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Technical Data
Xylose-Lysine Deoxycholate Agar (XLD Agar) M031
Intended use
Recommended for the isolation and enumeration of Salmonella Typhi and other Salmonella species from clinical and
non-clinical samples.
Composition**
Ingredients g/L
Yeast extract 3.000
L-Lysine 5.000
Lactose 7.500
Sucrose 7.500
Xylose 3.500
Sodium chloride 5.000
Sodium deoxycholate 2.500
Sodium thiosulphate 6.800
Ferric ammonium citrate 0.800
Phenol red 0.080
Agar 15.000
Final pH ( at 25°C) 7.4±0.2
**Formula adjusted, standardized to suit performance parameters
Directions
Suspend 56.68 grams in 1000 ml purified / distilled water. Heat with frequent agitation until the medium boils. DO NOT
AUTOCLAVE OR OVERHEAT. Transfer immediately to a water bath at 50°C. After cooling, pour into sterile Petri plates. It
is advisable not to prepare large volumes that will require prolonged heating, thereby producing precipitate.
Note : Slight precipitation in the medium may occur,which is inheritant property of the medium,and does not affect the
performance of the medium.
Principle And Interpretation
XLD Agar has been recommended for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae (1) and for the microbiological testing. XLD
Agar was formulated by Taylor (2-6) for the isolation and differentiation of enteric pathogens including Salmonella
Typhi from other Salmonella species of foods, water and dairy products (7-11). XLD Agar exhibits increased
selectivity and sensitivity as compared to other plating media e.g. SS Agar (M108), EMB Agar (M022) and Bismuth
Sulphite Agar (M027) (3,5,7,12-15). The media formulation does not allow the overgrowth of other organisms over
Salmonella and Shigella (16). Samples suspected of containing enteric pathogens, along with other mixed flora, are
initially enriched in Modified Semisolid RV Medium Base (M1482) (17). It is also recommended by FDA (18).
The medium contains yeast extract, which provides nitrogen and vitamins required for growth. Though the sugars xylose,
lactose and sucrose provide sources of fermentable carbohydrates, xylose is mainly incorporated into the medium since it is
not fermented by Shigellae but practically by all enterics. This helps in the differentiation of Shigella species. Sodium
chloride maintains the osmotic balance of the medium. Lysine is included to differentiate the Salmonella group from the
non-pathogens. Salmonellae rapidly ferment xylose and exhaust the supply. Subsequently lysine is decarboxylate by the
enzyme lysine decarboxylase to form amines with reversion to an alkaline pH that mimics the Shigella reaction. However, to
prevent this reaction by lysine-positive coliforms, lactose and sucrose are added to produce acid in excess. Degradation of
xylose, lactose and sucrose to acid causes phenol red indicator to change its colour to yellow. Bacteria that decarboxylate
lysine to cadaverine can be recognized by the appearance of a red colouration around the colonies due to an increase in pH.
These reactions can proceed simultaneously or successively, and this may cause the pH indicator to exhibit various shades of
colour or it may change its colour from yellow to red on prolonged incubation. To add to the differentiating ability of the
formulation, an H2S indicator system, consisting of sodium thiosulphate and ferric ammonium citrate, is included for the
visualization of hydrogen sulphide produced, resulting in the formation of colonies with black centers. The non-pathogenic
H2S producers do not decarboxylase lysine; therefore, the acid reaction produced by them prevents the blackening of the
colonies (2).
Please refer disclaimer Overleaf.
HiMedia Laboratories Technical Data

XLD Agar is both selective and differential medium. It utilizes sodium deoxycholate as the selective agent and therefore it
is inhibitory to gram-positive microorganisms.
Type of specimen
Clinical samples - Faeces; Food and dairy samples; Water samples.
Specimen Collection and Handling:
For clinical samples follow appropriate techniques for handling specimens as per established guidelines (19,20).
For food and dairy samples, follow appropriate techniques for sample collection and processing as per guidelines (9,10). For
water samples, follow appropriate techniques for sample collection, processing as per guidelines and local
standards (8). After use, contaminated materials must be sterilized by autoclaving before discarding.
Warning and Precautions :
In Vitro diagnostic Use. For professional use only. Read the label before opening the container. Wear protective gloves/
protective clothing/eye protection/ face protection. Follow good microbiological lab practices while handling specimens
and culture. Standard precautions as per established guidelines should be followed while handling clinical specimens.
Safety guidelines may be referred in individual safety data sheets.
Limitations :
1. Slight precipitation in the medium may occur,which is inheritant property of the medium,and does not affect the
performance of the medium.
2. This medium is general purpose medium and may not support the growth of fastidious organisms.
3. Some Proteus strains may give red to yellow colouration with most colonies developing black centers, giving rise to
false positive reactions.
4. Non-enterics like Pseudomonas and Providencia may exhibit red colonies.
5. S. Paratyphi A, S.Choleraesuis, S. Pullorum and S. Gallinarum may form red colonies without H2S, thus resembling
Shigella species.
Performance and Evaluation
Performance of the medium is expected when used as per the direction on the label within the expiry period when stored at
recommended temperature.
Quality Control
Appearance
Light yellow to pink homogeneous free flowing powder
Gelling
Firm, comparable with 1.5% Agar gel
Colour and Clarity of prepared medium
Red coloured clear to slightly opalescent gel forms in Petri plates
Reaction
Reaction of 5.67% w/v aqueous solution at 25°C . pH : 7.4±0.2
pH
7.20-7.60
Cultural Response
Cultural response was observed after an incubation at 35-37°C for specified time. Recovery rate is considered as 100% for
bacteria growth on Soyabean Casein Digest Agar.
Organism Inoculum Growth Observed Lot Recovery Colour of Incubation
(CFU) value (CFU) Colony period
Salmonella Typhimurium 50 -100 luxuriant 25 -100 >=50 % red with black 18 -72 hrs
ATCC 14028 (00031*) centres
Salmonella Abony NCTC 50 -100 good-luxuriant 25 -100 >=50 % red with black 18 -72 hrs
6017 (00029*) centres
Escherichia coli 50 -100 fair 10 -30 20 -30 % yellow 18 -72 hrs
ATCC 8739 (00012*)
Escherichia coli ATCC 50 -100 fair 10 -30 20 -30 % yellow 18 -72 hrs
25922 (00013*)
Please refer disclaimer Overleaf.
HiMedia Laboratories Technical Data

$ Proteus hauseri 50 -100 good-luxuriant 25 -100 >=50 % grey with black 18 -72 hrs
ATCC 13315 centres
Salmonella Paratyphi A 50 -100 good-luxuriant 25 -100 >=50 % red 18 -72 hrs
ATCC 9150
Salmonella Paratyphi B 50 -100 good-luxuriant 25 -100 >=50 % red with black 18 -72 hrs
ATCC 8759 centres
Salmonella Enteritidis 50 -100 good-luxuriant 25 -100 >=50 % red with black 18 -72 hrs
ATCC 13076 (00030*) centres
Salmonella Typhi good-luxuriant 25 -100 >=50 % red with black 18 -72 hrs
50 -100
ATCC 6539 centres
Shigella dysenteriae 50 -100 good-luxuriant 25 -100 >=50 % red 18 -72 hrs
ATCC 13313
Shigella flexneri 50 -100 fair-good 15 -40 30 -40 % red 18 -72 hrs
ATCC 12022 (00126*)
50 -100 fair-good 15 -40 30 -40 % red 18 -72 hrs
Shigella sonnei ATCC
25931
# Klebsiella aerogenes 50 -100 fair 10 -30 20 -30 % yellow 18 -72 hrs
ATCC 13048 (00175*)
Enterobacter cloacae 50 -100 fair 10 -30 20 -30 % yellow 18 -72 hrs
ATCC 13047 (00083*)
Staphylococcus aureus >=104 inhibited 0 0% >=72 hrs
subsp. aureus ATCC
25923 (00034*)
Staphylococcus aureus >=104 inhibited 0 0% >=72 hrs
subsp. aureus ATCC
6538 (00032*)
Enterococcus faecalis >=104 inhibited 0 0% >=72 hrs
ATCC 29212 (00087*)
Key : *Corresponding WDCM numbers.
(#) Formerly known as Enterobacter aerogenes $ Formerly known as Proteus vulgaris
Storage and Shelf Life
Store between 10-30°C in a tightly closed container and the prepared medium at 20-30°C. Use before expiry date on
the label. On opening, product should be properly stored dry, after tightly capping the bottle in order to prevent lump
formation due to the hygroscopic nature of the product. Improper storage of the product may lead to lump formation.
Store in dry ventilated area protected from extremes of temperature and sources of ignition Seal the container tightly
after use.
Product performance is best if used within stated expiry period.
Disposal
User must ensure safe disposal by autoclaving and/or incineration of used or unusable preparations of this product. Follow
established laboratory procedures in disposing of infectious materials and material that comes into contact with
clinical sample must be decontaminated and disposed of in accordance with current laboratory techniques (19,20).
Reference
1.Chadwick P., Delisle G. H and Byer M., 1974, Can. J. Microbiol., 20, 1653-1664.
2.Taylor W. L., 1965, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 44:471-475.
3.Taylor W. L. and Harris B., 1965, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 44:476.
4.Taylor W. L. and Harris B., 1967, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 48:350.
5.Taylor W. L. and Schelhart B., 1967, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 48:356.
6.Taylor W. L. and Schelhart B., 1968, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 16:1387.
7.Taylor W. L. and Schelhart B., 1969, Appl. Microbiol., 18.393-395.
8.Lipps WC, Braun-Howland EB, Baxter TE,eds. Standard methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 24th
ed. Washington DC:APHA Press; 2023.
Please refer disclaimer Overleaf.
HiMedia Laboratories Technical Data

9. Salfinger Y., and Tortorello M.L. Fifth (Ed.), 2015, Compendium of Methods for the Microbiological Examination
of Foods, 5th Ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
10. Wehr H. M. and Frank J. H., 2004, Standard Methods for the Microbiological Examination of Dairy Products, 17th
Ed., APHA Inc., Washington, D.C.
11. Williams H., (Ed.), 2005, Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 19th Ed.,
AOAC, Washington, D.C.
12. Dunn C. and Martin W. J., 1971, Appl. Microbiol., 22, 17-22.
14 MacCarthy M. D., 1966, N. Z. J. Med. Lab. Technol., 20, 127-131.
15. Rollender M. A., Beckford O., Belsky R. D and Kostroff B. 1969, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 51, 284-286.
16. Taylor W. L. and Schelhart B., 1969, Appl. Micro. 18, 1387-1392.
17. Isenberg H. D., Kominos S., and Sigeal M., 1969, Appl Microbiol., 18, 656-659.
18. FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual, 2005, 18th Ed., AOAC, Washington, D.C.
19. Isenberg, H.D. Clinical Microbiology Procedures Handbook. 2nd Edition.
20. Jorgensen,J.H., Pfaller , M.A., Carroll, K.C., Funke, G., Landry, M.L., Richter, S.S and Warnock., D.W. (2015)
Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 11th Edition. Vol. 1.

Revision: 06/2024

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