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Disorders and Diseases STEM G12

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10 views4 pages

Disorders and Diseases STEM G12

Uploaded by

shahdta238
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Disorders and diseases:

Cerebral palsy:
A disorder resulted from disruptions in transmission of motor commands
from the brain to the muscles. It is when there is damage in sites of basal nu-
clei in cerebrum.

Autism:
- disability of the body to make neural plasticity.
- genetic cause.
- children suffer from impaired communication, stereotyped and repeated
behaviors.

Spatial-perceptual problems:
- caused due to damage in the right parietal lobe.
- symptoms: 1. Paying attention to the right field of vision only.
2. Problems with perception of objects, distance and size.

Parkinson’s disease:
- caused by lack of dopamine in the brain.

Glaucoma:
- caused by blockage of drainage ducts of aqueous humor.

Exophthalmos goiter:
-The most common form of hyperthyroidism.
-caused by immune disorder when antibodies bind to and activate TSH re-
ceptors results in high secretion of TH.
- leads to protruding eyes.

Simple goiter:
- hypothyroidism, results in high secretion of TSH due to absence of inhibi-
tion caused by TH
- Caused by insufficient take up of iodine.
- result in inflammation of thyroid gland.

Cachexia:
- caused by Late cancer stage, aging disorders, AIDS, TB, in-
crease in MSH.
- characterized by weight and appetite loss and muscle at-
rophy.
Gigantism:
- hypersecretion of GH during childhood, tall to 2.4m.
- body proportions remain relatively normal.

Dwarfism:
- hyposecretion of GH in childhood, short to 1.2m.
- can be diagnosed before puberty with human GH.

Acromegaly:
- hypersecretion of GH in adulthood. Only affects the tissues still responsive
to growth hormone in the face, hands, and feet.

Addison’s disease:
- too little cortisol and aldosterone.
- low glucose and sodium levels in blood.
- symptoms: fatigue, weight loss, weakness, abdominal pain, bronzed skin.
(High ACTH leads to high MSH).

Cushing’s disorder:
- too much cortisol and aldosterone.
- excessive glucose production and retention of sodium and water from kid-
neys.
- symptoms: low muscle mass, edema (swelling due to too much fluid),
weakness and fatigue, central obesity due to excessive glucose which con-
verted into fats, buffalo hump, and high blood pressure.
- causes: tumor in adrenal gland or ACTH secreting cells, take of cortisol or
cortisol like drugs.

Gastric Ulcer:
- a damage in stomach mucus lining causes stomach wall to be exposed to
HCl acidity leads to abrasion in stomach wall.5

Acid reflux (heartburn):


- a backflow of chyme from the stomach to the lower end of the esophagus.
- causes: mutation leads to continuous opening of the cardiac sphincter.
excessive release of HCl in the stomach.

Diabetes Insipidus:
- Symptoms: production of large volumes of diluted urine leads to severe de-
hydration (may cause symptoms of hangover) and solute imbalance.
- causes: Mutations in ADH production or inactivation of ADH receptors, lead-
ing to deficiency in Osmolarity balance in blood.

Hypertension:
- Chronic high blood pressure.
- treated with drugs block production of angiotensin2 (they inhibit ACE in
lungs).

Gout:
- Painful inflammatory disease in joints caused by deposition of uric acid
crystals.
- More common in males with purine-rich animal tissues.

Hematuria:
- erythrocytes (red blood cells) are contained in urine.
- causes: Kidney trauma or damage allowed the blood cells to pass in the
glomerular filtration.

Varicose Veins:
- Vein valves are damaged so that the blood accumulates in the veins and
can’ return back to the heart.
- More common in legs.

Sickle Cell Anemia Disease:


- Causes: Loss of RBCs.
Alteration in the sequence of amino acids of hemoglobin leading to Hbs
which polymerizes in aggregates. Aggregates result in sickled-shape of the
RBCs and then lodge in blood vessels.
they can cause organ swelling, the cells rapture faster than normal (each 20
days).
- Treatment: blood transfusion to compensate for RBCs lost for short-term ttt,
Medicines to inhibit Hbs aggregates for long term ttt.

Hemophilia:
- Excessive bleeding and bruising from even minor cuts.
- Causes: genetic mutation that blocks a step in blood clotting.

Thrombus:
- blood clotting within the blood vessel.

Septic Chock:
- Severe inflammation due to overwhelming inflammatory response directed
by certain bacterial infections.
- Symptoms: very high fever, low blood pressure, poor blood flow.

Toxins
Sarin gas: inhibits acetylcholinesterase, leads to paralysis and typically
death.

Botulism: inhibits the release of acetylcholine from presynaptic neurons.

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