OOPS in C++ The Main aim of OoP is to bind together the data and the Functions +he operate on them so that no othey pavt of tne code can access this data_except this function. +[Poumerntom py | __ [hhevitance : Th is @_usey defined data types, which ‘Functions, which can be aecessed and used by creating an instance of that class. ect »_ When 4 class is defined no memory is Qulocated but when it is instantiated Ci-e., Object is created ) memovy 1S allocated.=> Encapsulation: Th OP, Encapsulation is defined AS binding together tne data and the functions that manipulates them. => _ Abstraction = Abstyaction_ means displaying only essential information and hiding the details - Abstvaction using classes _ [Abstvaction using Header Giles (math-h > Powi)) => : In simple words , we can define polymorphism _as_an_abliity of a message to displayed in move than one form. ____ Operator Overloading Fun in _L int sum Cio ,20, 30) _ __Int_sum C10 , 20 ) _ Thhevitance + = The_capability of 9 class to iv: S and chayacteristics Fyom lanotnes’ ctass ig cauled tnnedtance. Subclass — H Ss perc ass _| Reusabiity Th dynamic” binding, the Code to be jexectited tn response +o decided at wun time. Function cau isStyuctoys : _A_constwctoy is a member Function of a class which initializes objects of @ class - In t+ _Constvuctoy is _Qutomatically called wthen the object cyeates- oe It nas same name as class itseif. —____Conspyucter_don't nave a_yetuyi _Degautt_constwuctoy (NO a aracieres 2 ial _ ‘Pavametyized Constvuctoy ATUL Kom a LINKEDIAL)- (Dewlved class ectnicioy vail be inveked Fivst , then the base class destyuctoy will be invoked. [Public = can ieeWacreseal 7 any class. —Exivate i= can be_accessed only bya function __In_a__class (inaccessible outside tne class ) ___ Protected := Tr is also inaccessible outside —__the_class_put can be accessed by Subclass ar +nat class. : Note :- If we do not Specify. “any “access _ modifier _ inside -+he class then by default tne access modiFiey for the member will be2 A Priend class can access private and Protected members of Other class in which it is declayed as Friend. Ex :- Friend class B; ATUL Ku mek Th “i c NOTES GALLERY (TELEGRAM). Class Subclass : accessmode . baseclass _ Combination oF one et move type. Operator Overloading. —? Compile time Poty Function OverlOading — => 4— — Runtime Poly Ly Function Overviding occurs when @ dyive class has q definition of one oy more members of base class. Advantages of Data Abstraction _ Avoid code duplication and inc. yeusabilit _.Can_change inteynal implementation oF class. independently - o ue! OPET come toy (TECEGEAM) __ Stvuctuye Vs Class —______.Most important difference i _ A Srrvucture is not secuye and cannot hide | [Srs mbey ctio vaylable while class if _secuve and _can_nide its programming _|& designing details. _lpca@l_ classes In Crt t — _ [a caate aeclaed inside a function becomes _____ | leca) to tnat Function and js called iocal ____.class - [All_the methods of local class must be ____.defined inside the class only. | Miztual function and Runtime Folymoxphism : => A virtual Function is a member Function which is declaved with a base class and _iyedeFined Covervidén) by derived class. Functions ave declared vulth virtual Keyword _ | base class. - —_ 5-_ =P Runtime Polymorphism , also Isnown as the Dynamic Method Dispatch, iS @ process that yesolyes Q@ CQ\l to an evervidden Method at yuntime - The process involves the use ©F the wveference variable of a superclass to Call fox an overridden Method. i in'e +h bry: represent a block ef code -that can throw an exception. _ —_ (Gatch: represent _a block of code +nat get —___|____ executed wihen_exyox ig +nrown. __thyow. Used +o throw an_exception . [ia ka eee Game mk ae ft catches all types of ervoy-_ 1 | gee line Eunction a _Intine_is 4 veqsest not command. tr is function _tnat_is expanded in tine “when ik is catled. Wwihen the inline Function is _ eS ae mane oe Web get inserted oy Substituted ___|at_-the peint of iniine Function call. inline yeturn-type function ( _)Function “overloading is Q Featuve in Ctt_ where two ox more functions can have Same _name_ but different parameters: Veid print Gat i i) a — cout <<_ “Here is int” eax end b 4 pyint (float i). cour << “Hexe is float" CC contains 32 Keywords|¢ C+t Contain 52 keywords Cpublic, privare , protected, try , catch, throw * C is a function _dyiven |® Crt is an object language. dxiven language. Function and operator |e C+tr supports function overloading is not _ & operator _Support in c- — Overloading. .C_does not Support _|@ Ctr supports exception exception handling - handling using +vy and catch. _© | Styuctuye is Q collection of dissimilar ee _e€lements. ——— —— —— - ATUL coma (Linke A). ic : ce NOTES GALLERY (TELEGRAM), I «Static variable in @ | ction: _ — When Q_ Variable is declared a¢ static, _|Dectared inside the class body. py Also Known as class member vartable. > [They must be defined outside the class - > bas variable doesn't belong to any object, but so the wihole class. => G> There will be only one copy ef Static member variable for the whole class. Class Account paivate + __int balance; Static Float voi, public: veld setBalance (int b) < balance =bj F 4 | __SMLintialised outside class Float Account +: yoi = ‘oid main x Account At; lObject_can_ also _be declared as Static. ____ Static Account 945 _Static_member Cunctions are_ Allowed to access only the Constructors is an special member function of tne class. Ib is Qutomatically invoked when an object 1s cyeated- > Tt has _no_yetuyn type. > Constructor has came name as class itself -_ > _IF we do not specify, then c++ Compiler —_.genevates @ default conshructoy For us. __ Parameterized a class_name _§_Jclass_name C Parameters ) class-name obj update Cconst ; |Comptier 3 Nerates two constructor by itselé- | 1"[ Befaun Constyuctoy Copy Constructor 4 But if any of the constyuctey is created by usey, then default constwuctoy willl not be cryeated by Compiler.=> Ceonstyuction overloading can be done just like Functlon overloading . Defauit Ccomptier's) Copy Constructor can dene only Shallow copy. ( Points to same memory location) _* Deepecopy is possible only with user defined constyuctoys. - {In _usev defined Copy, _constyuctor_, we make_ : pied Object points new memory location - - Can we make copy constructor pyvivate ? Yes. Why arqument +0 copy constwuctoy must be passed @S a yvefevence ¢ Because if we pass value , then it would imade fo call Copy constructoy_thich becomes non - ee : Obj 2. Deep copy.—Destuuctor. Destvuctoy is a member Function which destructs ox deletes an object- Destvuctoy don't take any aygument and don't have any yetuyn_type- Only one destwuctor is possible. Destvuctoy cannot be static. Actually destructor doesn't destyoy object, it is the “last function +hat invoked before — (Object destvoy- _ ATUL NOTES. GALLERY ( (receuermt) et Resource esteuctoy iS used , SO +nat before deletion _ ‘OF Obj we can free space allocated for +nis ce >} gets. deleted then Space | Tauvcated ax Ob} willl be free put yesouyce —doesmtp Nv. f vovide > int main C ) a Clalotec. NOTES omteey (TEL ). As‘+? can't add Complex no's divectly- So we — —.can define @ function with name + but we iNeed write opevator Keyword before it. $0, We can use all operator like this. [A Friend class can access —the_private and} protected members of Other class in which it —is_declaved as fyiend. Theve can pe Friend class and Friend na function . Class Box ___t private: double “ldth 5 publics - ___ Fviend void d_prvintwiidth (Box | bows __Void_setmidth (double wid ) 5 etwidth (Boxdouble wid) _ {width = wid; > Void _printwidth (Box box _) {cout << box- width; >int main (_) Box box; box. Setwidth (14); printwidth Cbox ) 3 os _Tnherxitance oe _ ___It 1s 4 _pyvocess of inhevting properties and _ — -behaviouy OF existing class Into _Q new class . Class Base_ciass _ [Class dex_class : visibility 4 =—Mode ats Class spost. Ca¥ t public cay ATUL Komnde(UariceDr NOTES GALLERY (TELEGRAM) | )- [Single Tanevitance; | _b). Multilevel Bihexitence: ‘class Bs public Class B: Pub ic Ess | - L < x: E 3. Class C: public B t H | —=> Multiple Tnhevitance. Class At Class Az ty; ie Class 8: Public Ar, Public Ar Class B2 : Public A A= base class. B = Sub class .IF B is Subclass and visibility Mode is public ciass A: (Public YB ° . 4 x5 then public member of A_ will be public in & and_pyrotected will pyotected . —_ TE visibility mode ig private the both pwotected and public membey of A willl be private. ee Membey of Be hip is @lways implemented as Inhevitance. _ | Constructox and Destructor In Thheritance _ [Fivst cnlid Class constructos yall! yun. during \Cyeation oF Object ef Child class, but as sOon land_it will_call_constwctor of its parent | class and aftrey the execution ef pasent class _lconstructoy_ it vill xvesume ip constyuctey ENERO pore ~ [constructor exec : ob While in_case of destructor, cnild const Sn child destwuctar_exec, L parent Const ‘Complete child, |this Pointer Every Object In Crt has access to its own Addxess thyough an important polnter called +this_pointer- ACU espe NOTES GALLER \Friena “function doesn't have a ‘this’ pointer, because fyfends aye not members of @ class - —.Oniy member Function have this pointer: int tmain Cc —— Box b; b:set(S5,10,4) > | Method OverRiding ( achieved at yun time) _|Tt is -the yvedeFinition of base class Function in_its derived class , wiith same yetuyn type and same _ parameters. | wunile method Pverteading iS achieved at ‘Compile time:ror CmLeRy (reveanary, Class Cay Private : int qeay no 3 Publics Void change gear Cint gear) ports Cay ¢ Public Cox ____void change gear (int gear) {if (qeax >5 ) gear try > int main t SportsCar Sc 5 Se. change_ gear(4) 4 ~ Function of Sposts Cay (sc) Class willl be called [white calling change — —eay (), Fiver it check. iF any Fun with this name exist in_catiin iclass , Otherwise it goes to paseclass. juseful: Like me have change Qeay For al except One Cay which have unique method of qeaychange -istual Function A Vistual function is a member function winich is _declaved with @ ‘virtual Keyword in _-the base class and yedeclaved_ Covervidden) in a devived class. Athen _you_yefer to 4 object of devived class using —peinter_to a_base class seu. &¢ cen calla viyrual function of tat object an execute tne deyived cigss'S version of _ _ tne Function. __ They ave used to achieve Run time npnism « _Viytual Function cannot be. _ static and “also. “cannot_be friend function of another class. |Compi e-+ime Céarly bind binding) Ns - ‘Runtime (Late Binding ) Class base { Public + {cou ee ___Noid show (_) _Class derived Lt Public + Void pxint C) — Lcout print); ———_// Run time bery > Show), Compile tim | derived print __//_Late Binding J Base show fun __// Early binding _As duving compiles +ime bpty behaviour judge on the bases of which class [t belong, 40. bpty yvepyesent pase class. — — Tf tne function is not virtual -then it with allow binding at compiler time and pyint — (fun of base class will get binded because ____._bptry__yepresent base class - —_—__|__ Gur at _xun time bpte points to the object of class devived , so jt willl bind function of deyived at yun time. _ piley itself dos es two things: 4 A virtual pointer (vPTR) is _cyeated every time Object Is _cyeated for that class which contains virtual function. 2. _|Trrespective of Object i¢ cyeated oy net, _ Staric ayray of pointer called (VTABLE _ where each cell point to each virtual _ Function is cyeated , In hase class and derived class. —duzing Eaxly bindin VIABLE for pase class VIABLE FOY “derived class - irtual Function ~and abstyact Class _Sometimes imptementation of all function - cannot be pvrovide in the base class Such a lass js Caled abstwact class. AML Koma (ukepin)- MOTE S Gacrery (TELEG Ray) > ( But there can't be any imple menta ~tion of dyawC) fun in the _ base class)=e A puve virtual Function In ctt is a Vixtual Function for which wie don't have any implementation , wie only declare _it- Class Test ft Public : 2 Viytual void func) =O; ¢ Pure Vivtual Func Hon. 4A class is abstvact if it has ‘at _leact one __puye vivtual function - 7 We cannot declaye object of abstract class . Exe eset ne til! snow eyvoy . ae le_ can have pointer ox yefevence of a apstvact class. _ =——_—- 3-_Wle_can_access -the_ other Functionc except _ tee deni ove of its deylved class. —4- Tf we don't override +ne pure virtual _ ‘Function in derived class tnen it becomes ___ jab stvact- a : —e 5S: An abstract class can nove constyuctors, _ (Read From GFG )=> [Template in crt template’ check (a, xb ) t if Carb ) __yeturn a, —___{It just help In data type. So that we can write Genetic function that can be used fo = different data type. - Class qeeks £ Public: ones void fun() { P=newchayl6] >} x int main () geeks 9