DEVELOPMENT

Learning objectives:
 Evaluate how development goals differ among individuals and communities.
 Compare per capita income with non-income indicators like literacy and life
expectancy.
 Justify the need for public facilities in achieving holistic development.
 Critique the use of average income as a measure of national development.
 Analyze the Human Development Index as a composite measure of
development.
 Assess the sustainability of current development practices with examples.
 Debate conflicting developmental goals using real-life scenarios.
 Propose development strategies that balance economic growth with
environmental protection.
Pre-test
1. Which of the following is NOT considered a key factor in the development of
an economy?
 A) Investment in education
 B) High unemployment rate
 C) Access to healthcare
 D) Infrastructure development
2. Which of the following is an example of a primary sector activity?
 A) Manufacturing of cars
 B) Teaching in schools
 C) Farming of crops
 D) Banking services
3. What is the main goal of economic development?
 A) Increase in profits of businesses
 B) Increase in the income and standard of living of people
 C) Expansion of political power
 D) Growth of industrial sectors only
4. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a developed economy?
 A) High literacy rate
 B) Advanced infrastructure
 C) High poverty rate
 D) High per capita income
5. What does GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measure?
 A) Total wealth of a country
 B) Total income earned by citizens abroad
 C) Total value of goods and services produced within a country
 D) Total number of people employed in a country

What is Development?

 Development means improvement in lifestyle and well-being.

 It involves different goals for different people: more income, better
education, good health, security, and freedom.
  Example: A landless farmer may want more employment; a rich urban girl
may seek equal freedom as her brother.
 Key Idea: Development is not the same for everyone — different people can
have conflicting goals.

Income and Other Goals

 While income is important, it's not the only goal.

 People also want respect, equality, freedom, security, and non-material
things like dignity.
 Example: A secure job with less pay may be preferred over a risky job with
high salary.
 Conclusion: Development = Material + Non-material Goals

National Development

 National development means the overall progress of a country.

 People may have different and even conflicting ideas about what makes a
country developed.
 To find a fair path of development, it should:
o Benefit a large number of people
o Be inclusive, just and democratic

How to Compare Countries or States?

 The World Bank uses Per Capita Income to classify countries:

o High-income countries: > USD 63,400 (2023)
o Low-income countries: < USD 2,400
o India: USD 10,030 → Low-middle income
 Limitation: This measure hides income inequalities.
o Example: Country A and Country B may have the same average
income, but very different income distribution.

Income and Other Criteria

 We also need health and education indicators:

o Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
o Literacy Rate
o Net Attendance Ratio
 Example:
o Haryana has higher per capita income than Kerala
o But Kerala performs better in IMR, literacy and school attendance
 Conclusion: Per capita income alone is not a good indicator.

Public Facilities

 Income can't buy everything (like pollution-free environment or clean water).

  Collective provision (by government) of health, education, and safety is more
efficient.
 Example: Kerala’s success is due to good public healthcare and schooling.

Human Development Report (HDR)

 Published by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme).

 Measures development using:
1. Per Capita Income
2. Life Expectancy
3. Mean Years of Schooling
 Countries are ranked in the Human Development Index (HDI).
o Example (2022):
 Sri Lanka (Rank 78) is ahead of India (Rank 134)
 Despite lower income, Nepal & Bangladesh score better than
India in some aspects

Sustainability of Development

 Development must be sustainable — it should not destroy resources for

future generations.
 Examples:
1. Groundwater Overuse: Punjab, Western U.P. — water table is falling.
2. Crude Oil Depletion: World's reserves may last only 47 more years.
 Quote: “We have not inherited the world from our forefathers; we have
borrowed it from our children.”

Key Terms to Remember

Term Meaning
Per Capita Income Average income per person
Literacy Rate % of literate people (age 7+)
Infant Mortality Rate Children dying before age 1 per 1000 live births
Net Attendance Ratio % of children aged 15–17 attending school
HDI (Human Development UN measure based on health, education, and
Index) income
Sustainable Development Development without harming future resources

GIST OF THE LESSON

1. Meaning of Development
 Development refers to improvements in the standard of living, economic
well-being, and social progress.
  It includes factors such as income, education, healthcare, and employment
opportunities that contribute to the quality of life of people.
2. Criteria for Measuring Development
 Income: A major indicator of development. Higher income generally means
better standards of living.
 Human Development Index (HDI): This is a composite index used to
measure development. It includes factors like life expectancy, education
level, and per capita income.
3. Different Development Goals
 People have different goals based on their values, needs, and priorities. For
example:
o Urban Poor: They might focus on better job opportunities,
healthcare, and housing.
o Rural Poor: They might prioritize access to clean drinking water,
affordable food, and better agricultural support.
 People’s goals vary depending on their living conditions, but the common aim
is improving well-being.
4. Income and Other Criteria of Development
 Income: A higher income can improve the quality of life, but it is not the
sole indicator of development. A richer society does not necessarily mean
better quality of life for everyone.
 Non-Monetary Factors: Access to education, healthcare, clean
environment, and freedom are also essential for development.
5. National Development
 National development refers to the progress of a nation as a whole,
improving its economic and social conditions. It involves:
o Reduction in poverty
o Improvement in infrastructure like roads, electricity, etc.
o Social improvements such as healthcare and education
6. Sustainable Development
 Sustainable development means meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
 It focuses on balancing economic growth, environmental protection, and
social equity.
7. Comparison of Countries Based on Development
  Countries can be categorized as developed, developing, or
underdeveloped based on indicators like income levels, literacy rates,
healthcare facilities, and infrastructure.
 Developed Countries: These have high income levels, advanced
healthcare, and education systems.
 Developing Countries: These have moderate income levels and are
working toward improving healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
 Underdeveloped Countries: These often face low levels of income, poor
education, and healthcare facilities, and high poverty rates.
8. Public and Private Sectors in Development
 Both the public sector (government) and private sector (businesses) play
crucial roles in development. The government can provide essential public
services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure, while private
businesses can drive economic growth and job creation.
9. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
 The UN’s SDGs aim to achieve a better and more sustainable future for all.
They include goals like eradicating poverty, achieving gender equality,
ensuring access to clean water and sanitation, and promoting economic
growth.
10. Conclusion
 Development is a multidimensional process, not just about economic growth
but also about the improvement in the quality of life, social well-being, and
equitable access to resources. Ensuring development for all requires
attention to various factors, including income, healthcare, education, and
social justice.
POST-TEST
1. Which of the following is the most commonly used measure of development?
 A) Literacy rate
 B) Per capita income
 C) Human Development Index (HDI)
 D) Life expectancy Answer: B) Per capita income
2. What is the primary objective of sustainable development?
 A) Maximizing economic growth without considering the environment
 B) Balancing economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection
 C) Focusing only on environmental protection
 D) Focusing only on industrial growth
 3. Which of the following is NOT a feature of a developed country?
 A) High per capita income
 B) High literacy rate
 C) High levels of poverty
 D) Advanced healthcare system
4. Which of the following is a key factor affecting the quality of life and
development in a country?
 A) Only industrialization
 B) Income, education, and healthcare
 C) Only agricultural development
 D) Only military strength
5. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Human Development
Index (HDI)?
 A) HDI is based only on the per capita income of a country.
 B) HDI is a composite index that includes life expectancy, education, and
income.
 C) HDI only measures the economic growth of a country.
 D) HDI excludes the factor of literacy rate in its calculation..