the sound / s /, your tongue should be forward. Touch your side teeth with the sides of
your tongue.
To make the sound / S /, first practisce / s /. Now move your tongue back and up a little
To make the sound / z /, touch the side teeth with the sides of your tongue, use your voice to
make / z /.

2. SPELLING
a. / s /: - All s at the beginning of the words: see, side, seek,...
- All ss: cross, class, fussy...
Exception: scissors, possess
- All s + consonant: stay, last,..
- Most ce (centre), ci (science), cy (cycle, juicy)
- Some s in the middle of words: basic, mason,...
- Some se, s at the end of words: mouse, cease, bus, gas,...
- All plural and 3rd person singular “s” after voiceless sound: cats, writes,..
b. / S /: - All sh: shop, wish, bishop
- Endings with ti + vowel or ci + vowel: education, initial, musician,..
- Less common: ch in words of French origin: machine, champagne
c. / z /: -All z: zoo, freeze
- Some s in the middle of words: music, pleasant,...
- All plural and 3rd person singular “s” after voiced sound: dogs, adds,...
3. PRACTICE
* Task 1: Distinguish between / s / and / S /
a. Listen and practise the difference
see she sock shock
sell shell saw shore
said shed sew show
save shave Sue shoe

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 mess mesh sort short
Paris parish puss push
ass ash rust rushed
fist fished crust crushed
b. Listen to sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear
1. She’s always giving me socks/ shocks
2. The sack/ shack is full of rubbish
3. That seat/ sheet is dirty
4. They’re sifting / shifting the floor
5. We took a sip/ ship
6. Could you sign / shine this please?
* Task 2: Practise reading aloud:
Last summer, before she went to the Spanish seashore disco, Shirley shaved her legs,
because she said her hair showed. Soon after, Sean Steward saw her standing outside the disco,
wearing plastic shoes, sunglasses, and sexy shorts. He smiled.
* Task 3: Distinguishing between / s / and / z /
a. Listen and practise the difference
Sue zoo rice rise
said Zed loose lose
seal zeal race raise
lacy lazy advice advise
fussy fuzzy once ones
sip zip lice lies
b. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear
1. We’re hoping for peace/ peas.
2. The price / prize is wonderful
3. It was full of lice/ lies.
4. Be careful, don’t sip/ zip it too fast
5. She heard a bus / buzz
6. He only has a few pence/ pens left.
* Task 4: Practise reading aloud
THE SMILE OF A SNAKE
She speaks slowly, and smokes special, expensive cigarettes. As she steps upstairs, her long skirt
sweeps over her silver slippers. She is small and smart and sweet -smelling. Her skin is like
snow. “You have stolen my heart!” I once said stupidly, and she smiled, the smile of a snake.

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* Task 5:
The letter “s “can be pronounced in four different ways. Put the following words into correct
columns.
insult please leisure surely
usually ensure pleasure goose
result sure sugar lose
increase vase dose treasure
choose insurance chase casual
/s/ /z /

/S/ /Z /

shall slippers shock

doesn’t pound pencils
pension us surprised
gloves practise clothes
press sausages start
/s / /z/ /S/

* Task 6: Read the following sentences aloud. Be sure to pronounce the s-ending in the
plurals, verbs, possessives, and contractions correctly
1. Boys plays cowboys and Indians and use toys guns and knives
2. The stores sells watches, rings, bracelets, diamonds, and rubies
3. My sister’s dresses, blouses, and shoes are new
4. Our teacher’s favourite saying is “ Where there’s a will, there’s a way”
5. Tim’s friend’s house has lots of rooms, with oriental carpets

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* Task 7
Read the following words aloud and then circle ONE word in each group of three that has a
different s- ending sound than the others
Example: belts hats tie
ties
s
1. talks walks runs
2. dishes gates pages
3. pears apples oranges
4. eyes noses toes
5. saves makes cooks
6. newspapers magazines books
7. dogs birds cats
8. tables chairs couches
9. dentists doctors lawyers
10. lunches beaches chimes

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 UNIT 13: / Í / CHIN/ Ù / JUDGE / Z / PLEASURE /j/ YOUNG
1. PRONUNCIATION
/ Í /: First practise / t / and / S /. Begin to make / Í / then slowly move your tongue from the roof
of your mouth

/ Ù /: Practise making / Í /. Use your voice to make / Ù /

/ Z /: Practise the sound / Ù /, then move the tongue back and up a little to make the sound/ Z /

/ j / To make the sound / j / , your tongue doesn’t touch the roof of your mouth

2. SPELLING
a. / Í / : - most ch: chin, rich,...
- all tch: match, butcher, kitchen,...
- all t + ure: future, nature, picture,...
b. / Ù / : - all j : jam, job,...
- all g before e: general, manage, agent,...

36
 - all dge: judge,...
- some g before i: ginger, imagine, origin,...
c. / Z / : - some s before endings with u or i : measure, usual, vision,....
- ge endings in words of French origin: beige, garage,....
d. / j / : - All y at the beginning of words: yellow, you,...
- before some u beginning of words: university, use,...
- before some /u / after consonants: beautiful, due, few, argue, queue,...
Exception: Europe
3. PRACTICE:
* Task 1: Distinguish between / Í / and / Ù /
a. Listen and practise the difference:
chin gin rich ridge
cheer jeer search surge
choke joke H age
chain Jane larch large
b. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear
1. Look out. He’s choking/ joking
2. The audience cheered/ jeered her speech
3. It’s not a little fir tree, it’s a larch / large tree.
4. What happened to your chin/ gin?
* Task 2: Say / Z /
a. Listen and practise this conversation:
A: Did you watch Treasure Island on television yesterday?
B: No, I watch a program called Leisure Time.
b. Make a similar conversation about these conversation programs
Measure for Measure Reading for Pleasure Casualty
The colour Purple and the colour Beige Vision for the Future
* Task 3: Distinguishing between / j / and / Ù /
a. Listen and practise the difference
yet jet yam jam
use juice yolk joke
yak jack year jeer
yeti jetty yes jess
b. Listen to the sentences on the cassette. For each one, write the word you hear
1. He’s cooking something odd, with yam/ jam in it.

37
 2. All the yolks/ jokes were bad.
3. The years/ jeers have gone by.
4. She says she saw a yeti/ jetty when she was on holiday
c. Listen and say these phrases:
A yellow jumper A bridge in Yorkshire
A European judge A large university
A young journalist A damaged yacht
A useful journey A strange youth
* Task 4: Work in pair. Match the questions on the left with the answer on the right. Ask and
answer like this
A: Where would you usually watch television?
B: In the lounge
a. watch television? at a shoe shop
b. arrange a holiday? at a bank
c. buy shoes? at college
d. wash up? in the garage
e. keep cheese? at the newsagent’s
f. learn a foreign language? in the kitchen
g. catch a coach? at the coach station
h. cash a cheque? at a travel agent’s
i. buy matches? in the lounge
j. keep a car? In the fridge
* Task 5: Write the correct phonetic symbol representing the sound of the underlined letters
1. Jan is a younger than Joe
/Ù/ /j/ /D//Ù/

2. Magicians use illusions in their shows

3. The zipper on my jeans is jammed

4. She thinks Thelma is shy

5. The seizure of Caesar was in Asia

6. The commission made a decision

38
 7. The class learned division and addition

8. Measure the garage

9. Your profession has prestige

10. That’s an unusual shade of rouge

* Task 6: Please make the correct phonemic transcription of the following words
a. jeans / / e. watch / /
b. shepherd / / f. measure / /
c. chef / / g. hungry / /
d. Thursday / / h. father / /

39
 UNIT 14: STRESS
A. WORD STRESSED ON THE FIRST SYALLABLE
1. The majority of two-syllable words are stressed on the first syllable
Tuesday awful ever brother window
2. Compound noun are usually stressed on the first syllable
bedroom airfield stoplight bookstore schoolhouse
3. Numbers that are multiples of ten are stressed on the first syllable
twenty thirty forty fifty sixty
4. Stress in noun/ verb pairs
Nouns Verbs
conflict conflict
conduct conduct
desert desert
record record
permit permit
increase increase
export export
B. WORDS STRESSED ON THE SECOND SYLLABE
1. Reflexive pronouns are usually stressed on the second syllable
myself yourself herself ourselves
2. Compound verbs are usually stressed on the second or last syllable
outdone overlook outsmart overcome
C. STRESS ON WORDS HAVING SUFFIXES
1. The stress is immediately before the following suffixes
- ITY activity curiosity capability ability
- ETY anxiety variety society piety
- IC academic economic energetic scientific
- ICAL electrical logical tropical medical
- IFY horrify quantify terrify modify
-IA insomnia Russia Virginia malaria
- IAL adverbial material artificial initial
- UAL actual gradual habitual manual
- IBLE divisible credible illegible possible
- ION aspiration communication invitation
- IONAL additional occasional national
40
 - IAN Australian librarian magician vegetarian
- IUM aquarium medium calcium radium
- INAL nominal criminal seminal terminal
- IENT, - IENCE, - IENCY
ancient experience sufficient patience
- IOUS, - EOUS, - UOUS
industrious continuous simultaneous
- GRAPHY photography geography bibliography
- LOGY biology apology psychology
2. The stress is two syllables before the suffixes
- ATE
List 1 - Adjectives and nouns where - ate rhymes with “it”
adequate passionate illiterate inaccurate
List 2 - verbs where - ate rhymes with “ 8 ”
appreciate estimate certificate discriminate
- OUS
adventurous vigorous ridiculous humourous
Exception: eNORMous deSIrous treMENDous
- ENT, - ENCE, - ENCY, - ANT, - ANCE, -ANCY
accident ignorance reference presidency hesitant occupancy
- ARY, - ORY
dictionary laboratory secretary depository
- TUDE
attitude gratitude solitude multitude
- GRAPH
autograph photograph telegraph monograph
- GRAM
monogram diagram kilogram telegram
3. The stress is always on the suffix
-ADE, - AQUE, - IQUE, - IGUE
parade technique intrigue opaque
- EE, - ESE, - ESQUE, - ETTE
refugee Japanese picturesque roomette
- EER, -OON
engineer mountaineer balloon cartoon

41
 - IABLE, - OSIS, - ITIS
classifiable tuberculosis appendicitis
4. Other suffixes
In general, the stress does not move when any other suffix is added to a word. A list of
important suffixes that do not cause a change in stress follows:
Grammatical suffixes: -ed, -es, -ing, -en, -er, -est, -ly
Lexical suffixes: - able, - age, -al, -cy, -acy, -dom, .er, -or, -our, -ess, -fold, -full,
-hood, -ish, - ism, -ist, -ive, - ize, - ise, - less, - le, - like, -ling, - -ment, - ry, - ery, - scape,
- ship, - some, - ster, - ward, - wise, - worthy
5. Double suffixes
The stress is always on the first element of the following double suffixes
- MENTal instrumental experimental sentimental
- MENTary complimentary elementary supplementary
- IZable, - ISable advisable recognizable
- ARily necessarily temporarily
D. EXERCISES
1. Can you put the following words into the correct columns according to stress?
superman Cinderella philosophy demanding efficient compulsive
abilities rehearsal unbearable batteries efficiently management
habitat certainly occupation enjoyable achiever distracted
everything creative energetic copyright happening excuses

2. Mark the stressed syllables in the following words:

Examples: honeymoon promotion Madrid
funeral divorced impatient invite sympathy confident invitation
engaged contradict offer godfather forever argue congratulation
argument celebration

42
 REFERENCES
Bowler, B& Cunningham, S (1992). Headway Pronunciation- Upper-Intermediate. Oxford:
Oxford University Press
Bowler, B& Cunningham, S (1992). Headway Pronunciation- Pre-Intermediate. Oxford:
Oxford University Press
Dale, P.W & Poms, L(1994). English Pronunciation for International Students. New Jersey:
Prentice Hall Regents
O’Conor, J.D & Fletcher, C (1995). Sounds English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

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