CHEM3320 Final Examination

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#Question MC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total
Marks 18 8 11 10 3 9 6 6 5 10 5 9 100

** Please return your answer booklet with this question paper before you leave the examination.

***Information you may need:

Electrical Charge of an electron: 1.602 × 10-19 Coulomb

Planck’s constant h: 6.626 × 10-34 m2 kg / s

Speed of light: 3.00×108 m/s

Declaration of Academic Integrity

I confirm that I have answered the questions using only materials specifically approved for use
in this examination, that all the answers are my own work, and that I have not received any
assistance during the examination.

Student’s Signature: _________________________________

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Part I. Multiple choices (2 point each; total: 18 points)
(Note: Each question has only one best answer)
1. Which of the following optical spectroscopic methods that produces spectra that are nearly
independent of the chemical state of elements?
(A) X-ray fluorescence; (B) Raman; (C) IR absorption; (D) Molecular fluorescence; (E) NMR

2. Of samples containing the following elements of interest, which element is best analyzed using
hydride atomization technique coupled with atomic absorption spectroscopic measurements?
(A) Sodium; (B) Iron; (C) Arsenic; (D) Mercury; (E) Sulfur

3. For visible light, we can use a grating to separate different wavelengths. We can also separate X-ray
waves in a similar manner by using ____ acting as the grating for visible light.
(A) A crystal; (B) A glass prism; (C) A narrow slit; (D) A phosphor plate; (E) A tungsten plate

4. Which type of scattering always results in a signal at a wavelength longer than that of the
incident light?
(A) Stokes scattering (B) Anti-Stokes scattering
(C) Rayleigh scattering (D) Raman scattering
(E) All scattering modes are possible.

5. What is the wavelength of an anti-Stokes line that corresponds to a Stokes line appearing at 680 nm
when the exciting light is the 632.8 nm wavelength of a helium-neon laser?
(A) 581.1 nm
(B) 585.6 nm
(C) 598.3 nm
(D) 591.7 nm
(E) More information is needed for the solution.

6. Which of the following is most likely to have the largest max in UV-VIS absorption spectrum?
(A) CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2;
(B) CH2=CHCH2CH2CH=CH2;
(C) CH2=CHCH=CH2;
(D) CH2=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH2;
(E) CH2=CHCH(CH=CH2)CH=CH2

7. Which one of the following light sources is the best for IR absorption?
(A) Hydrogen lamp; (B) Ar lamp
(C) Hollow cathode lamp; (D) Tungsten lamp
(E) Mercury lamp

8. Which of the following nuclei is NMR silent?

(A) 31P (B) 10B (C) 16O (D) 14N (E) 11B

9. The most common internal standard compound for H-NMR studies is:
(A) Tetramethylsilane (TMS); (B) D2O; (C) CCl4; (D) Benzene; (E) CHCl3

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Part II Questions and calculations [total: 82 points]

1. IR and UV-Vis absorption spectrometry

Compared with dispersive method, the Fourier-transform technique can give great benefit for IR
absorption spectrometry, but not much for UV-Vis absorption spectrometry. From the different
factors below, briefly give your explanation.
(a) Absorption bands; (2 points)
(b) Light source; (2 points)
(c) Detector; (2 points)
(d) Monochromator slit. (2 points)

2. Atomic absorption/emission spectrometry.

(a) For atomic absorption measurement, what is the major function of the flame? (2 points)
(b) What is the working principle of a hollow cathode lamp (shown below)? (2 points)
(c) Why is it necessary to use hollow cathode lamp as light source for atomic absorption
spectrometry? (3 points)

(d) Give explanation how to use Zeeman effect for background correction in atomic absorption
spectrometry. (3points)
(d) For atomic emission measurement, why is a plasma source better than a flame? (1 point)

3. Raman Spectroscopy and IR absorption.

(a) Both Raman spectroscopy and IR absorption probe vibrational levels of molecules. What is
the rule of being Raman active and IR active, respectively? (2 points)
(b) How many vibrational normal modes do CO2 molecules have? (1 point)
(c) Show the normal modes with drawing (4 points)
(d) For each of the modes (show the modes with drawing), analyze whether it is Raman
active/inactive and IR active/inactive. (3 points)

4. UV-Vis absorption
The transmittance of an absorbing solution was measured by a photometer to be T. What is the expected
transmittance if the concentration of the absorber molecule is doubled? (3 points)

5. NMR
(a) Why is 13C-NMR not as sensitive as 1H-NMR? (2 points)
(b) In 13C-NMR spectra (without any decoupling), it is common to see the coupling between 13C
and 1H, however, the spin-spin coupling between 13C carbon atoms is not observed. Why?
(3 points)
(c) What are the major functions of liquid He and liquid N2, respectively, in a modern NMR
machine? (2 points)
(d) Explain why the sample tube of an NMR needs to keep spinning during the measurement?
(2 points)

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6. IR absorption spectrometry.
Design a nondispersive IR device for continuously monitoring CO concentration in atmosphere
(you need to draw a diagram with major parts labeled and brief explanations). (6 points)

7. NMR
Two 1H-NMR spectra are obtained for ethanol at different field strengths (the peak for -OH is
not shown). 1 and 2 are the chemical shifts of the corresponding peaks, while 1 and 2 the
corresponding frequencies of absorbed radio frequencies. J1 and J2 and the peak splitting in
frequency unit (Hz).
(a) Compare the magnitude of 1 and 2, 1 and 2, and J1 and J2, respectively. (3 points)
(b) Explain your comparison results in (a). (3 points)

8. Molecular luminescence
(a) Draw the schematic of a device for phosphorescence measurement that can effectively
remove the possible interference from fluorescence and excitation light. (3 points)
(b) Why is liquid N2 being used? (2 points)

9. X-Ray
(a) Draw energy diagrams to show the different principles between X-Ray fluorescence (XRF)
and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). (4 points)
(b) Briefly explain why XPS can tell apart different oxidation states of an element but XRF
cannot. (4 points)
(c) Explain why XPS requires mono-energetic X-ray beam while XRF does not. (2 points)

10. Optical components

Draw the schematic diagram of a grating-based monochromator that is normally used in UV-Vis
absorption instrument. (5 points)

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11. Michaelson interferometer
(a) Which of the following method requires a Michaelson interferometer? (2 points)
(A) XRF; (B) XPS; (C) UV-Vis; (D) FT-IR; (E) Atomic absorption
(b) What’s the major function of a Michaelson interferometer? (2 points)
(c) How does a Michaelson interferometer works? (5 points)

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