ART IN EMERGING EUROPE  Revival of Roman theatrical plays – lead to Italy’s opera

MAJOR PERIODS IN WESTERN ART HISTORY E. MANNERISM

 1527 – 1580 Titian Parmigianino
A. ANCIENT GREECE  Product of the Renaissance period
 The development of Greek art can be divided into 4 periods  Artists would observe and emulate nature
 GEOMETRIC (900 B.C. - 700 B.C.)  Copying objects based on existing works of art
 ARCHAIC (700 B.C. - 480 B.C.)
 CLASSICAL (480 B.C. - 323 B.C.) F. BAROQUE “Venus with a Mirror” “Madonna with the Long Neck”
 HELLENISTIC (323 B.C. - 31 B.C.)  1600-1750 Johannes Vermeer
 “Baroque” is derived from the Portuguese term barocco which means
 GEOMETRIC (900 B.C. - 700 B.C.) “irregular shaped pearl”
 Marked the end of Greece’s Dark Age  Birthplace: Rome
 The Greek city-state (polis) was formed  Period when religion, politics, and art were strengthened
 The Greek alphabet was developed  Music flourished “Girl with a Pearl Earring”
 New opportunities for trade and colonization
 Construction of large temples and sanctuaries dedicated to patron deities G. ROCOCO Jean-Honoré Fragonard
 1699 – 1780
 ARCHAIC (700 B.C. - 480 B.C.)  This period began after the French King, Louis XIV, demanded more
 Placed importance on human figures youthful art to be produced under his reign
 Greece trading activities with other civilizations  Referred to as the “Late Baroque”
 Greek artists rapidly assimilated foreign styles and motifs into new portrayals of their own myths and  Baroque artists moved away from symmetry to more fluid designs “The Swing”
customs, thereby forging the foundations of Archaic and Classical Greek art
Titian Guilermo Tolentino
H. NEOCLASSICISM
 CLASSICAL (480 B.C. - 323 B.C.)  1750 - 1850
 Golden age  Movement in Europe that transpired during the late
 Their economy thrived and developed new levels of math, philosophy, and art 18th and early-19th centuries
 Peak of Greek sculpture and architecture  Dominant art movement that time
 Aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek
 HELLENISTIC (323 B.C. - 31 B.C.) and Roman into art and architecture
 The era of the conquests of Alexander the Great  Dominant principles during the Enlightenment Period
 Subsequent spreading of Greek culture throughout the major cities and nations of Southern Europe, the “The Assumption of the
Mediterranean, and Near East I. ROMANTICISM Virgin” “The Oblation”
 Sculptors pursued and perfected naturalism  1780 – 1850 Théodore Géricault
 Age of Revolutions
B. ANCIENT ROME  An art movement
 509 B.C. - 330 C.E.  Used the central themes of Neoclassicist artworks as a springboard
 Interacted with neighboring civilization such as the Greeks  Highlighted heroic elements
 Came of age during the Hellenistic period  Focal points: “The Raft of Medusa”
 Fusion of Greek and Roman culture in their artworks  Patriotic and Nationalistic Movements
The Colosseum
 French Revolution Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicino Ancheta
C. MIDDLE AGES  Emphasis on the goodness of mankind, emotions and
 A.D. 500 - A.D. 1400 “Church of Saint- “Cathédrale Notre- feelings of man
 Period between the decline of the Roman empire and the Étienne” Dame de Paris”  Promoted justice, equality, and social order
Renaissance
 Characterized by ignorance and darkness “The Swing”
 The church was the central figure of authority
J. REALISM Gustave Courbet
Romanesque  1848 – 1900
(1,050-1,200) Gothic (1,200-1,500)  Focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and somehow mirrors reality
 Heavily influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture
D. RENAISSANCE  Veered away from traditional forms of art
 Reexamined existing belief systems and traditions Michelangelo“The Stone Breakers”
 1400 – 1600
 Artists valued “individuals” as a subject of arts K. IMPRESSIONISM
 Artworks emphasized naturalism Pierre-Auguste Renoir
 1865 - 1885
“David” “Pieta”
  Started in France  This branched out not only in Europe but also in Russia
 Led to a break from the tradition in European painting  Evident in poetry and visual arts
 Incorporated scientific principles
 Allows the artist to emphasize the immediate impression he/she has of a particular event or scene
 Communication can be seen through brushstrokes, distinction of colors, and the lights and shadows used
L. POST-IMPRESSIONISM Fernando Cueto Paul Cézanne
 1885-1910 Amorsolo
 Emerged in France
 Result of both influence and rejection of impressionism
 Gave emphasis to defining from with the use of broken colors
and short brush stroke
 Works of famous artists of this period became the framework of
the contemporary techniques and trends during the twentieth “The Dalagang
Bukid” “The Large Brothers”
century

M. NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
 1886-1906 Paul Signac
 Response to empirical realism of impressionism
 Systematic and scientific techniques
 Georges Seurat
 Recorded optical sensations on a more scientific manner
 His color theories paved for the technique pointillism that utilizes
discrete dots and dashes of pure color
 Other artists include: Henri-Edmond Cross, Maximilien Luce, and Camille Pissarro “Golfe Juan”
N. ART NOUVEAU Alphonse
 1890-1910 Mucha
 Ornamental style of art was a break from conservative historicism, which was prevailing and
dominant theme concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry, and glass design
 Characteristics: asymmetrical line - usually is in the form of insect wings or flower stalks
 Line is done in such a graceful and elegant manner that somehow evokes ascertain power to it.
O. FAUVISM “Daydream”
 1900-1935
 Emerged in France Henri Matisse
 Use pure and vibrant colors by applying straight from the paint tubes directly to the
canvas
 Done to produce sense of explosion of colors in canvas COMPARISON OF THE ARTWORKS PRODUCED DURING THE DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS AND ART MOVEMENTS
 Painted directly from the nature and have strong and expressive reactions to how they
portray their subjects “Woman with a Hat” A, ANCIENT GREECE
 Introduced and promoted a picture space that is defined by the movement of color  Man was at the center of society
P. CUBISM  Freedom in artworks, literature, architecture Pablo Picasso
 1907-1914  Passionate about natural phenomenon
 Introduced by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque  Nature should be in perfect order
 2-dimensional surface of the picture plane  Showcasing emotions and depicting reality
 Focusing on a flat surface was a rejection of the dominant techniques like the use of perspective, foreshortening,  Sculptures emphasizing balance while showcasing dynamic poses and
and modeling emotions by the subjects
 Not obligated to copy texture, form, color, and space  Origin of theater and drama
 Presented new depiction of reality that may appear fragmented objects for viewers
“Girl with a Mandolin”
ARTIST ARTWORK
Q. FUTURISM Gino Severini
 1909-1914
 Started in Italy
 Highlighted the speed, energy, dynamism, and power of machines
 Themes: Restlessness and fast pace of modern life

“Dynamic Hieroglyphic of the Bal Tabarin”

 Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athenedoros D. RENAISSANCE
 Individual as a subject of arts
 Most famous sculpture during this period  Emphasizes naturalism
 Hagesandros, Polydoros, and Athenedoros from  Great emphasis of proportionality of the human body
Rhodes, Greece  Perspective of depth was added, element of space was explored, three-dimensional perspective
 Depicts Lacoon the Trojan Priest and his sons  Gave importance to non-religious themes/subjects
being strangled by serpents  Revival of Roman theatrical plays during special occasions at courts of Italian princes
 Lacoon instructed to keep the gates locked up  Plays showcased grand and lavish entertainment (songs, dance, elaborate stage designs and costumes)
because Trojan Horse might be trick
 Poseidon was enraged, sent serpents to strangle DAVID BY MICHAELANGELO
Lacoon and his sons “Laocoon and his Sons Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence, Italy
 17 ft and 12,000 lbs, sculpted from a single block of white marble
 The block of marble that was used to had been worked on more than 50 years earlier by
Donatello (marble was said to have had a flaw)
THE ILIAD By Homer THE ODYSSEY By Homer  David's eyes are flawed went unnoticed for centuries, Stanford University revealed that the
 Documents Trojan War (For 10 years, Gods taking  Three books: Penelope and Telemachus, Odysseus David's left eye gazes forward while the right eye is focused on some distant spot
sides, protecting favorite warriors, Trojan Horse, travels, Odysseus returns home Odysseus, Greek king
Helen of Troy) of Ithaca returning from the Trojan War on his ships DAFNE: THE FIRST OPERA
 Troy (2004) Brad Pitt as Achilles, Orlando Bloom as  Sea of Monsters, Island of Calypso (Nymph),
 Florentine Camerata decided to recreate the storytelling of Greek drama through music.
Paris, and Eric Bana as Hector Polyphemus (Cyclopes), Circe (Turn me into animals,
 Jacopo Peri (1561–1633), who composed Dafne (1597), which many consider to be the first
women into monster)
opera
 The opera was staged privately on the 26th of December 1598 in Palazzo Tornabuoni and
represented an attempt to revive the Greek drama.
B. ANCIENT ROME  Love story between the god Apollo and the nymph Dafne
 Fusion of Rome and Greek cultures are depicted in Roman artworks
 Romans more stern, harsh, and strong Known as the eternal one-sided tragic love story
 Principles of realism in their works, highlighting features of human beings  Apollo bragged his archery skills to Cupid. Cupid was enraged and he shot his golden arrow
 Known to be master builders, earned their reputation for grand monuments and architectural infrastructures ● Many at Apollo, evoking love. Cupid then shot his lead arrow at Dafne, evoking hatred. Apollo
Greek influences in theater and drama chased
ARTIST ARTWORK  Dafne, she prayed to her father, a river god, and before Apollo caught up with her she turned
Benvenuto Cellini into a laurel tree. This became
 Apollo's favorite tree.
 Almo dio che 'l carro ardente... " , "Da fortunati campi ove immortali... " , "Non curi la mia
pianta o fiamma o gelo

E. MANNERISM
Perseus with the Head of Medusa – Loggia dei Piazza del Colosseo, Rome  Product of the Renaissance period
Lanzi, Florence  Artists would observe nature and try their best to emulate it based on their observations
C. MIDDLE AGES  Directly copying subjects from existing works of art
 Church was the central figure and authority  Displayed distorted figures, Two-dimensional spaces, discordant hues and colors, lacked defined focal point
 Important artworks inspired by Christian scriptures (done by hand) GIORGIO VASARI
 Illustrations and decorations which highlight religious focus of the period Believed that excellence in painting demanded
 Great cathedrals were built refinement, richness of invention, and virtuoso
GOTHIC CATHEDRAL ROMANESQUE CATHEDRAL technique, criteria that emphasized the artist’s
intellect.
No longer regarded as craftsmen, painters and
sculptors took their place with scholars, poets,
and humanists in a climate that fostered an
appreciation for elegance, complexity, and even
precocity.
First known art historian
Mannerism artist
Duomo di Milano Milan, Italy Basilica of San Vitale Ravenna, Italy
 Peter Paul Rubens

“The Elevation of the Cross”

G. NEOCLASSICISM
 Aimed to revive Greek and Roman influence (to keep society in order)
 Calls to veer away from the extravagant arts made during the Baroque period
BAROQUE AND ROCOCO ARTIST ARTWORK
 Use color palettes and ornamentation in their work Antonio Canova
 Dramatic lighting and concept of time

ARTIST ARTWORK
Titian

“Paolina Borghese as Venus Victrix” “Psyche Revived by Cupid’s Kiss”

Jean Antoine
Houdon

“The Assumption”

Michelangelo
Caravaggio
“Voltaire”

H. ROMANTICISM
 Highlight: Heroic Elements (justice, equality and social order)

Theodore Gericault Eugene Delacroix Francisco Goya

“The Calling of Saint Matthew”

“The Raft of Medusa” “Liberty Leading the People” “Saturn Devouring”

I. REALISM
  Focuses on accuracy of details
 Mostly influence by Hellenistic Greek
 Artists worked within the context of revolution and social change

Gustave Courbert Honore Daumier Jean-Francois Millet

“The Evening Air” “La Récolte des Foins, Éragny”

Luce’s”
“The Wheat Sifters” “Third-Class Carriage” “The Gleaners”
M. ART NOUVEAU
J. IMPRESSIONISM  Ornamental style
 Abandoned traditional 3D perspective and rejected the clarity of form in arts  Long organic lines concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry, and glass design
 Goal is to achieve a more distinct brushstrokes, colors, light and shadows  Asymmetrical line usually in form of insect wings or flower stalks - evokes certain power

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Antoni Gaudi I Cornet

Berthe Morisot Claude Monet Gustave Caillebotte

“The Harbor at Lorient” “Impression, Sunrise” “Paris Street, Rainy Day”

“At the Moulin Rouge -The Dance (1890)” “La Sagrada Familia”
K. POST-IMPRESSIONISM Émile Gallé Gustav Klimt
 Influence and rejection of impressionism
 Broken colors, short brush stroke

George Seurat Edward Munch Vincent Van Gogh

“Celebration of Spring” “The Kiss”

“Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La
Grande Jatte” “The Scream” “Portrait of Doctor Gachet” N. FAUVISM
 Revolutionary
L. NEO-IMPRESSIONISM  Pure vibrant colors straight from the paint tube to the canvas
 Response to empirical realism of impressionism  Sense of explosion of colors
 Systematic and scientific techniques  Directly from nature
 Georges Seurat (Leading Figure) - His color theories paved for a technique, Pointillism. It utilizes discrete dots and  Strong and expressive reaction to portray subjects
dashes of pure color  Reject the conservative and traditional rendering of 3d space but, picture space - defined by movement of colors
Paul Signac Maximilien Luce Andre Derain Maurice de Vlaminck Vincent Van Gogh

“The River Seine at Chatou” “Portrait of Doctor Gachet”

“Portrait of Félix Fénéon” “Le Bon Samaritain” “Mountains at Collioure”
Henri-Edmond Cross Camille Pissarro
 Henri Matisse André Derain

“Woman with a Hat” “Open Window” “Bâteaux dans le Port de Collioure”

O. CUBISM
 Highlighted two-dimensional surface of the picture place
 Rejected, flat surface, existing and prevailing notion that art should imitate nature.
 New depiction of reality that may appear fragmented objects.
 Introduced by
 Pablo Picasso
 Georges Braque

Pablo Picasso Georges Braque Marc Chagall

“The Woman of Algiers” “Violin and Candlestick” “I and the Village”

P. FUTURISM Natalia Goncharova

 Speed, energy dynamism, and power of machines
 Restlessness, fast pace of modern life
 Prominent in poetry and visual arts ART OF EMERGING EUROPE (BOOK-BASED)

ART OF EMERGING EUROPE

“The Cyclist”  Art has been an integral part of European history. From the time of the ancient civilizations like the Greeks and the
IMPORTANCE OF ART TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN CULTURE Romans all the way to the modern times, art has been used to communicate ideologies and belief systems
 Art has played an important role in European history. prevalent within their context.
 Europe uses art to communicate.  Greek and Roman civilizations were also known as the Classical World because both cultures aimed to embody the
 Art, in this sense, is communication; it creates opportunities for people and generations to communicate with one highest possible standard of quality in all aspects of their societies.
another thoughts sights, sounds, and tales  When it comes to both art and architecture, both civilizations intended to promote the possibility of having objective
 Art is frequently used as a tool for change. and widely accepted standards for beauty. The influence and impact of both classical worlds are far-reaching.
 In this present age, we can learn about diverse cultures’ histories and traditions by examining the art of ancient  Most art movements have taken inspiration from certain artistic elements from the two civilizations.
civilizations.  There are different art movements that emerged within the different time periods in Europe. Each
 Ancient world art provides a great deal to current historians about the culture, values, and beliefs of movement has a distinctive characteristic to them highlighting the different trends and changes as they
these early civilizations. transition from one period to the next.
 Remember: Art captures what fact-based historical records cannot.
ANCIENT GREECE
 The Greeks were known to excel in various fields and aspects of society. For example, their political ideals
eventually became the framework for the democratic which remain interesting fields of study for contemporary
times.
 For those who form a government in modern times. They also valued poetry, drama, and philosophy, and
wanted to be involved in the arts-painting, sculpture, and architecture-one is required to have a certain
skill set and body of knowledge.
 The Greeks were known to place prime importance in the use of reason. For this civilization, man was at the center
of society and how they trained their minds Greeks were reflected in their democratic form of government.
  This certain level could be the very foundation of how they lived their lives. The humanist ideals of  The Romans were fond of the Greeks and their achievements in the arts. The fusion of Greek and Roman cultures
freedom were also reflected in their artworks, architecture, literature, and philosophy. The Greeks were can be seen in most Roman artworks. Some would argue that the Romans merely copied Greek art.
notably passionate about natural phenomena and believed that nature should be in perfect order. These  This eventually made the Romans produce artworks that are often looking stern, harsh, and strong. They
principles, belief systems, and ideologies are at the core of Greek art and architecture. also invoked the principles of realism in most of their works, highlighting the features of human beings.
 Aside from this, the Romans were also known to be master builders, which earned their reputation for
GEOMETRIC PERIOD grand monuments and architectural infrastructures.
 The development of Greek art can be divided into four periods:  One of their architectural achievements would have to be the Colosseum. This amphitheater was planned and
 Geometric, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic. constructed during the reign of Emperor Vespasian.
 The Geometric Period was a time when Greece was starting to get back from the onslaught of what seemed to be  One of its main uses was for entertainment purposes like public events and gladiator games. This
their Dark Ages. structure was a concrete manifestation of Roman builders’ craftsmanship which focused on logical
 It was a period when geometric shapes and patterns have taken the spotlight in most of the artworks. organization of the entire edifice
 Ancient Greece had a huge impact in the formation of Roman Culture. There are a lot of Green influences evident
ARCHAIC PERIOD in Roman theater and drama.
 The Archaic Period, on the other hand, placed importance on human figures.  Writers of comedy like Plautus and Terence have patterned their works to those of Greek works. Since
 This was primarily a result of Greece's trading activities with other civilizations. the Roman audience was not as enthusiastic about theatrical works unlike their Greek counterparts,
most plays had to be included in the Roman games.
CLASSICAL PERIOD
 The peak of Greek sculpture and architecture was during the
 Classical Period. Poseidon and Medusa
 It was during this time when the Greeks found themselves rebuilding their temples and focusing on creating
artworks. Just like the Greeks, the Romans valued their gods and
this was evident with their sculptures and artworks.
HELLENISTIC PERIOD
 The time of Alexander the Great was called the Hellenistic Period. During this time, art was primarily focused on
showcasing emotions and depicting reality. Hellenistic sculptures started to emphasize balance while showcasing
dynamic poses and a number of emotions evoked by the subjects. One of the famous Hellenistic sculptures is the
"Laocoon and His Sons." MIDDLE AGES
 The sculpture depicts Lacoon, a Trojan priest, and his sons being strangled by serpents. Their position  As the term denotes, it is the period between the decline of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance.
was a result of Lacoon's instructions during the Trojan War.  It was a period that is characterized by ignorance and darkness.
 He was instructed to keep the gates of Troy locked up because he felt that the wooden horse offered by  Another dominant characteristic of the period was that the Church was the central figure and authority of the period.
the Greeks as a gift to Athena was a trick. Poseidon, the Greek god of the sea was enraged by such  Since the Church was the most important figure, the most important products of the early Middle Ages
action which led him to send serpents to strangle Laocoon and his sons. would have to be copied from the Christian scriptures.
 The printing press came later after the Middle Ages, so copies of the scriptures were done by hand.
 These copies were also done with illustrations and decorations which highlight the religious
Laocoön and His Sons focus of the period. During this time, great cathedrals were also built. These cathedrals can
be categorized into two periods: Romanesque (1050 - 1200), inspired by the old Roman
This is an example of work wherein the Greeks emphasized the Empire, and Gothic (1200 - 1500), which had a more northern flavor from the Goths - vulgar
details of the body. Most subjects of their work included that of and barbarian.
the Gods from Greek mythology.
RENAISSANCE ART
 During the Renaissance Period, artists valued the “individual” as a subject of arts.
 The influence of humanism shifted the focus of some artworks during the Renaissance Period to empower the
 The origins of theater and drama can be traced back during the Greek civilization. The followers of Dionysus-the “individual.”
god of fertility-started the Greek theater.  Most artworks emphasized naturalism, which was also an influence of humanism since there was a great emphasis
 People who were devoted to Dionysus would dance during ceremonies while giving their offerings to on the proportionality of the human body.
their god. Eventually, the Dionysians devised a more structured form of drama mythologies. Eventually  Most artists also added perspective of depth wherein spaces were explored in different artworks.
the Greeks organized theatrical contests where the performances were held in front of large citizens.  This technique provided a three-dimensional perspective of most Renaissance paintings. Renaissance
artists also gave importance to non-religious themes or subjects. This was also brought by the
ANCIENT ROME privatizations of the art during the Renaissance Period, however most artworks remained religious in its
 The Roman Republic was established around 500 BCE. This civilization eventually transformed into one of Western focus and theme.
Europe's mightiest empires.
 Since they had expanded and covered many territories, they interacted with neighboring civilizations,
particularly with the Greeks.
 It can be said that Roman civilization came of age during the Hellenistic Period. As mentioned earlier, it was a
period when Greek culture's influence reached its peak in the Mediterranean world.
 Michelangelo, “David.”  Neoclassicism was a movement in Europe that transpired during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.
 It was the dominant art movement that time which basically aimed to revive and rekindle the influences of Greek
This sculpture is an example of how humanism was a and Roman into art and architecture. The ancient Greeks in Europe had placed emphasis on human reason and
dominant belief system during the Renaissance. There is keeping society in order. These very principles were also the dominant principles during the Enlightenment period.
emphasis on the details of the body of the human being.  Some historians would also say that this movement was a reaction to the artworks produced during the Baroque
Period.
 There was also a call to veer away from such extravagance in terms of
style and form of the Baroque Period.
 During the Renaissance Period, there was also a revival of Roman theatrical plays.
 These plays were performed during special occasions at the courts of Italian princes. ROMANTICISM
 The plays were done in such a way that showcased grand and lavish entertainment for the audience.  Romanticism, as an art movement, used the central themes of neoclassical
Aside from the song and dance numbers, they invested in elaborate stages and costumes for the actors. artworks as a springboard.
 Eventually, this would lead to Italy’s opera, which have greatly influenced their tradition of popular  Romanticists have highlighted heroic elements in their work.
theater.  During the Age of Revolutions, there has been a tremendous focus on
Theodore Gericault, “The Raft
patriotic and nationalistic movements.
MANNERISM of Medusa”
 One of the major revolutions in history would be the French
 Mannerism was a period in art history, which was a product of the Renaissance Period. Revolution. Such revolutionary movements became the focal
 During the Renaissance, artists would observe nature and try their best to emulate it based on their observations. point of most Romantic works.
 ○ As the Renaissance ended, artists started directly copying subjects from existing works of art.  The major and central themes of the Romanticism Movement include the emphasis on the goodness of mankind.
 ○ Most artworks during this period displayed distorted figures, two-dimensional Most works also promoted justice, equality and social order. Artists also emphasized emotions and feelings of man,
spaces, discordant hues and colors, and lack of defined focal point. which was a deviation from the humanist principles of rationalism.

BAROQUE AND THE ROCOCO REALISM

 The term “baroque” is derived from the Portuguese term barroco which is  Realism, as a style of work, focuses on the accuracy of details that depicts and somehow mirrors reality.
translated as “irregularly shaped pearl.”  There is a little room for imagination in this movement since emphasis is placed on observable traits that can be
 This is a suitable description that Rome was the birthplace of the Baroque concretized through artworks. Realism was heavily influenced by Hellenistic Greek culture since most artworks
Period, which according to some historians was a response to Protestantism. during that period placed emphasis on the human body.
 This period roughly spanned from 1600 to 1750. Although it was a period Gustave Courbel, “Burial at  Realism as a modern movement in art veered away from traditional forms of art.
following the Renaissance, it can be said that a lot of artists have developed Omans”  In a way, it revolutionized themes and techniques in paintings.
styles and techniques different from their Renaissance predecessors.  In addition, this movement also expanded and widened existing notions of what can be considered as art.
 Most artists used colorful palettes and ornamentation in their works. This was a time when Italy in particular,  Since artists worked within the context of revolutions and social change, artistic works began to depict real-life
strengthened not only their religion, but also other aspects like politics and art. events.
 Expansion was the central theme of this period, which became very much evident in the artworks produced during  Idealistic concepts and images were replaced by real manifestations of society.
this time. Motion and space were taken into consideration by artists like the use of dramatic lighting and the concept  There is a move to combine both art and life in artistic works since the modern world was suitable for subjects of
of time. art. These movements also reexamined existing belief systems and traditions.
 Aside from art, music also flourished during the Baroque Period.
 This is because people believed that music could serve as a powerful tool to communicate messages IMPRESSIONISM
that can evoke certain feelings among its listeners.  The impressionism movement started in France, which led to a break from the traditional in European painting.
 Baroque music was able to clearly distinguish loud from soft and solo from ensemble. Since the  Impressionism is a style of painting that emerged in the mid-to-late 1800s.
birthplace of this period was in Rome, it did not come as a surprise that most composers come from Italy.  Impressionist artists incorporated scientific principles to achieve a more distinct representation of color.
 This includes Vivaldi, Corelli, and Monteverdi. Eventually, the influence of Baroque music  The distinctive characteristic of this style is that it allows the artist to emphasize the immediate impression he has of
spread outside Italy and reached other parts of Europe. Other well-known Baroque a particular event or scene.
composers include Germany’s Bach and Handel.  The said impression is communicated by the artists through his work and can be seen through the brush
 Since Baroque composers, through their works, tried to evoke certain emotions from their strokes, distinction of colors and the lights and shadows used by the artists.
audience, they began to make more complex musical compositions and performances.
However, it can be noted that initially, this kind of music was limited only to powerful POST-IMPRESSIONISM
institutions like the Church and individuals like the patrons.  It is an art movement that emerged in France, which is a result of both the influence and rejection of Impressionism.
 Eventually, such performances would be made accessible to the middle class and the  Most artists that belong to this movement started off as
masses.  impressionists but later on saw the inherent limitations and flaws of
impressionism.
NEOCLASSICISM  This eventually led to the development of individual style that gave
 There seems to be a debate among historians as to the beginnings of modern art. There are accounts that would emphasis to defining from with the use of broken colors and short brush
attribute to the emergence of this kind of art during the French Revolution in 1789. strokes.
 However, other historians claim that it was the year 1863 when there was an emergence of modern
painting exhibitions.  SOME FAMOUS POST-IMPRESSIONISM ARTISTS:
 Paul Cezanne

Antonio Canova. “Paolina

Borghese as Venus Victrix”
  Georges Seurat  It is an early 20th century art movement that started in Italy, which highlighted the speed, energy, dynamism, and
 Paul Gaugin power of machines.
 Vincent van Gogh  In addition, common themes for works in this movement are restlessness and fast-pace of modern life.
 Later on, the movement’s influence branched out not only in Europe but also in Russia.
NEO-IMPRESSIONISM
 As an art movement, neo-impressionism is considered as a response to empirical realism of impressionism. GREATEST IMPACT OF FUTURISM IS EVIDENT IN:
 Most painters who subscribe to such movements rely on systematic and scientific techniques that have  Poetry
predetermined visual effects not only on the artwork itself but also how the audience perceives the art.  Visual arts
 The leading figure in neo-impressionism was Georges Seurat who recorded optical sensations on a more scientific
manner. FLIPPON TOMMASO MARINETTI
 His color theories paved the way for the technique called pointillism.  Italian poet and editor.
 This art technique utilizes discrete dots and dashes of pure color.  Coined the term “futurism” to reflect his purpose of disregarding the traditional methods of the art in the past.
 These elements are believed to blend with the viewer’s perspective.  He believes that art should embrace and embody change, innovation, creativity, and originality.
 OTHER NEO-IMPRESSIONISM ARTISTS:
 Henri-Edmond Cross LET’S WRAP IT UP
 Maximilien Luce  Throughout history, Europe has seen tremendous changes in its political landscape and social makeup, and
 Camille Pissarro witnessed transitions of different art movements on different timeframes.
ART NOUVEAU  The use of art as a medium of communication of different cultural elements originated from the Greek and Roman
 Between 1890 and 1910, countries from Europe and the United States witnessed the emergence and flourishing of civilizations.
a new art style.  These two civilizations have greatly influenced the succeeding periods in art history.
 The ornamental style of art was a break from the conservative historicism, which was the prevailing and dominant  There were movements like Realism that highlighted the primacy of individuality.
theme of most Western artworks.  Man being the focal point of most work is not new since the Greeks and even during the Renaissance Period
 This ornamental style uses long organic lines that are concretely manifested in architecture, jewelry and highlighted the “centrality of man in any society.”
glass design, among others.  The evolution of art in Europe helped them shape their culture, which was reflected in their societies.
 In most works, the defining characteristic of Art Nouveau is the symmetrical line that is usually in the form of insect
wings or flower stalks.
 The line is done in such a graceful and elegant manner that somehow evokes a certain power to it.

FAUVISM
 This is a style of painting that emerged in France around the turn of the 20th century.
 What makes fauvists revolutionary is that they used pure and vibrant colors by applying straight from the paint
tubes directly to the canvas.
 The fauves, just like the impressionists, painted directly from nature.
 The difference lies with how the fauves have this strong and expressive reaction to how they portray
their subjects.
 Most fauvist works reject the conservative and traditional renderings of 3D space.
 What artists did was they introduced and promoted a picture space that is defined by the movement of
color.

CUBISM
 Between 1907 and 1904, French artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque introduced a new visual arts style
called cubism.
 This style would later on have a huge influence on artists during the 20th century.
 Cubists highlighted the 2D surface of the picture plane.
 Focusing on a flat surface was a rejection of the dominant techniques like the use of:
 Perspective
 Foreshortening
 Modeling
 In addition, one of the things that cubism rejected was the existing and prevailing notion that art should imitate
nature.
 Cubists emphasized that they are not in any way obliged to copy texture, form, color, and space.
 They presented new depiction of reality that may appear fragmented objects for viewers.

FUTURISM