Title: Crafting a Comprehensive Juvenile Justice System Research Paper Outline

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Also, many school districts have opted to have a law enforcement presence on school campuses,
either through school resource officers for whom districts contract with local policing agencies or
through in-house school district police departments overseen by superintendents. This reduces re-
offending and also keeps the teens safe from peer pressure and criminal incubation in detention
centers. Let us write or edit the research paper on your topic. During this time, children over the age
of five were treated either as small adults or property. What is meant here is the fact that, unlike
adult offenders, juveniles have larger options in this regard. Two major theories include Behavioral
Theory and Social Learning Theory. Therefore, in addressing crime Directly correlated with drug and
substance abuse, the Juvenile Justice system may screen and assess teen offenders for drug and
substance upon arrest. Therefore, an effective response that involves community-based treatments to
address their needs rather than rely on the juvenile justice system. Other large relative increases were
seen in the placement rate for cases involving stolen property offenses (rising from. Children below
the specified age do not fall under the jurisdiction of the juvenile court when they commit delinquent
acts. Having this in mind, the juvenile justice system has a role in initiating treatment for all drug
dependent offenders as they await trial. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go
directly to that page in the book. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental
Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the
implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform
activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its
statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.
Lieutenant-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, a British Army officer and writer once
stated, “Juvenile crime is not naturally born in the boy but is largely due either to the spirit of
adventure that is in him, to his own stupidity, or to his lack of discipline, according to the nature of
the individual.” Currently, I. The workloads of law enforcement agencies and courts are partly the
result of the scale and intensity of illegal activity by youth, and partly a function of how likely it is
that citizens report crimes and how likely it is that police and courts decide to intervene. A
congressional report found that, in 33 states, detained youth with mental health needs were being
held in detention with no charges but were awaiting mental health services (Waxman and Collins,
2004). In some cases, however, young offenders were tried in criminal courts, as some still happens
today. Usually, the pretrial alternative is offered only to first-time low-risk offenders. The system is
overly focused on the fact that arrest and incarceration is a punishment as a result of negative
behavior. This was largely due to the growing number of delinquency referrals handled by juvenile
courts rather than an increasing use of placement. Probation is the most common disposition for
youth who receive a juvenile court sanction (Snyder and Sickmund, 1999). The early rhetoric of
juvenile justice emphasizes the difference in the atmosphere top be created in juvenile court as
contrasted to the criminal court (Rosenheim, 2002 p.342). Even in cases involving drug charges,
cases of black youth were less frequently adjudicated than those of white youth (59 compared with
64 percent). This ensures that the teen will have acceptable behavior if released back to the society.
However, the number of juveniles in out-of-home placement at the time of the survey has steadily
declined from 105,055 in 1997 to 70,792 in 2010. Do youth have to be arrested to have contact with
the system. What we do know is that juvenile crime has declined since its peak in the 1990s and that
the juvenile court is handling a different mix of offenses than in the 1990s—more youth being
processed with misdemeanor assaults, drug offenses, and disorderly conduct, and fewer youth with
violent offenses and serious property crimes. More than two-thirds reported serious substance abuse
problems, and 59 percent said that they had been getting drunk or high several times per week (or
daily) in the months leading up to their arrest (Sedlak and McPherson, 2010a). Since the 1990s,
juvenile crime rates have steadily decreased, yet the harsh sentences have remained the same in many
state laws. In 2008, 17 percent of property offense cases involved detention, compared with 27
percent of person offense cases, 23 percent of public order offense cases, and 18 percent of drug law
violation cases.
The second most frequently used method of sending youth to adult court. And I have found, in my
own experience, that there are salvageable young people who have committed some very horrible
kinds of crimes, who are able to get their lives together and be productive members of society.” -
Judge LaDoris Cordell (American Bar Association, 2000). Many factors govern the path that an
individual delinquency case takes through the justice process. For centuries, philosophers, law
makers, court systems, child advocates, and critics have struggled to define justice for juveniles, they
are constantly seeking to improve the concept but still have no clear cut or definite answer to justify
their punishment. Scholars who have studied juvenile courts typically describe the gap between the
intent of due process requirements (the ideal) and actual practice (Feld, 1991, 2012; Binder, 1997;
Mears, 2012). States periodically revisit these age boundaries (Office of Juvenile Justice and
Delinquency Prevention, 2011c). The case is eight-year-old Madyson Middleton murdered by
fifteen-year-old Adrian Gonzalez. This percentage breakdown in days because admission has been
fairly constant across the biennial survey since 1997. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity
for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional
reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. First, adolescents
have less capacity for self-regulation in emotionally charged contexts, relative to adults. That
changed in 2005 with the landmark case Roper v. Research indicates that for most youth, the period
of. Measuring the Number of Juvenile Offenses Committed. Thus, the juvenile justice system handles
roughly 3 percent of all the “actual” 15-year-old drug offenders each year. The seriousness of the
offense and the past record of the offender help to determine but do not ordinarily control the
outcome. This being so, people under this age do not have the same thinking process as people 25
and older. As with the models presented, the main target involved is to properly rehabilitate the
juvenile and help them to learn through their mistakes (Gordon and Walgrave, 2001 p.199). There
are very different outlooks when it comes to curfews. Delinquents tend to be shy, selfish, hasty, and
less able to delay the satisfaction of desires. The juvenile justice system is not a place or an
organization. Given the large proportion (44 percent) of cases handled informally, however,
adjudicated cases account for just 341 of every 1,000 delinquency referrals (see Figure 3-7 ). Yet law
enforcement agencies across the United States reported just 27,200 weapon arrests involving youth
who were age 15 (Snyder and Mulako-Wangota, 2011), suggesting that police may have had contact
with just 16 percent of the 15-year-olds who could have been arrested for weapon possession at least
once if their offense had been detected. Community-based programs for youth are more cost-
effective than incarceration. The reformatory schools provide fostering, probation, aftercare for
juvenile justice systems (Muncie, 2002 p.154). Driving under the influence causes death to nearly
2,500 minors each year. The criminal justice essay on juvenile justice system summarized above was
written by one of. Then in 2016 the number of arrested minors dropped to 2,553.6, an extreme
decline of 70%. Researchers have confirmed the validity of methods to do this. Another study
conducted by the Center for Disease Control's Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance system research in
1991 featuring more than 1,800 juveniles in the US revealed than 22 percent considered suicide, 20
percent had a plan to commit suicide, 16 percent had at one time or another attempted suicide, and 8
percent was injured in the process of attempting suicide (Hayes, 2009). Today, confinement is the
primary punishment of American society.
Of all the cases that were formally petitioned and scheduled for an adjudication or waiver hearing in
juvenile court in 2008, 61 percent were adjudicated delinquent and approximately 1 percent were
transferred to adult court through a judicial waiver of juvenile court jurisdiction. Parents should
make sure their child is exposed to the right materials and the right company. Violent and property
crimes committed by juveniles are one of the major social and public health problems in American
society. The most important people in our life during that time include our family, school friends,
and teachers who we see nearly every day. This. Children below the specified age do not fall under
the jurisdiction of the juvenile court when they commit delinquent acts. However, for many youth,
counsel are not often involved in the postdisposition stage and as a result are not available to advise
on many important postdisposition matters (see Chapter 7 ). Community-based programs for youth
are more cost-effective than incarceration. Self-reported delinquency data (obtained from youth
directly) suggest that half of all 15-year-old youth may have done something in the previous year
that could have resulted in their arrest. Some states allow a dispositional hearing immediately after
the adjudicatory hearing if the youth admits to the offense, but usually time is required to complete a
social history or receive evidence. Official data from law enforcement and courts, however, allow
one to appreciate the scale of juvenile crime trends and to place current crime levels in the proper
context. As outlined in Chapter 1, the goal of juvenile justice intervention, in responding to acts of
delinquency, is to hold youth accountable for their illegal behavior and to deliver treatments and
services that will address the causes of this misbehavior and will facilitate positive and healthy
adolescent development to prevent the youth from becoming involved in the justice system again.
This information was analyzed by the Archive staff and weighted to represent the nation as a whole.
Parens Patriae is defined as “a doctrine that allows the state to step in and serve as a guardian for
children, the mentally ill, the incompetent, the elderly, or disabled persons who are unable to care for
themselves.” An example of this is how a judge has power to change custody of a child. Since the
mid-1990s, the legislatures of Connecticut, Illinois, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin, all redefined
the original jurisdiction of their juvenile courts, either raising the boundary for entire age groups
(Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin) or raising it for certain classes of offenses (Illinois).
As such, the process restores the morals in the children and builds their skills to ensure they are
deterred from committing the crimes again. A total of 34 states and the District of Columbia have no
statutory age limit for when children may face delinquency charges in juvenile court, but it is often
assumed, based on common law principles, that the minimum age for juvenile court jurisdiction in
these states is age 7. Embed Host your publication on your website or blog with just a few clicks.
You can use essay samples to find ideas and inspiration for your paper. Experimentation and novelty-
seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve
a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. They are more reasonable and fair to the victim,
the juvenile offenders and the criminal justice system. In some states, the structures for juvenile
correction are. This has also led society to be blindsided about the possible futures of these teens.
People. In this hierarchical juvenile justice system, the judge may render the ultimate decision about
the status of an individual juvenile, but many decisions affecting the final outcome are made before
the judge has even reviewed the case (Hagan, 1975). Juveniles who fail in these diversionary courts
often find themselves back in juvenile court. However, the agency will not be able to provide robust
guidance and assistance to the juvenile justice field unless Congress removes the budgetary and
political roadblocks that prevent it from doing so. On the other hand, children and adolescents were
viewed as disrespectful, annoying, and simply different from adults. In some cases, these new laws
severely sentenced children with death and life without the possibility of parole. The standard
edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. Register for a free account to start
saving and receiving special member only perks. In the simple and too often summary presentation of
juvenile justice, an image of a tightly coupled system is presented with a singular set of goals and
means of accomplishing them (White, 2001 p.357). Police agencies have a range of policies on
handling juvenile arrests.
The law enforcers need not wait for juvenile offenses to occur but should maintain close contact
with the juveniles and in the process get to mentor them in a manner that will make the juveniles
know what is legal and illegal at their tender age. Thus, the juvenile justice system handles roughly 3
percent of all the “actual” 15-year-old drug offenders each year. Youths were confined to jails with
mentally ill and hardened criminals because there were no other alternatives for them. Organization
of the New York House of Refuge is the first juvenile reformatory in the United States, and first
juvenile institution in the United States. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our. The
guiding premises are that youth who offend should be treated differently from adults who offend,
that juvenile offending is preventable, and that youthful offenders should receive individualized
treatment and services. Similar to the adult system, the juvenile justice system operates like a funnel
with only a fraction of cases referred to juvenile court ending up being formally processed and
adjudicated. In the ordinary, most of these commonplace legal structures and systems within nations
have been able to come up with specific measures and procedures through which this kind of
notoriety can be dealt with in our societies. Most states consider people to be adults for the purposes
of criminal prosecution as of their 18th birthday, but some jurisdictions use the 17th birthday as the
cutoff (e.g., Georgia, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, and Texas) and a few prefer the
16th birthday (e.g., New York and North Carolina). In other jurisdictions, the prosecutor will review
all police referrals and take complete responsibility for court intake screening. It was in this context
that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National
Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. Mears, in
particular, concludes that genuine due process probably constitutes the exception rather than the
norm (2012, p. 600). Feld takes a somewhat different tack, arguing that the current due process rights
are inadequate to begin with and additional procedural safeguards are needed to protect youth from
their immaturity and vulnerability (2012). In practice, of course, the veil of confidentiality also
protected juvenile justice officials from the effects and implications of their decision making. The
remainder of arrests (1,204,400) were for nonindex crimes, such as simple assaults, property crimes
(buying, receiving, possessing stolen property; vandalism), white-collar crimes (forgery, counter
feiting), nuisance crimes (vagrancy, curfew and loitering violations), nonviolent sex offenses
(prostitution and commercialized vice), and offenses involving alcohol, drugs, gambling, and
domestic issues. It will also enable OJJDP to redirect its resources in a way that best supports the
efforts of state, local, and tribal jurisdictions. The latter may occur if the judge orders the youth to
undertake some kind of action prior to the final decision being made (National Research Council,
2001a). Some departments operate their own special programs that are designed to divert youngsters
from further court processing. Therefore, the juvenile justice system has a role to screen and assess of
offenders to ensure that their influence and behavior does not negatively impact on the already
rehabilitated offenders in detention centers. The largest relative change in the odds of placement was
observed among the small category of “other public order” 5 offenses. This occurs through direct
learning from what is happening around the child. Even if one cannot identify the number of school-
based arrests from nonschool-based ones, the same Texas study identified large numbers of students
with repeated disciplinary actions, ending up in the juvenile justice system (Fabelo et al., 2011).
Schools, extracurricular activities, and work settings can provide opportunities for adolescents to
learn to think for themselves, develop self-reliance and self-efficacy, and improve reasoning skills.
These courts try such defendants in the adult criminal justice system irrespective of the seriousness
of their alleged offense. In densely populated urbanized areas, there may be more specialized
divisions in which to consider the needs of youthful offenders. There are very different outlooks
when it comes to curfews. Likewise, meth-ods for addressing the phenomenon have reflected the
vagaries of social constructions of youth and youth deviance. Such matters are referred instead to a
child welfare or social services agency. The authors also highlight that processing is actually an
expensive. From the word go, the community is part of the environment where the juveniles live.
Secondly, the Juvenile Justice System has a role in initiating treatment of offenders as they await
their trial.