Differential Length, Area, and Volume

This chapter deals with integration and differentiation of vectors

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Differential Length, Area, and Volume
A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:
1. Differential displacement:
Differential displacement from point
S(x,y,z) to point B(x+dx,y+dy,z+dz) is:

dl=dx ax+dy ay+dz az

2
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:
2. Differential normal surface area

(a) dS=dy dz ax (b) dS=dx dz ay (c) dS=dx dy

az
3
Differential Length, Area, and Volume

A. Cartesian Coordinate Systems:

3. Differential volume

dv=dx dy dz

Notes:

dl, dS → Vectors
dv → Scalar

4
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
B. Cylindrical Coordinate Systems:
1. Differential displacement:

dl=dρ aρ+ ρ dφ aφ +dz az

5
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
B. Cylindrical Coordinate Systems:
2. Differential normal surface area

Note: dS
can be
derived
from dl

(a) dS=ρ dφ dz aρ (b) dS= dρ dz aφ (c) dS= ρ dρ dφ az

3. Differential volume dv=ρ dρ dφ dz 6

 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
C. Spherical Coordinate Systems:
1. Differential displacement:

dl = dr ar
+ r dθ aθ
+ r sinθ dφ aφ

7
 Differential Length, Area, and Volume
C. Spherical Coordinate Systems:
2. Differential normal surface area

Note: dS can
be derived
from dl

(a) dS=r2 sinθ dθ dφ ar (b) dS=r sinθ dr dφ aθ (c) dS= r dr dθ aφ

3. Differential volume dv=r2 sinθ dr dθ dφ 8

 Example 3.1
Consider the object shown. Calculate :
(a) The length BC
(b) The length CD
(c) The surface area ABCD
(d) The surface area ABO
(e) The surface area AOFD
(f) The volume ABCDFO

9
 Example 3.1 - solution
Object has Cylindrical Symmetry → Cylindrical Coordinates
Cartesian to Cylindrical:
A(5,0,0) → A(5,00,0)
B(0,5,0) → B(5, /2,0)
C(0,5,10) → C(5, /2,10)
D(5,0,10) → D(5,00,10)
(a) along BC, dl = dz
10

BC =  dl = dz = 10
0
 /2
 /2
(b) Along CD, dl =  d → CD =  d = 5 0 = 2.5

0
10
 Example 3.1 - solution
(c) for ABCD, dS =  d dz,  =5
Area ABCD = dS
10  /2

=    d dz = (5)( / 2)(10)
z=0  =0

=25
(d) for ABO, dS= d d  , z=0
5  /2

area ABO=    d d 
 =0  =0

 2 5
 = 6.25
= ( / 2)  2 
 0 11
 Example 3.1 - solution
(e) for AOFD , dS = d  dz,  =0
5 10

area AOFD=
 
=0 z =0
d  dz = 50

(f) For volume ABCDFO,

dv =  d dz d 
5  / 2 10

v =  dv =     d dz d 
 =0  =0 z =0

= 62.5

12
 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
(Line=Curve=Contour) Integral:

The Line integral


L
A  dl is integral of the tangential component

of vector A along L.
b

•
 A  dl =  A cos dl →
L a

Line integral of A around L.

• If the path of integration is

closed, such as abca,  A  dl →

L

Circulation of A along L.
13
 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Surface Integral:
Given vector A continuous in a region containing the surface S→
The surface integral or the flux of A through S is:

 =  A  dS
S

= A cos dS, dS=dS a n

S

Flux across dS is: d = A cos dS = A  dS

→ Total Flux  =  d =  A  dS
S
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 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Surface Integral:
For a closed surface (defining a volume) :

 =  A  dS → The net outward flux of A from S

S

Notes:
A closed path defines an open surface.
A closed surface defines a volume.

15
 Line, Surface, and Volume Integrals
Volume Integral:

We define:

 v dv
v

as the volume integral of the scalar ρv over the volume v.

16
 Example 3.2
Given that F=x2 ax – xz ay – y2az. Calculate the circulation of F
around the (closed) path shown in the Figure.

17
 Example 3.2 - solution
The circulation of F around L is:
 
 F  dl=   + + +  F  dl
L 1 2 3 4 
For segment 1, y=0, z=0
F=x 2 x − xz ay − y2a = x2a
a z x

dl = dx ax (+ve direction)
0 1
 F  dl =  dx = − 3
x 2

1 1

−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Segment 2, x = 0, z = 0, dl = dyay , F  dl = 0 → F  dl = 0
 18
2
 Example 3.2 - solution
Segment 3: y = 1, F=x2a x − xz ay − y 2 az , dl = dx ax + dz az

 F  dl  dx − dz
= 2
x
3

3 1 1 2
x
−z0= − 1 = −
1
=
3 0
3 3
Segment 4: x = 1, F=ax − z a y − y2a z
dl = dy ay + dz az

 F  dl 
= −z − dz, but on 4, z = y, dz = dy
2
dy y
4

5
y )dy = ,
4 F  dl 
2
= − 1 2 5 1
(− y   F  dl= − + 0 − + = −
6 L
3 3 6 19 6
 Del Operator
The del operator, written as  , is the vector differential operator.
In Cartesian coordinates:
  
 = ax + a y + az
x y z
Useful in defining:

(1) The gradient of a scalar V , written as V

(2) The divergence of a vector A, written as A
(3) The curl of a vector A, written as  A
(4) The Laplacian of a scalar V , 2V

20
 Del Operator
Del operator  in Cylindrical Coordinates: (  ,  , z)
y
 = x2 + y2 , =tan Cartesian
-1

x   
x =  cos, y =  sin  = ax + a y + az
x y z

→ use chain rule differentiation:

  sin 
= cos −
x   
  cos 
= sin +
y   
21
 Del Operator
but ax = cos  a − sin  a , Cartesian
ay = sin  a + cos a , az = az   
 = ax + a y + az
→  in Cylindrical: x y z
 − sin
   
  ( cos a − sin  a )

= cos 

 
 + cos
    az
  ( sin  a + cos  a ) +

+ sin  
 z
 
 1  
 In Cylindrical =a + a + az
   z
 1  1 
 In Spherical, =ar + a + a
r r  r sin  22
 Del Operator

  
Cartesian  = ax + a y + az
x y z

 1  
Cylindrical =a + a + az
   z

 1  1 
Spherical, =ar + a + a
r r  r sin 

23
 Gradient of a Scalar
The gradient of a scalar V is a vector that represents both the
magnitude and the direction of the maximum space rate of
increase of V
V V V
grad V =V =
a + ay + az
x x
y z
• V = maximum rate of change in V
• V points in the direction of the max. rate of change in V
Example: Room with temperature given by a scalar field T(x,y,z). At
each point in the room, the gradient of T at that point will show the
direction the temperature rises more quickly. The magnitude of the
gradient will determine how fast the temperature rises in that direction.
24
 Gradient of a Scalar
The gradient of the function f(x,y) = −(cos2x + cos2y)2 depicted as a
projected vector field on the bottom plane

25
 Gradient of a Scalar
V V V
In Cartesian: → V = ax + ay + az
x y z
For Cylindrical coordinates,
 1  
Recall =a + a + az
   z
V 1 V V
→ V = a + a + az
   z
For Spherical coordinates,
 1  1 
Recall =ar + a + a
r r  r sin 
V 1 V 1 V
→ V = a + a 
+ a
r r  r sin 
r
26
 Gradient of a Scalar
Notes: (a) (V + U ) = V + U
(b) (VU ) = V U + UV
(c)  V  = UV −V U
 U  U2
(d) V n = nV n−1 V
where U and V are scalars
and n is an integer

The gradient at any point is

perpendicular to the constant V surface
that passes through that point.
27
f(x,y) = −(cos2x + cos2y)2
f(x,y) =constant →contour
f ( x, y) = x 2 + y 2
f ( x, y) = C = constant
→ Contour

f ( x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
f ( x, y, z) = C
→ level surface
(ex: surface of sphere)

28
 Example 3.3
Find the gradient of the following scalar fields:
(a) V = e−z sin 2x cosh y (b) U =  2 z cos2
(c) W = 10r sin2  cos
V V V
V =
(a) a + ay + az
x x
y z
= 2e-z cos 2 x cosh y a + e- z sin 2 x sinh y a − e- z sin 2 x cosh y a
x y z
U 1 U U
(b) U = a + a + az
 
  z
= 2 z cos 2 a  − 2 z sin 2 a +  2 cos 2 az
W W W
(c) W = 1 1
ar + a + a
r r  r sin 
= 10sin2  cos a 20sin  cos cos a − 10sin  sin  a 29

r +  
 Example 3.5
Find the angle at which line x = y = 2 z intersects the ellipsoid
x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 = 10
To find the point of intersection:
x2 + x2 + 2( x / 2)2 = 10
→ 2x2 + 0.5x2 = 10 → x = 2
→ point (2,2,1)
f ( x, y, z) = x 2 + y 2 + 2z = 10
2

z) = constant
→ surface of ellipsoid  f ( x, y,
f = 2 x a x + 2 y a y + 4 z a z
At (2, 2,1), f = 4 a x 4ay
+
4 az
+ 30
 Example 3.5 - continued
Hence, a unit vector normal to the ellipsoid surface at P(2,2,1) is:
f 4 (a x + a y + a z )
an =  =
f 48

=
( a x +
a y + az )
3
an  r
cos =
an  r
(1 / 3) (1,1,1) (2, 2,1) 5
= =
9 3 3
 = 15.790
→  = 90 −  = 74.2 0
31