Fundamental Statistics

MAT1014
Dr. Piu Kundu
Department of Mathematics (SAS)
VIT-AP University
Module 1
Terminology
 Definition
Class: A class is one of the categories into which the data can be classified.
Class Frequency: Class frequency is the number of observations in the data set that fall into a particular
class.
Class interval: When the number of sample values are large in number and are in wide range, then the
whole data is divided in a number of several groups according to the size of the sample. Each of this group
is known as class interval.
Class limits: In any frequency table, if the both ends of any class interval are specified then these end values
are known as limits.
Class boundary: When the class intervals are such of type that the upper class limit of any class in not
equal to the lower class limit of the successive class, then to get any continuous graphical representation of
the data it is sometimes required to rearrange the class limits in such a way that the upper class limit of any
class coincide with the lower class limit of the next class. Then this class limits will be class boundaries.
Let difference between the upper class limit of any class and the lower class limit of the next following class
be d then
Lower class boundary=Lower class limit –d/2 and
Upper class boundary= Upper class limit +d/2
Class Mid value: For ant grouped frequency table with class intervals, the middle
value of the class limits or the class boundaries of any class is called class mid value of
that class.

Class Width: Class width or length of the

class interval of any class is defined to be
the difference between the lower and upper
class boundaries.

Class width=Upper class boundary-Lower class boundary

Example: Let 50 students attend an exam of 100 marks and among them 5 students get
marks from 10 to 19, 10 students get marks from 20 to 29, 6 students get marks from 30
to 39, 4 get from 40-49, 15 from 50-59, 13 from 60-69 and 7 from 70-79, then find the
class boundary, class mid value and class frequency.
Example: Let 50 students attend an exam of 100 marks and among them 5 students get
marks from 10 to 19, 10 students get marks from 20 to 29, 6 students get marks from 30
to 39, 4 get from 40-49, 15 from 50-59, 13 from 60-69 and 7 from 70-79, then find the
class boundary, class mid value and class frequency.
Class Class Class Class mid
Limits frequency boundaries value
10-19 5
20-29 10
30-39 6
40-49 4
50-59 15
60-69 13
70-79 7
Example: Let 50 students attend an exam of 100 marks and among them 5 students get
marks from 10 to 19, 10 students get marks from 20 to 29, 6 students get marks from 30
to 39, 4 get from 40-49, 15 from 50-59, 13 from 60-69 and 7 from 70-79, then find the
class boundary, class mid value and class frequency.
Class Class Class Class mid
Limits frequency boundaries value
10-19 5 9.5-19.5 14.5
20-29 10 19.5-29.5 24.5
30-39 6 29.5-39.5 34.5
40-49 4 39.5-49.5 44.5
50-59 15 49.5-59.5 54.5
60-69 13 59.5-69.5 64.5
70-79 7 69.5-79.5 74.5
Frequency, Frequency density and Relative frequency:
We have already discussed that the number of observed values falling with in a
class is called the frequency of that class. The sum of all the frequency is equal
to the total number of observed values which is called total frequency.
Then total frequency N= 𝑛𝑖=0 𝑓𝑖 where 𝑓𝑖 is the frequency of the 𝑖𝑡ℎ class.
Frequency density: Frequency density of any class is defined as its frequency
per unit width i.e
Class frequency
Frequency density= Class width
Relative frequency: Relative frequency of any class is defined to be the ratio of
the class frequency to the total frequency.
Class frequency
Relative Frequency =Total Frequency
 Class Boundary Frequency Frequency density Relative frequency
9.5-19.5 7
19.5-29.5 10
29.5-39.5 3
39.5-49.5 5
49.5-59.5 2
59.5-69.5 3
Total 30
Table: Frequency table
 Class Boundary Frequency Frequency density Relative frequency
9.5-19.5 7 0.7 7/30
19.5-29.5 10 1.0 1/30
29.5-39.5 3 0.3 3/30
39.5-49.5 5 0.5 5/30
49.5-59.5 2 0.2 2/30
59.5-69.5 3 0.3 3/30
Total 30
Table: Frequency table
Some Rule preparing a frequency table: For preparing a frequency table some
author follow the rule
𝑛 = 1 + 3.3 log10 𝑁
where n denotes the number of classes (which usually between 5 to 15) and N
denotes the total frequency.
This rule is called Sturge’s Rule which is used to determining the number of
classes to use a histogram or frequency table.
In the last problem n=6 and from Struge’s rule we find
𝑛 = 1 + 3.3 log10 30 = 5.85 ≈ 6
Problem: A manufacturer of insulation randomly selects 20 winter days and records
the daily high temperature 24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43,
44, 27, 53,27. Find frequency density, relative frequency and frequency percentage.
Problem: A manufacturer of insulation randomly selects 20 winter days and records
the daily high temperature 24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43,
44, 27, 53,27. Find frequency density, relative frequency and frequency percentage.
Solution: Sort raw data in ascending order
12,13,17,21,24,24,26,27,27,30,32,35,37,38,
41,43,44,46,53,58
Find Range: 58-12=46
Select number of classes=5 (usually between
5 and 15)
Interval width=10(46/5 then round up)
Problem: A manufacturer of insulation randomly selects 20 winter days and records
the daily high temperature 24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30, 32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43,
44, 27, 53,27. Find frequency density, relative frequency and frequency percentage.
Solution: Sort raw data in ascending order Class Class Frequenc Relative Frequency
Limits frequenc y density frequency percentag
12,13,17,21,24,24,26,27,27,30,32,35,37,38, y e
41,43,44,46,53,58 10-19 3
20-29 6
Find Range: 58-12=46
30-39 5
Select number of classes=5 (usually between 40-49 4
5 and 15) 50-59 2
Interval width=10(46/5 then round up) Total=20
Cumulative Frequency Distribution (C.F.):
Sometimes in statistical investigation it is required to know the number of observed values
smaller than (or greater than) a particular value which may or many not coincide with a
sample value of the table. In this case we are interested with the accumulated frequency up to
(or above) that particular value. The accumulated frequency is called cumulative frequency.
Class Boundary Frequency C.F.(<) C.F.(>)
9.5-19.5 7 7 23+7=30
19.5-29.5 10 7+10=17 13+10=23
29.5-39.5 3 17+3=20 10+3=13
39.5-49.5 5 20+5=25 5+5=10
49.5-59.5 2 25+2=27 3+2=5
59.5-69.5 3 27+3=30 3
Total 30
Problem: Find cumulative frequencies (less than and greater than type) of
the following distribution:

Height in inches: 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74

Frequency : 12 16 10 8 4
Problem: Prepare a frequency distribution table with class interval 60-79,
80-99, 100-119, 120-139, 140-159 from the following data
96, 130, 63, 115,145, 99, 118, 104, 126, 72, 77, 87, 151, 81, 142, 122, 110,
131, 98, 96
Calculate class boundary, class mid value, frequency density, relative
frequency, C.F.(<) and C.F.(>)
Problem: Form an ordinary frequency table from the following cumulative
frequency distribution marks obtained by 22 students:
Marks Number of Students
10 3
20 8
30 17
40 20
50 22
Problem: Form an ordinary frequency table from the following cumulative
frequency distribution marks obtained by 22 students:
Marks Number of Students
10 3 Class interval Frequency C.F.<

20 8
0-10 3 3
10-20 (8-3)=5 8
20-30 (17-8)=9 17
30 17 30-40
40-50
(20-17)=3
(22-20)=2
20
22

40 20 Total 22

50 22
Problem: Prepare a frequency distribution table with class interval 60-79,
80-99, 100-119, 120-139, 140-159 from the following data
96, 130, 63, 115,145, 99, 118, 104, 126, 72, 77, 87, 151, 81, 142, 122, 110,
131, 98, 96.
Also Draw the histogram and ogive for the above distribution.
Problem: Draw a histogram of the following data with unequal class widths:
Class interval: 0-10 10-15 15-20 20-24 24-35 35-40
Frequency : 8 6 12 14 7 3
Class Frequency Class Width Frequency
Boundary density
0-10 8 10 8/10=0.8
10-15 6 5 6/5=1.2
15-20 12 5 12/5=2.4
20-24 14 4 14/4=3.5
24-35 7 11 7/11=0.64
35-40 3 5 3/5=0.6
Prob: Draw the histogram of the following distribution and find the firms whose sales lies
between Rs. 12,00,000 and Rs. 26,00,000.

Values of Sales (Rs.’000) Number of Firms(f) Frequency density

0-500 3 3/500
500-1000 42 42/500
1000-1500 63 63/500
1500-2000 105 105/500
2000-2500 120 120/500
2500-3000 99 99/500
3000-3500 51 51/500
3500-4000 47 47/500
4000-4500 4 4/500
Solution: Draw histogram curve
63 99
The number of firms=(1500-1200)× + 105 + 120 + 2600 − 2500 × = 283
500 500