Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Abbreviated Key Title: Saudi J Med Pharm Sci

ISSN 2413-4929 (Print) |ISSN 2413-4910 (Online)
Scholars Middle East Publishers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Journal homepage: https://saudijournals.com

Review Article

A Novel Approach on Role of Polymers Used In Sustained Release Drug

Delivery System- A Review
M. Subramani1*, Dr. N. Vekatashwaramurthy2, Dr. R. Sambathkumar3
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Kumarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu,
India
2
Head, Department of Pharmacy Practice, J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Kumarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India
3
Principal and Head, Department of Pharmaceutics, J.K.K. Nattraja College of Pharmacy, Kumarapalayam, Namakkal, Tamilnadu,
India

DOI: 10.36348/sjmps.2021.v07i04.002 | Received: 28.02.2021 | Accepted: 01.04.2021 | Published: 05.04.2021

*Corresponding author: M. Subramani

Abstract
Oral ingestion is the preferential route for various drugs, providing an acceptable technique to consummate both local
likewise systemic effects. SRDDS designed to ease off drug at a fixed rate by upholding a constant drug level for a
definite period of time with decrease side effects. The fundamental reasoning of SRDDS exemplifies the
pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and biopharmaceutical effects of a drug so that it utility is increased, reduced the
side-effects and control the disease. Nowadays research and development are carried out on sustained release
formulations due to its inherent benefits over conventional dosage form. The main objective of the review, we discuss the
sustained release tablets, its rationale, challenges, advantages, disadvantages, various polymers used in the preparation, of
these formulations. This system gets easy to adopt for designing to treat various diseases thereby it improves patient
compliance.
Keywords: Sustained release drug delivery system (SRDDS), Polymers, Rationale, Merits, Demerits, Future treads.
Copyright © 2021 The Author(s): This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License (CC BY-NC 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial use provided the original
author and source are credited.

article, make attempt to revisit the importance and

INTRODUCTION recent advances in role of polymers in Sustained
The oral route is determiner often route used Release Drug Delivery System (SRDDS) treat various
for administration of drugs, due to its route of diseases thereby it improves patient compliance.
administration offers flexibility in two dosage form
design than most other routes [1]. Drug release may be SUSTAINED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY
defined as the process where the drug is impose to SYSTEM:
pharmacokinetics study like absorption, distribution, A sustained-release drug product is sustained
metabolism and excretion, thereby drug is available for release dosage forms designed to clemency a drug at a
the efficient pharmacological action [2]. A number of fixed rate by upholding a constant drug level for a
terms used to describe the oral dosage forms that definite period of time. Usually, the drug may be
represent modified release properties, which include delivered in an initial therapeutic dose, followed by a
delayed release, repeated action, prolonged release, slower and constant release [8]. They have certain
sustained release, controlled release, controlled release advantages like increase the bioavailability of drugs,
and other [3]. Each Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ease of administration often convenient, stability of the
delivery system, is focused on eliminating the repeated drug, maintain uniform drug concentration in plasma,
changes in plasma drug concentration seen after the reduce the gastrointestinal irritation and side effect,
administration of conventional delivery systems [4, 5]. toxicity to be minimize [9], have some demerits like
Oral drug delivery as the often utilized ease of release rate are affected by different aspect as food and
administered among compared to all the ease of the amount of transit through the gut, high cost, high
administration, employed for systemic delivery of the probability of drug tolerance and dumping [10], high
drug from different pharmaceutical products of rate of first pass metabolism, and poor invitro and
different dosage forms. The oral route of administration invivo correlation [11].
gets popularity due to its unique advantages [6, 7]. This

Citation: M. Subramani et al (2021). A Novel Approach on Role of Polymers Used In Sustained Release Drug Delivery 170
System- A Review. Saudi J Med Pharm Sci, 7(4): 170-178.
 M. Subramani et al., Saudi J Med Pharm Sci, Apr, 2021; 7(4): 170-178

Table-1: Parameters for dug selection parameter preferred value [12]

Molecular weight/size <1000
Solubility >0.1 mg/ml, pH1-7.8
Apparent partition coefficient High
General absorbability Form all GI segments
Release Should not be influenced by pH and enzyme

RATIONALE OF DEVELOPING SUSTAINED To treat a feeble condition less part of

RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: agitate drug is used in SRDDS. By
1. To enhance the period of drug action. reducing the total amount of drug, abate in
2. To scale down the frequency and inter and systemic or local side effects are noticed.
intra subject variability. This would also lead to greater economy
3. To reduce the fluctuations in plasma level and [15].
drug toxicity. iv) Economy
4. To improve drug utilization and duration. The introductory cost of sustained release
5. To reduce side effects and cost of treatment. products is often furthermore of
conventional dosage form because of the
ADVANTAGES: median cost of treatment above the long
i) Patient Compliance: period of time [16].
Patient compliance is overblown by
numerous factors, like knowledge of Disadvantages of SRDDS:
ailment process, patient trust in treatment, (i) Highly expensive
and apprehension of patient related to a (ii) Often poor bioavailability
strict treatment plan. In addition to (iii) Need for supplementary patient
awkwardness of therapeutic regimens, the counseling and education.
cost of therapy and local or systemic side (iv) Dose dumping [17]
effect of the dosage form. This issue start (v) Often poor in vivo - in vitro correlation
out to some degree by allocates sustained [18].
release drug delivery system.
ii) Reduced ―See-Saw‖ fluctuation POLYMERS
Drug concentration in the body shows Polymers are complicated and big molecules
‗see-saw‘ pattern often when the drug consistently with carbons building the backbone, differs
given in conventional drug dosage form. from low weight molecular compounds. The small
The sizes of these variances essentially individual repeating units/molecules are known as
depend upon drug kinetics such as the monomers. A polymer with two different monomers is
amount of absorption, distribution, called as copolymer or homopolymer. It has
elimination and dosing intervals [13, 14]. characteristics like low density, good corrosion
iii) Total dose reduction resistance, economical poor temperature resistance, and
have transparent or in colors.

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ROLE OF POLYMER IN PHARMACEUTICAL linked D glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and N acetyl

DRUG DELIVERY D glucosamine (acetylated unit). The significant
Tablets property of chitosan in drug delivery it is positive
Polymers used as excipients in conventional charge under acidic conditions. This positive charge
immediate-release oral dosage forms for many years. approach from the protoniation of its free amino groups.
Polymers including polyvinyl pyrrolidone and HPMC Lack of positive charge explain chitosan is precipitate
also find handling as binders that assistance the in neutral and basic environments [22].
preparation of granules that improve the flow and
convenient properties of tablets formulations prior to Zein: Zein is an alcohol-soluble protein emphasis in the
the tablet. Sporadically, dosage forms precondition be endosperm tissue of Zea maize. Zein has been used as
coated with a ―non functional‖ polymeric film that one an edible coating for pharmaceuticals for two decades.
may protect a drug from degradation, mask the taste of Zein is an economical as well a substitute for rapid
a disagreeable drug or excipients, or increase the visual disintegrating synthetic and semi-synthetic film
delicacy of the formulation without poignant the coatings currently used for the formulation of substrates
releasing rate of drug [19]. that allow extrusion coating [23].

Capsules Collagen: Collagen is often found protein in mammals.

Capsules are worn a proxy to tablets, trouble It not only has been survey for use in various types of
compressible materials, to mask the bitter taste or surgery, cosmetics and drug delivery, bio prosthetic
stepping up bioavailability. Gelatin used as a shell implants, tissue engineering of multiple organs.
material for hard (two-piece) and soft(one- piece)
capsules. HPMC has recently been evolve and believe Polycaprolactone: Polycaprolactone (PCL) is
as a surrogate material for the formulation of hard (two- biodegradable polyester along with around 60°C
piece) capsules. melting point Polycaprolactone is arranged by ring-
opening polymerization of zeta-caprolactone using a
POLYMERS IN PHARMACEUTICAL DRUG catalyst such as stannous octanoate. The more often use
DELIVERY SYSTEM: of polycaprolactone is the formulations of
Rosin a film‐ forming biopolymer and its polyurethanes. Polycaprolactones transmit good water,
byproducts broadly used for film coating and micro- oil, solvent and chlorine resistance to the polyurethane
encapsulating materials to accomplish sustained drug produced [24].
release. They are more in cosmetics, chewing gums and
dental varnishes. Rosin combination with polyvinyl POLYMERS USED IN SUSTAINED RELEASE
pyrrolidone and dibutyl phthalate (30% w/w) contribute DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
smooth film with magnifying elongation and tensile There are number of polymers which may be
strength [20, 21]. used to formulate matrix tablets controlling by the
physicochemical properties of the drug substance and
Chitin and Chitosan: Chitin a naturally drug release profile required. Polymers used for matrix
mucopolysaccharide and it disintegrated by chitinase. tablets may be classified as [25-31].
Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide consisits of β-(1-4)-

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Legends: Polyether urethane, CA- Cellulose acetate, EC- Ethyl

PHEMA- Poly-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, PVA- cellulose.
Cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol, PVP- Cross-linked
polyvinylpyrrolidone, PEG- Polyethylene glycol, PVA- ADVANCES IN HYBRID POLIMER – BASED
Polyvinyl alcohol, PVP- Polyvinylpyrrolidone, PLA- MATERIALS FOR SUSTAINED RELAEASE
Polylactic acid, PGA- Polyglycolic acid, PCL- DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM [32]:
Polycaprolactone PDS- Polydimethylsiloxane, PEU-

Table-2: Blended polymers as pharmaceutical form for Drug Delivery Systems

Sl. No Polymeric blend Form Drug Reference
01. PEG-geletin Nonoparticles Ibuprofen [33]
02. PEG-geletin Hydrogel Ciproflaxin [33]
03. PLGA-gelatin Nanofiber Fenbufen [33]
04. PLGA-PEG Micelle Doxorubicin [34]
05. Chitosan-alginate Beads Bismuth Salicylate [35]
06. Chtin-Pluronic F108 Microparticles Paclitaxel [36]
07. Chitosan-glucomannan Hydorgel Chloramphenicol [37]
08. Chitosan-silk fibroin Film Theophylline [38]
09. Chitosan-silk fibroin Film Salicyclic acid [38]
10. Chitosan-silk fibroin Film Amoxicillin [38]
11. Chitosan-silk fibroin Film Sodium diclofenac [38]
12. Alginate –gelatin Film Ciproflaxin [39]
13. Alginate-zein Film Ibuprofen [40]

Table-3: Some published works regarding biohybrid systems for sustained drug delivery, listed in terms of kind,
activity, and encapsulation efficiency (EE%)
Sl. No Biohybrid systems Therapeutic molecule EE% Ref
01. SLN-PLGA-PEG-PLGA 2-Methoxyestradiol 91.3% [41]
02. PMMA-BSA Camptothecin 11.0% [42]
03. Liposome-Chitosan Doxorubicin 98.0% [43]
04. Liposome-cellulose Quarcetin 40.0% [44]
05. Liposome-Gel Lidocaine 21.6% [45]
06. Liposome-alginate Benzocaine 63.2% [46]
07. Cyclodextrin/liposome Quercetin 91.0% [47]
08. Cyclodextrin/PLGA Oxaprozin 62.0% [48]
09. NE-alginate/chitosan Capsaicin 68.0% [49]
10. SLN-hydorgel Natural resin - [50]
11. SLN-Polycarbophil Cururmin 88.1% [51]
12. SLN-PLGA Flurbiprofen 91.7% [52]
13. SLN-dextran Ibuprofen 99.1% [53]
14. SLN-PLGA DNA 93.1% [54]
15. NLC-Natural gum Ondansetron 29.9% [55]
16. Liposphere-PLGA Donopezil Hydrochloride - [56]
17. Lipid nanocapsules Quercerin 92.0% [57]
18. Lipid nanocapsules Doxorubicin 90.0% [58]
19. Liposphere-PLGA Albumin 90.8% [59]
20. SLN-PLGA Salbutamol sulphate 30.0% [60]

MECHANISMS OF DRUG RELEASE OF SRDDS in gastro intestinal fluids [63]. This movement depends
[61, 62] on diffusion pathway, diffusion coefficient, gastric acid,
Diffusion is rate limiting surface area and drug concentration gradient of the
Diffusion may be defined as driving force system. In practice we can follow either of the two
where the movement of drug molecules occurs from methods,
high concentration in the tablet to lower concentration

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Dissolution is rate limiting:

Poor water soluble

Water soluble drugs
drugs

Incorporate
BCS class 2 and
water insoluble
4
carrier

Examples like
Coated drugs
Polyethylene
Glycol

Dissolution rate
reduce

Osmotic pressure is rate limiting meld with resin and dried to form beads which are
Osmotic pressure is employed as the driving tableted. The rate of drug release hang the thread on a
force to generate a constant release of drug. The high concentration of charged ions in the
delivery rate is constant provided that the excess of gastrointestinal tract whereas; the Active
drug present inside the tablet. But, fate to deny to zero Pharmaceutical Ingredients are traded and spread into
[64, 65]. the enclosing fluid. This mechanism depends upon the
resin environment but not pH or enzyme on the
Release is controlled by ion exchange absorption site [66, 67].
Ion exchangers are water in-soluble resinous Resin+ - drug - + X - resin+ - = X - + drug –
materials that accommodate salt form in ganionicor Conversely,
cationic groups. While composing, the drug solution is Resin- - drug+ + Y + resin- - = Y + + drug

Table-4: Sustained and Modified release formulations currently available in market [68-70]
Example Drug Type
Contifluo Tamsolusin CRR beads Diffusion an dissolution controlled beads
Co-Amoxyclav ER tablet Amoxicillin and potassium clavulanate Matrix type CR bilayer tablets
Cifran OD Ciprofloxacin tablets (500 mg/g) Effervescent matrix type floating tablets
Desval ER tablets Divalproex sodium extended release tablets Matrix type diffusion controlled ER
(250/500mg) tablets

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FUTURE TRENDS An Overview. Journal of Pharmaceutics, 3(2),

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