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The document discusses the rate of chemical reactions, classifying them into fast and slow reactions, and explains how to measure reaction rates using changes in mass and volume of products. It also outlines factors affecting reaction rates, including concentration, pressure, surface area, temperature, and the use of catalysts. Additionally, it highlights the role of enzymes as biological catalysts that facilitate metabolic reactions in living organisms.

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3 views7 pages

G7chemu7notes Docs

The document discusses the rate of chemical reactions, classifying them into fast and slow reactions, and explains how to measure reaction rates using changes in mass and volume of products. It also outlines factors affecting reaction rates, including concentration, pressure, surface area, temperature, and the use of catalysts. Additionally, it highlights the role of enzymes as biological catalysts that facilitate metabolic reactions in living organisms.

Uploaded by

karthick
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Rate of reaction:

The reaction rate or rate of reaction is the measure of speed at


which the reactants are converted into products over a period of
time. For example, the oxidative rusting of iron under Earth's atmosphere is
a slow reaction that can take many years, but the combustion of cellulose in
a fire is a reaction that takes place in fractions of a second. For most
reactions, the rate decreases as the reaction proceeds.

Slow and fast reactions:


Chemical reaction can be broadly classified into two types
1. Fast chemical reaction
2. Slow chemical reaction

Fast chemical reaction:


These are chemical reactions which take place at a very fast
rate, that is in a few seconds or minutes. Examples:
1. When magnesium ribbon is burnt in the flame of a bunsen
burner a spark is produced.
2. Combustion of LPG gas in kitchen takes place in a few seconds
so it is a fast reaction.

Slow chemical reaction:


These are chemical reactions that take place at a very slow
rate, that is it may take days, months or even years to complete.
Examples:
1. Rusting of iron.
2. Fermentation of sugar into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Measuring the rate of reaction using change in mass of reactants:


The rate of the reaction can be measured when the mass of the
reactants are changed. This method can be used for the reactions that
produce carbon dioxide or oxygen as products. It cannot be measured for
hydrogen because the mass is too low.
For example consider the reaction when calcium carbonate (Marble
chips) reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form calcium chloride, carbon
dioxide and water. The carbon dioxide gas that is formed escapes and results
in the change in mass.
The word equation is given as
Calcium carbonate + dilute hydrochloric acid Calcium
chloride + carbon dioxide + water

Measuring the rate of reaction using change in volume of products:

Instead of calculating the loss of the reactant, calculate the gain in the
product. Using a gas syringe, the carbon dioxide gas is collected and
measured at particular intervals.
We can also consider the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric
acid, which results in the formation of magnesium chloride and hydrogen.
Here the hydrogen is calculated and measured.
–
Factors affecting rate of reaction concentration and pressure:

Effect of concentration:

1. Increase in the concentration of a solution, increases the rate of


reaction.
2. This is because there will be more reactant particles in a given volume,
allowing more frequent and successful collisions per second, increasing
the rate of reaction

Effect of Pressure:
When the pressure is increased in a gaseous reaction, the number of
collisions between reactants will also rise, increasing the rate of reaction.
Thus, pressure and concentration are interlinked and they both affect
the rate of reaction.
Surface area:
Increase in the surface area of the solid increases the rate of reaction. This
is done by cutting the substance into small pieces, or by grinding it into a
powder. If the surface area of a reactant is increased:
1. more particles are exposed to the other reactant
2. there are more collisions
3. the rate of reaction increases
Graph of total mass of product against time from start of reaction, for large
and small surface area.

Compared to a reaction with lumps of reactant, the graph line for the same
reaction but with powdered reactant:
1. has a steeper gradient at the start and
2. becomes horizontal sooner
This shows that the rate of reaction is greater when the surface area is
increased.

Temperature:
In a Chemical reaction, Increase in the temperature increases the rate of
reaction.
This is because the particles will have more kinetic energy than the required
activation energy, therefore there will be more frequent and successful
collisions per second, increasing the rate of reaction.
A graph is plotted for both high and low temperatures.

❖ Compared to a reaction at a low temperature, the graph line for the


same reaction but at a higher temperature has a steeper gradient at
the start and becomes horizontal sooner.
❖ This shows that with increased temperature, the rate of reaction will
also increase.

Catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a reaction, but is chemically unchanged
at the end of the reaction. When the reaction has finished, you would have exactly the
same mass of catalyst as you had at the beginning.

Examples:
Some common examples which you may need for other parts of your syllabus include:
Reaction Catalyst
1. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2
2. Nitration of benzene concentrated sulphuric acid
3. Manufacture of ammonia by the Haber Processiron Iron
4. Conversion of SO2 into SO3 during the Contact Process to make sulphuric acid
vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5
5. Hydrogenation of a C=C double bond nickel

Effect of catalyst on chemical reaction:

1. The diagram shows that when a catalyst is used, the activation energy
is reduced as it creates an alternative pathway requiring lower
activation energy, allowing more successful and frequent collisions.
2. This shows that when a catalyst is used, the rate of reaction will
increase
Enzyme or biological catalyst:

● Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts.


● They are molecules that speed up a chemical reaction without being
changed by the reaction.
● Enzymes are necessary to all living organisms as they maintain
reaction speeds of all metabolic reactions (all the reactions that keep
an organism alive) at a rate that can sustain life.
● For example, if we did not produce digestive enzymes, it would take
around 2--3 weeks to digest one meal; with enzymes, it takes around 4
hour.

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