BASIC MATHEMATICS

IX A-STAR PHYSICS-VOL-I

BASIC MATHEMATICS
(b) Hollow sphere
MEANING
SYMBOL

in equal to
is not equal to R
is proportional to
R.
is approximately equal to
Ax the change in value ofx

dx the derivative ofx w.r.t. t 4

dt Volume R-R
indefinite integral inner radii
R, & R, are outer and
1. MEN SURATION FORMULAS 14 Cylinder
r:radius; d= diameter; h
V=Volume; A, = surface area

1.1 Circle

Lateral surface area = 2rh

r
D
V=r'h
|O:
Total area = 2rh + 2r
Perimeter or circumference: 2r = d
= 2r(h+r)
Area : r ' = - d ?
4 1.5 Cone

1.2 Sphere
Surface area = 4r =I²
h
4
Volume = r'=-nd
. 1.3 (a) Spherical Shell

Lateral surface area = ryr+h?

h=height

Surface area = 4r = nd Total area =

Volume of material used = (4nr )(dr)

V=u'h
 BASIC MATHEMATICS IX A-STAR PHYSICS-VOL-|
.6 Elipse ab
2
-sin y

=s(s- a)(s - b\(s - c)

a, b, c sides opposite to
b= base; h= height angles

a=semi major axis

b=semi minor axis
sa+b+)
Cruneene 1.10Rectangular container
a+b h
2

2r2 = ab
2= semi major axis side b,h
b=semi minor axis
L7 Parlelogram Lateral area = 2 (eb+ bh + he)
V=bh
.band hare sides of the container
2. BASIC ALGREBRA
b In algebra, x, y and z are used to
A =bh quantities that are not specified andrepresent
a, band
= ab sin 0 care used to represent constant values.
2 = side,h= height; b =base [a) FRACTIONS
=angle between sides a and b ac
18 Trapezoid 1
bd

a/b ad C ad t cb
3.
c/d bc 4. b d bd

atb ab
5.
a and b parallel sides h = height C C C

[b] FACTORISING
area =
1. x (a ± b) = ax ± bx
aand b parallel sides 2. (x ± y = x?+ y² + 2xy
h=height 3. x²- y² = (x + y) (x - y)
1.9 Triangle 4. x'+ y' = (x + y) (x? + y²- xy)
5. x -y=(x - y) (x²+ y² + xy)
lc| QUADRATIC EQUATIONAND Ro0TS
power
If analgebraic expression has 2 as the
nature.
of xthen it contains a quuadratic ex-
required
ax'+ bx + c= 0(a # 0) be the
pression, then real roots if
bh (a) this expression possesses no
area =
2 b² - 4ac <0
 BASIC MATHEMATICS

PHYSICS-VOL- I
IX A-STAR
3. Mathematically
identical roots if - 2) (n- 3) ..4 x 3
(b) this expression possesses n!= n =n(n -1) (n
b x 2 x 1
h²- 4ac = 0 and that root is 2a In = nn-]
roots
(c) this expression possesses two distinct 4. Examples
=6x5 x4 x3 x2 × | = 720
if b² - 4ac > 0 and the roots are l6
I5 = 120
-btyb'-4ac (Must remember)
2a
for
W.E-1: (i) Solve the following expression
40!
the value of t (where t denotes time) W.E-2: Solve the following expression 38! 2!
t²-4t + 3 = 0
Sol: t² -4t + 3 = 0 40!
Sol:
+4t16-12 4t/4 38! 2!
t=
b2 2 (40x39x38x37x36x....)
t= 1, -3 (38x37x36x....) (2xl)
hence rejecting negative value, t=1sec
(i) Find the real roots of the equation 40x39
= 780
x-4
-=0 50
x+3/2x -8
W.E-3: Solve the following expression 48 0
x-4 =0
Sol: |50 50x 49 x 48x47..
x²+3/2x-8 Sol: (:0=)
|480 (48x47...) xl
(x'-2) (**+2) =0 = 50 x 49 = 2550
x²+4V2x-/2x-8
x 4
(x'-2) (x* +2) = 0 W.E4: Find the value of xif6 +3 =0
x(x +4/2)-2(x+4/2)
Sol: 3x - 24 = 0: x==8
3
(x²-2) (*² +2) =0
(x+4V2)-(x-V2) lel Algebaric Series :
a)Arithmetic Series : a, atd, at2d, ...a(n-l )d.
(K-N2)(* +W2)(*² +2) =0 Where a is called the Ist tem; d is the common
(+4/2)(x-2) diference. The sum oftehseries uptonterms
n.2a +(n-l)d
(K+v2) (x' +2) =0 S, = 2
X=-J2 or x =-2 b) Sum of first n natural numbers
Since x' can never be negative for any real value n(n+1)
ofx 1+2+3+...tn is
2
X=-J2 is the only real root ofthis expres c) Sum ofsquares of firstn natural number
sion.
(d] FACTORIAL REPRESENTATION 1+2 +3 +..n' n(n+1)(2n +1)
6
1. Factorial is always defined for positive in
tegers including zero. The sum ofcubes ofthe lstn natural numbers
2. It is written as n! or lo and is read as n I'+2'+3". +..... +n3 n(n+1)
factorial.
 BASIKC MATNEMAY IMPROTANT:

Gemrs Serie
TKa )kgx or log,x are always defined
the uNin
0and so sometimes we do owrite them forx>
as log
Nor log, N.
2) Consider
Geri:ar
y logx
This function is only defincd for
x>0
So, we can say
0<a<l or a< 1

4, GEOMETRY
s.rcl 1 The distance dbetween two points P, and p
with coordinates (, y,) nd (x, y) is

DETERMINANT: This formula is popularly known as distance

fomula
2. The distance between two points P, and P
LD -bc
with polar co-ordinates (r, 8,) and (r, 0,) is
P

*s (t£ - be) - a,(b,6, - b,e,) +

t -s)
3. LOGARI THMIC REPRESEN 6,0,)
TATION AND FUNCTIONS
1. in = iogrstim to tbe base e, where 0, X
e=2718. (aiso calicd natural logarithm) m

2. kkg = kgarstn so te base 10

3.kog=lox d=PP,- +;-2(, cos{@, -0,)
4. kogx=2.303 kog If(a,y) be cartesian co-ordinates ofP, then
5. log(e)-x ,=, cos8, X, =I, sin 0,
6. log,
7. log, (xy) - logz +ogy
8. log,(x') - nlog
9
and 0, = tan
)
3. Alinear equation has the general form given
by
10. If logx =a y mx tc
Where mand care constants called the slope
Similarly if of the line and the intercept of the line ony
log, x = a x=e axis (see the figure)
 y) s d l 7 - s
12
unit
5 5

5 Equation ofacircle ofrius acentered at ongn

Ay =y:-y is x'y-*

(0.c)
ar(3-)
X

oo.0)
Slope ofthe line (m) is also the tan
0 where
makes with the
e is the angle which the line
positive x-axis.
Ay_ y:-Y,= tan 0 6. Equation of a circle of radius a centered at
’ Slope = m = Ax X-X (x,, y)is (* - x,} +(y- y} - a
mand ccan have either positive or negative
values
(a) lfm>0, he straight line has apositive slope
and 0 is acute.
(b) Ifm <0, the straight line has a negative
slope and 0 is obtuse.
(c) Ifm=0, then we have straight line parallel
to x-axis.
Three other possible situations are further X
shown in figure.
7. Equation of an ellipse with origin as its
()m>o centre is
c>0
X

(2) m<0
c>0
X
(0,0)
(3) m<o
c>0
4. Consider astraight line ax +by = c. Ifwe are
to find the perpendicular distance d (say)
between the line and a point P(x, y,), then
d= lax, +by, -c| a=semi -major axis
b=semi-minor ais
Na'+b
ie. perpendlicular distance of point(2,3) fom. Equation ofan elliyse with (*,y) as its centre
4x + 3y = 5 is
dL4)x(2) +(3)x(3) -S| (x-x,(y-y, a=semi -major axis
b=semi-major axis
a b
 Base
(b) os0
Hypotenuse h
(c) tan 0 Perpendicular_p
Base b
3. The coscant (coscc), secant (scc)
sent (cot) functions are defined as and cotn

sin 0

cos 0

cot
tan
I Eout retngula bypeola bxy 4. Quadrant I has all of sin, cos, tan
etc a
positive.
Quadrant I has sine and cosec as positive
and all other negative.
Ouadrant IIhas tan and cot as positive and
allothers ncgative
Quadrant V has cosine and secant as posi
tive and all other negative.
90°

Quadrant II Quadrant I
Sine and Cosed All positive
S. BASIC TRICONOMETRY positive Add"
180°. Sugar 0° (360")
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
=$73 tan and cot cos and sec
positive positive
Coffee
270°
5. sin (-0) =-sin 0 (ODD FUNCTIOS)
a tatigcu futuu detcd cos (-0) = cos 0 (EVEN FUNCTION)
Serts of de lan (-0) =- lan 0 (ODD FUNCTION)
These furxcuts c Gfuc toiows 6
Trigonometric Ratios
Quadrant| Quadrant l
994 (9-0) (360 + 0)
sin (9-0) = cos 0 sin (360+ 0) =sin ß
Cs (9-6) = sin 0 cos (360° + 0) =cosU
lan( -6) = cot 0
lan (360 + 0) =tan U
uadrant II Quadrantll
(9+0) (I80-0)
6 a= p e n d i c u l a r .
(a) sin Sin (9 + 0) =cos
0 sin (| 80° 0)
Hyputenuse os (9+ 0)
 Quadrant IIl Some nseful Trigonometric identities
Quadrant III () sin 9 cos 9-1
(180" + 0) (270"- 0)
(1) see'9-| tan 9
sin 0 sin (270-0)-cos 0 ( ) cosec'9-| cor 9
sin (180+ 0) = cos (270-0) --sin
cos0 (iV) sin (20)-2sin 9 cos 9
cos (180°+0) =tan0 tan (270"-0)- cot 0
tan( 180" +0) (v) sin 9--Zsincos
2sin 2
Quadrant IV Quadrant IV
(270° + 0) (360 - 0) (vi)cos (20) - cos 9 sin 9
(360° - 0) - -sin0
sin(270° + 0) = -cos0 sin
cos (360° - 0) cos 0 (vii)cos - cos'
cos (270° + 0) = sin 0
(360°-0) - -tan )
tan (270+ 0) = cot 0 tan | -cos 20)
(vii)sin' -
CAUTION 2
see
() While writing above formulae we must (ix) I -cos) 2sin
the quadrant in which the angle lies e.g.
(90° - 0) lies in Quadrant (), (90° +0) and
(180°- 0) lie in Quadrant (ll),(180° +0) and (x)| +cos 9 2cos
(270°- 0) lieinQuadrant (IlI), (270 +0) and (xi) sin (A B) sin Acos B cos A
(360°- 0) lie in Quadrant (IV) finally and sin B
(360° +0)lies back in Quadrant (I). Accord (xii) cos (A B)- cos A cos B
ing to location of the angle in aQuadrant, the sin A sin B
sin B 2 sin
values of sine, cosine, tangent have to be (xiii) sinA
assigned a sign. A -B)
(i) Further ifthe principle value of an angle is 2
odd multiple of 90° like (90° - 0),(90° +0), (xiv) sinA - sin B=2cos
(270º + 0), then sine has to be changed to A+B A-B
cosine, cosine to sine, tangent to cotangent and sin
2
so on. Similarly, no changes are done when (xv) cosAt cos B=2cos
principalvalue is an even multiple of 90° like A-B
(180°- 0),(180° + 0),(360° - 0),(360° +0).
7. Law of cosines for a triangle (xvi) cosA -cos B =2 sin
(A-B)in
(
A-B)

b 2 tan
(v) tan (20)=-tan 0

B 2 tan
(vii) tan 0 =
a' = b + ' - 2be cos a I- tan
b' =a t c-2ac cos
a'+b- 2ab cosy l+ cos(20)
8. Law of sines (Lami's theorenm) (x0) cos 0 = 2
|1- cos 0
sina sinß siny (w) tan Vi+ cos0
 BASIC MATHEMATICS IX A-STAR PHYSICS-VOL- |
6. EXPONENTIALAND ROOTS x

5. sinx = X ..., X 1S in radian

-n 3! 5!
xº = 1; = X
x? x

xln = 6. cosx= 1- -......, x is in radian

2! 4!
-n/m 1
X
7. tan X=x+
x3
2x +....., x is in radian
3 15
x For x <<1
-= xyn
yh (1+x)"l+nx sin x X
(x)m = Xn xm ex 1+x coS X l
x'nyln =(xy)/n In (1# x) +x tan x X

\1/n 9. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

x/n
1 (constant) = 0
7. BINOMIAL THEOREM dx

n(n-1)x? d
(1± x)n =1 ±nx + 2. -(x")= nx-1
2! dx
d
(1 ± x)n = 1 nx + n(n+1)2 3. d (Ky)=KY
dx
[where K is a constant)
2!
If x << 1; then d
(1+x=1±nx (neglecting higher terms) 4.
dx
-(Kx")= K(nx")
(1 ± x)n= 1#(-n)x = 1 Æ nx
Note:(1) When n is a positive integer, then expan (utv+wt.....)
sion will have (n+ 1) terms dx
5.
(2) When nis anegative integer, expansion will du
+
dv dw
I.....
have infinite ternms. dx dx dx
(3) Whenn is a fraction, expansion willhave
infinite terms. udy vdu
6. (uv) = +
8. SERIES EXPANSION dx dx dx
1.(a + b) = a" + du du
n n(n-1) -a-26 +... 7. dx dx
2!
2.(1 + x)P = 1+ nx +
dy_ dy du (Chain rule)
n(n-1)2 , n(n -1) (0-2),3 8.
dx du dx
2! 3!
d
x? 9.
dx
-[sin(ax)] =a cos (ax)
3. e* = 1+x+
2! 3!
d
X
10.
dx
-[cos(ax)]=-asin (ax)
4. log. (1#x)=x- 2 3 4
+

11.
dx
-[tan(ax)]=a sec' (ax)
NARAYANAGROUP
8
DA-STAR P WET DTorontiat thes
followngfetions

cosee'(a)
f e o t a ] - -a

Sols
d [wea)- asec (ax)
tan(ax)
( os 3x)
de
)cotax)
|--4 cosec(ax

() (cos 3) cos 3
e)-ae"*

de
(e)

16.
-xJe sinJ Z cos 3x
WEA:DiIrerentiate the following functionsw.rf
17. Js (xlog, a) x:(0) tan ([log(2x)| () coeLI
Sol:
dx
[tan (log (2)|
[Read as dee square y by dee
«quare'| let log, (2x) u
[also written as y' as jý| w.rt tan u -
WES:Diferentiate the following functions

dx
[log, (2x)|

)-2x+(-2)x =see' [log (2)}

2 Aliter
-2x
W.E6:Ditterentiate the followingfunctions w.r.tx [tan [log (2
:2x sin x
let log (2x)=
du
Sol:(2x
dx
sin x) tan u tan u
dx
Applying product rule d
2x
d d dy [log, (21))
dx (sin x) +2(sin x) ()x sin N let 2x =v
d
(2) d
d see' u d log, (v)
-2x (cos x) +2 sin x ()+x sin x(0) dv
- 2x cosx2sin x sec u. dx logv dx
 IX A-STAR PHYSICS-VoL
BASIC MATNEMATCS
L, an indepndent vanable

Subeituig the valacs ofu and

P(.y)

Geometrically, it gives us the

slope of a curve. instantaneo,
e
11. MAXIMA AND MINIMA
du In physics, we usually deal with thOse
tionss which have continuous and fun
Let us suppose a quantity y smooth graçh.
depends
another quantity xin a manner shown in
It becomes minimum at x, figure
iet anImaximum
Atthese points, the tangent to the atx
curvei
dv parallel to the x-axis and
its slope is
e')--cose udy dx tan =0.

=-coseeele 2x
WEA Diferentiae the following functions wrt
X,

Sul
dy
But the slope of the curve = dx
So for the maximum or minimum value ol
dy =0
y:
= soc (2 x) tan (2x'.(4x) dx
4x soc 2x* tan 2x Just before the minimum point, the slopeis
10. GEOMETRIC SIGNIFICANCE negative. At the minimum point, it is zero d
just after the minimum point, it is positive. I
OF dy
d dy the
dx increases atthe minimum poointie,
dy
dx
is actually the rale mcasurer which mca dy
rale of change of positive at them
sures the chage in value ofy adepended vari dx Is
able accord1ng o the change in the value of mun point, so
 BASIC MATHEMATICS

IXA- STAR PHYSICS-VOL-|

12. INTEGRAL CALCULUS

d(dy or
&y,0
dx
Considera functiony -fx)
dx(dx d
condition for the minimum value ofy dx
(fo)= gx)
Hence.

then g)de =[f(o - f(b)-f(a)

d'y
dy0 and dx? >0
Integration isjust the reverse process of dif
dx
the maximum value ferentiation.
Similarly, the condition for 13. GEOMETRICAL SIGNIF1CANCE OF
ofy is

dy0 and &'y0

dy?
dx
of displacement ofa particle
WE-10: The deference
determined by gx)
on limit in
B = t'- 3t' +8t
[velocity of
) Find the velocity of the particle
tangent (slope) of
aparticle at any pt is the graph at that line]
the curve ofthe straight line particle
() Find the line when the velocity ofthe
isminimum

()Find the minimum velocity velocity attained

by the particle b
ds
Sol: (i) v = dt
dy
As we have already studied that dx
gives us
d
-(-3? +8)
dt
the instantancous slope of thecurve.
V=3 - 6t + 8 Similarty,
(i) Applying the condition for minimum (or g(x)dx = f(b)- f(a) = area of shaded
maxima)
portion
dy Gives the area under the curve g(x) between
=0
dt the lower limit a to the upper limit b.
6t - 6 = 0 14. SOME INDEFINITE INTE
t= Isec GRAL FORMULAE ARE GIVEN
(ii) The minimum velocity of the particle is
V=3(1)°-6 (1) + 8 n+|
(n
n -1)
= | -6 =5 m/s
REMARK:
= log, x = Inx
While doing physics problens, when we are
asked to find the condition of either maxima
dx
or of minima we just have to cquate the =t*log.|a t bx|
at bx b
derivative (ofthe function to be ninimized or
maximized) to zero, rest can be visualized dx
pl1ysically. 4. ! x'+a' a
tan
 BASIC MATHEMATICS IX A-STAR PHYSICS-
44. [tan dN (a) llow fast isthetop of the
downthewall then? ladder
(b) At what rate is the: area of

46. (x+2) (+1'd

formed by theladder,
changing then?
walland(thehe\r grMan
(c) At what rate is tthe angle t
47. - -dx ladder and the ground changingbetween th
(x +I) 59, The sides of a square sheet is then?
at the rateeof 4cm per minute. increasin
isthe area increasing when .Atwhat
48. (cos' xdx ra
the siddes is
49. Find dy/dx in each of thefollowing: cm long ?
(A) y=x'-5x (B)y=3/x 60. Find an angle 0, which iincreases t
(C)y=x /(x +1) (D)y= (ax + b) fact as its sine. twice a
50. In each of the following evaluate dy/dx 61. Showthat the curvedsurfaceof aright
when x=2: circular cone of a given volume is leas
()y=8x-x' when its semi-verticle angle is
(i) y= 1/(r'-1)
51. For what values of x is the derivative of tan
(2x - x) is equal to 3?
S2. Find d'y/ds' ofy= xsinx. 62. Determine maxima and minima if any
53. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x. (a) y= x- 3s² +2
X+1 3x +4 x'+2x-11
(i) (x +2) (ii) 4x+5
(b) y=x+ 1/x (c) y=
X-3
63. Aman is standing at a distance of 500m
(ii) (iv)e(e =2.718) from a building, Hen otes taht angle of
VX
elevation of the top of the building is
dy 3.6. Find the height of the
54. Ifx= at' and y=bt, find
dx building.Neglect the height of the man
t
and take T=3.14.
55. Differentiate W.r.t, t. 64. A particle moves along the curve
1-t
56. Ify= cos(ax' +b), caleulate dy/dx. 6y =x' +2. Find the pointson the cure
57. Differ entiate elan w.r.t. 0, at which the y-coordinate sichanging S
58. A13-meter ladder is leaning against a wall times as afst as the x-coordinate.
when its base starts toslide away.By the 65. Spirit ina bowlevaporates at arate thats
time, the base is 12 m from the wall, the proportional to the surface area of the
base is moving at the rate of 5 m/sec. liquid. Initially, the hright of liquidin the
Y H, in time t,.
bowl is H,. It beconmes 2
How much more time
13m willbe needed for the height of liquid 0
H,
become
X 4
X
 EXERCISE - I
SURJECTIVE QUESTIONS 21. Evaluate : ['de
then dy/dy = ? 22. Fig. shows the eurvey-x'. Find the area
I. Ify= 'sint
oftheshaded part between -9 and =
(256)"" and 6.
8";: (iü)
2. Find (i)
tan (1110°)
. Find () sin 780°(ii)
cos 3°, (ii) tan 6
4. Find () sin 5°, (ii)
ind
dy
Ify=tanx then dx
5.
show that
6. Ify= cOsecx then
y'=- cosecx . cotx
7. Ify=uvw then y'=? XX
that
8. Ify= sin2x then show 23. Find first derivative and second derivative
y'= 2cos2x
of dependent variable
9. Ify= sin'x theny'=? a.y=x*tx +8 b. y-+3 C

10. Ify = 3sinx then y' =? S- St'- 3t d. o - 32- -21e

11. Ify=y'+ sinx + e then y' =? 4x'
c. y= --X
12. Ify=sin(x") then dyldx =? 3

13. Ify =x'+a² then dyldx =? g. 0 =

3 I
t
14. If y=X+Vx*+a' then dy/ dx =? i. y=6x'- 10x - Sx*
jy=4-2x -x}
15. If y=log. k+'+a then
dyldx =? k. r=+
16. Ify=x+ l/x, then (a) y' =? at x= 1(b) 3s 2s
y" =? at x=1. 12 4
17. Ify= sinx then y" =? atx = /2.
18. Ify =2x'-3x'- 12x + 13 then show 24. Find derivative of functioas by following
that
two methods (a) by applying the product
(a) dyldy =0 ’X=2 or-1 rule and (b) by multiply ing the factors to
(b) d'y/dx'>0 for x =2 and produce asum of simpler terms to
d'yldy?< 0for x=-1 differentiate.
19, If ax' + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2{y + a.y-(3-)(-t l)
b. y=(x- D(r'+x+ l)
c= 0, find dy
dx C.y=(x
20. If sin y = x sin (a t y),
prove that
dy _sin' (a+ y)
dx sin a
 MATHENMATICS IX A-STAR PHYSICS-
ied the deriative of functions using
dp
q a a t rnk 28. Find
dq
1
a. P=5+
cot q
b. p=(1+ cos ecq) cos q

c. P=
sin q + cOs q
K+0.5 Cos q

t-1 tan q
d. p=
t+t-2 1+ tan q

26 Find dy
29. Find derivative of rational
dx
a. y=x%4 b. y=x-3/5 powers
ay=-10x+3cosx C.y=3/2x d. y=-2/x-1
3
b. y-+5 sin x e. y-(2x+5)" f. y=xx' +1)?
C. y= cos ecx -4x+7 30. Find the value of dy/dx
at x= 1
dy=(seCx +tanx) (secx-tanx)
ey=(sinx + cosx) secx ()y-(2x +1y b)y-1
Cot x
£y=
1+cot x (c) y= (4- 3x) (d) y=\2-x
CoS X

1+sin x
4 1 () y=cos(1-x)
tan x
9y-2-}'
iy=
C¡S X

/y=xsinx +2xcoSX - 2sinx

) y= sin +co
ky=x'cosx -2xsinx-2cosx ) y= (4x +3)(* +1)>
ds 31. Evaluate
27. Find
dt
a. S = tant-t afa+)dx b.•(s-6x)dx
b.S = t - sect+t
c. J(2x'-Sx +7)dx
c. S= 1+ cos ect
|- cos ect
sin t
d. S=
1-cos t
 BASIC MATHEMATICS
I X A - S T A RP H Y S I C S - V O L - |

J4

h[(2x(1-x*x V2
e.[5 ds
-21

xdx
dt

k[-2cost)át Lf-Ssint)át h[4x dx if2s ds

m 7sind9 n[3cos S0d0
a
kx dx
dx
3 2.5

1.xdx m

4f4sin' ydy [cos Y

dy
b/3 3

(l+cos 4t dt n. .xdx
S 2 0

u.[(l+ tan' jie .f(2+ tan' oJae 34. Find dy for : x*+y= 5xy
dx
w. cot' x dx
35. Find dy ey= log
y cos (tan 0+sec 0) de dx

32. Evaluate the integral dy

36. If xy²=1, prove that 2 -+y' =0
a. [sin 3xdx b. [xsin(2x')dx
37. IfxÛ y'= (x' +y)", prove that x dx .=2y
dy

dy
2 38. Find ify= sin'x
qr -dr dx

dx 39, (**+ sin x+-+3)d

X

8<v3-2sds 40. cos(ax +b)dx

cOS X
41. -dx
sin' x
42. Evaluate:
X+2
33. Definite integral
7

a. xdx
-2
43. JVa' +x?
 SASIC MATHEMATCS
() How fast issthe top of the ladder-
down the wall then? slitin
(b)At what rate is ththe area of
formed bytheiladder, wall and
the triang
changing then?
the groun
(c) At what rate is theeangle
ladder and theeground changingbetthen?
ween the
. 59. The sides of a square sheet is
atthe rate of4cm per minute. Atw increasi
what
ng
is the area increasing when the sides irsale
3
cmlong?
49. Find dy t Én each of the following:
(4)y=r-St (B)y=3/ 60. Find an angle , whichiincreases stwice as
fact as its sine.
Oyt1) (D) y= (ar + b)³
61. Showthatthe curvedisurface of aright
. In each of the following evaluate dy/dr circular cone of a given volume is least
ben y=2: when its semi-verticle angle is
)y=&-r
(ü)y=1/(r-1)
S1. For what values of x is the derivative of
(21-r)is equal to 3? 62, Determine maxima and minima ifany
52 Findd'y dr' ofy= sinE. ()y=r-3r +2
53. Differentiate the following wrL L.
3x +4
x'+2x-11
x+1
() 4x +5 (b) y=x+1/x ()y= X-3

63. Aman is standing at a distance of 500m

1 from a building. Hen otes taht angle of
(iv) e (e =2.718)
elevation of the top of the building is
dy 3.6°. Find the height of the
s4. Ifr=at and y=bt, find dx building.Neglect the height of the man
and take n=3.14 .
S5. Differestiate W.r.t t 64. A particle moves along the curve
56. Ify= Car'+ b), calculate dyld. 6y =x'+2. Find the points on the curve
57. Diffeeetiae e w.rt. 0. at which the y-coordinate si changing 8
times as afst as the x-c0ordinate.
58. A13-meer lhdder is laning against awall
evaporates at a rate thatis
wbes its base starts to slide away,.By the 65. Spirit in a bowl the surface area of the
time, the bae s 12 mfrom the wall, the proportional to
base is moving at the rate of 5m/sec. liquid. Initially, the hright of liquid in the
Y H,
bowl is H,. It becomes 2 in time t
How much more time
13m will be needed for the height ofliquidto

become H,
X 4 '
X
 PHYSICS-VOL- J
IX A-STAR BASIC MATHEMATICS
EXERCISE - I
dv
HINTS & SOLUTIONS and v =coSx, V=
dx
1. We know that ify=uv then dy/dx =
dy du (cos x)= d(cos x) =-sin X
dx
dx dx
Here u =x² and y = sinx Hence y'= (sin x) (cos x) - (sin x)X cos x)
Sodu/dx=2x and dv/dx = cosx (cos x'
From (F4)
dv du y'=. (cos x)\cos x)-(sinx)-sin x)
dy/dx =u + y
dx dx
(cos x)
cos x +sin x 1
Hence dyldx =x'cosx +(sinx)2x =x'cosx + = sec* x
2xsinx cos x Cos X

2. ) (8)0 = (8)19 = (64)0 = (4)is =4 Remember y=tanx’

(ii) (256)2=(V256 =(16) =4096 dy = sec' x
dx

1
6. y= COsecx ’y=
Sin x

0.25
=0.18 ’y'e. (1'(sin x) -(1)(sin x)
4N2 141 (sin x)²
3. () sin (780°) =sin (2 x360°+ 60°) (0(sin x) -()(cosx)
= sin 60°=.
V3 (sin x)²
2
1 cOS X
(i) tan (1110°) =tan (3 x 360° +30°) Sin x sin x

= tan 30°= Thus y = COSecx

V3 ’y'=-cosecx.cotx
4. Fromseries expansions of trigonometricfunc- 7. y=u(vw) y' - (u) (w)+u(w)'
tions since 9 is small.
’y=uvwtu(v'wtw)
’y=u'vw +uv'w +uvw'
() sin 5° = sin 0.087 8. y=sin2x ’y=2sinxcosx
36
’y-(2) (sinx.cosx) +(2Xsinxcosxy
(ii)cos 3°= cos cos(0.05) >1 - (0)(sinx.cosx) +2[(sinx) (cosx) +
(sinxXcosx)"1
5. y=tanx >y= sinx/cosx (wvfom) y=2<cosx cosx +(sinx\-sinx)]
u'v-uv' =2(cos'x - sin'x]
We know that ify=u/v then y'= -2<cos2x]
9. y=sin'x >y= sinx.sinx
du ’y-(sinx)Y(sinx) +(sinx)\sinxy
Here u=sinx, u'=
dx ’y=coSxsinx + sinxcosx =2sinxcosx

(sin x)'= d(sin x) = COS X

’y'=sin2x
dx
 IX A-STAR PHYSICS-VOL)
BASIC MATNEMATICS
=X+Vx'+a?
IS. Let u
Then y =logu

dy!. du
du u x+Vx'+a' dx
Srsing *¢*y-() +(sinN)
X+x +a
+a
12 MxI P r Thenu d= n Hence
1ysinu du= cOsU
Thas d - dux du d =(cosu).(nx*) dy_dy du
dx du dx
X+x*+a'
Md :
disin 8) K+x'+a' Vx'+a? Nx+a
-= cos
16. (a) y=x+x*' y= (x) +(x'y
y =1+-)x’y=| -x?
awncos')
da') y= 1-1/x, Puttingx=I weget
y=1-|=0
(b) y' =1-x² ’y)'= (l -xy -(y
-(r
’y'=0 +(2) x' = 2/x'> value
d(x')
ofy" at x=lis 2/1 =2
Remark:
13. Putu=r-rdu dx =u= (x'+a) =
( r f = 2x+0= 2x d'y-means d (dy
dx dx dx)
d'y d (dy d(y') =(y')= y"
So
u
dx' dx dx dx

dy dy u 1 17. y=sinx,y =(sinx) =coSx

(YY=(cosx) ’y'=-sinx
Atx=2, y'=- sin(v/2) =-1
18. y=2x'- 3x'- 12x + 13
2,u Y=(2x'Y-(3x*y -(12x) +(13' =2(x*)
-3(*'y - 12(x) +(13)
Hence y-6x'- 6x- 12
y=0 6x' - 6x - 12 =0
=-x-2 =0
4l . x-2x +x -2 =0
x(x -2) +l(x-2) =0 x=2, x
(x+1Xx -2) =0
Vx'+a so, dyldx =0 X-2 orX=1
IXA-STAR PHYSICS-VOL-|
BASIC MATHEMATICS
y - 12x -6
AtX =2, d'y/dx= y"=12 x 2-6=
18>0 [cos y - xcos (a y)) dy
dx
= Sin (a+ y)
AX =-1, d'yldx= y" = 12(-1) -6= -18
<0 sin y dy
19. We have ax' + 2hxy +by + 2gx + 2fy +c
cos y - .cos(a + y) = Sin
sina +y) dx
=0
(a + y)
Differentiating both sides of this w.r.t. x, we
get Sin y
sin y = XSin(x +y) .x=
sin(a + y))
d(ax')+(2hxy)
dx
+(by²)
dx
dx
sin(a + y) cos y -siny cos(a +y)
+dx-(2gx) +dx (2fy) +(c)=o)
dx dx sin(a +y)
dy-= sin(a +y)
dx
a)+2h(y)+b(y)+ sin(a +y- y) dy
dx dx dx
-=sin(a +y)
sin(a + y) dx
2g -)+2 -(9)+(0) =0
or
dy sin (a +y)
dx sin a

2ax +2hy.1-bydx 21. 8 1_7

3 33 3
+2g.1+2f,-0
dx 22. The area can be divided into strips by drawing
2ax + 2h (xy' + y) + 2by y' + 2g + 2fy' ordinates between x =0 and x=6at aregular
= 0 interval of dx. Consider the strip beween the
2ax + 2hxy' + 2hy + 2by y' + 2g + 2fy' = ordinates at x and x +dx. The height of this
strip is y=x*.The area ofthis strip is dA =y
dx =x² dx.
y'= -(ax +hy +g)
hx +by +f
20. By differentiating both sides of the given re
lation w.r.t x, we get

(sin y) =dx xsin(a +y)}

Ax
’cos y,y -1,sin(a +y) The total area of the shaded part is obtained
dx by summing up these strip- area with xvarying
from 0 to 6. Thus,
+x cos(a + y). dx (a+y)
Cosy dy
dx =sin(a +y) +txcos(a+y) dx
216-0
dy -=72
cosy dx -x cos(a +y) =sin(a + y) 3
 IX A-STAR
ASC MANMATCS
27. a. sect -1
2 cos ect. cot t
PHYSICS-VOL
h. 21-sect. lann

C.
((-cos ect)
4 i r -4z: 126r'-42 +42 Cost
28. a. sec'q b.-sinq- -cosec'q
sec» q
c. sec'q d.
(l+ tan q)
9
b. 3 1

-4 24 3
C. d.

- 10-10; 12-30x Vx-1

(2x +5)2
1
f. 2x*+x+1
Nx'+1
30. (a) 810 (6) 24 (c)-15
1-19i 1294-40: 240-48e+ (e)-cosec1) () zero (d)
(h) 3r/2 (i)3773/16
24 -S- 1'- 2x-3
31. a 2
x+c b. Sx6x'

-+7x+c d, In xX I
33
3 2
19 -2(x'+x+1)
b
(r'-I 4
r+1+4 h. x'++c
8-7*yte X

(z+0.5 2
r-+1 i21"-c j.-2r-'
3
(t+-2) k -2sint+c I.-5cost +c
3
26. a -10- 3sm b. Scos I m. -21cos +c
n.sin 50 +c
5
3
tan x +
p.
0. +3cotx +c
-cosec's sin 2y
e. sec
(1+caxy 42y-sin2y]+c r.
14 28
Sin 6t
-1 6.-Sin 4t 2 12
b. 4an xSOCI-COSec' 2 8 V.0+ tan0+c

U. tan 0+c X. 2x cotx

cos % W. -cot x-x+c
j x'cosx k-x'sinx
y. -cos0 +0+c
 BASI

IXA-STAR PHYSICS.VOL-|
|43
b --cos2*')+e 44. tan x-x +C
c o sJ x De'-8r +32]
(2/15)N+2
45.
J2. a.
-1(|+x) +C
12 46. log(l +x)
+;
47. log, (x+) J+X
e.
-of-}'e 3- s i n x + s i n 3x +C
48. 4
12
-3
(b)
49. (a) 2x -5

(d) 2a (ax + b)
c.
(e) (x +I'
b. -80 -4
33. a.15
50. (i)-4 (i)

d. 4 e. 2.75 f. 21 51. x=tl

52. 2 cosX -x sinx
-I
h.. 262
i.. b²- a' -X
(i) (4r+5)
n.
b 53. (0 (x+ 2)
1 m..
243
k 1.3
(iv) zero
0. 96 (iiü) 2x/2
3bt
34. 54.
y-x 2a

y(xe*-1) 31?
35.
x(ye-1) 55.

sin-! logx
(
38 xSin'
S6. 2ax sin x (ax²+ b)
X
S7. elansec*0
x 58. (a) 12 m'sec, (b) 84.5, (c) 12/5
39. -cos x+log, x +3x 59. 64
3
sin (ax + b) 60. 0= 3
40.
a
-1
62. (a) max (0,2); min (2,-2),
41. (b) max (-1,-2); min (1, 2),
2 sin x
(c)max (1,4), min (5, 12)
63. 31.4Om
42. () 2In (x
+I)-(atI) 0=3.6° =x3.6 rad
Sol:
180
(i)
 BASIC AATNEMATICS
dh
tne a n
dt
is a negative quantity,
dh -k dt

h-H, =-kt
h=H, -kt
-StOA-S00x 0 0628m
EXERCISE - II
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. Ir -x+-y =a(x'-y') prove
dy x?
that
dx

2. Differentiate the.following functions with

respect to x :(sin x)eos x

3. Find dy in the following cases :

Corading Ycoordinates are dx

31 ()x=acos t+log tan ? and y=asint

2

(ii) x=a(0sin0) and y = a (1-cos 0)

(l+x²-1 X W.r.t. v
4. Differentiate tan-! X

= (an- I.
5. Differentiate logsin x w.r.t. Jcosx
Aman 2 metre high walks at a
uniform
Eof rSs SOCtion of the bowi at 6.
Letue from a
icigir tbe A speed of 6metres per minute away
the rate at
lamp post, 5 metres high. Find
Le tr cggeGorcast by db in furthe interval increases.
which the length of his shadow
the rate
Voiue td evaraes =A h 7. Water runsinto a conical tankat
the water level
of 9 cm/sec. How fast is the
Adi water level in and
As per tic queson rising when the height of 10cm
tank is 6cm? Height of cone is
A
dh radius is5 cm.
-kA along the curve
8. Ajet of an enemy is flying at the
point

Where k is apstyeconstant. We haveplaced y+2. Asoldier is placed distance be-

a negative sign because h is decreasing with (3, 2). What is the nearest
tween the soldier and the jet?
 PHYSICS.VOL- I
IX A-STAR BASIC MATHEMATCS
9. Where isthe minimum ofthe potentialen- 18. Apartiele of mas 19' kgis moving along
ergy occur in U() 100- S0x + 1000, the positive t-axis under the infuence of
Jjouke aforce

10. The height hreached by a particle thrown F() --K/(2), where K- 10 Nm. At
as a function of time t is given by: time t-0, it is at x- 1.0m and its velocity
0s v =0
h=ut-gt' where uand gare constants (a) Find its velocity when its reaches
0.50 m
(u= initialspeed; g=acceleration due to (b) Find the time at which it reaches -
gravity. Find the time t when his maximum) 0.25m
11. Evaluate:
19 Find the derivative of the functions
2x+5
0)7,5-1 a. p=3-t b.q=v2r -r
4
c. S=.
-sin 3t cos St
1+ tan X 3r

3rt 3t
d. S= sin 2
+ Cos
e+e 2
12. Evaluate :
20. y = log, (secx +tan x) +c then y?
o [sin' xcos' xdx 21. y= log, tan(x/2) then y ?
22. Differentiate the follow ing functions with
() Jsin' xcos'xdx respect tox:
13. Evaluate: () log (secx +tan )
dx dx a +bcos x)
Va'-x?: (i) Sin
b+acosx
dx
23. Find dy when y=tlogr
dy sin 3x
9
24. Differentiate the following functions w.r.t.
4. Evaluate : dx

T)
25. Find
dy
15. Evaluate :
dx ify = +(sinv)'
dy .sec x. logx
ify=
16. Evaluate: j-3jd0
26. Find
dx VI-2x
17. The momentum pof a
particle changes
with time according to the relation:
dp =10N
dt +(2N/s)t, Ifhe monentum is 28.
d

zero att=0. What willthe momentunm be

at t= 10s,
 BASIC MATNEMATICS dh
hmand
dt
is anegative quantity
dh =-k dt

ja-ajo
h-H, -At

hH,-kt

EXERCISE - II
SUBJECTIVE QUESTlONs

dy_ x* - y
that

2. Difflerentiate the following functions with

respect to I:(sin x)eo

3. Find
dy in the following cases :
dx
Coding Ycoordnates are

and y=a sin

()x=a(0- sin6)and y=a(1 - cos )

X
4. Differentiate tan X

= tan .
d x
5. Differentiate log sinx w.r.t. Jcos
uniforn
at6. A man 2 metre high walks at a
of the bowl minute away froma
Le tle ac o cross sCction speed of6metres per
high. Find the rate
interval lamp post, 5metres shadow increaso.
Le tr ieigr doxas b in futa whích the length of his
runsinto a conical tank at the ralt
7. Water
Volue td cvaprác =A h fast is the water levd
of 9cm'/sec. How the
Adi when the height of water leveleminand
rising cone is 10
As per tc qucsoo o
tank is 6cm? Helghtfof
radius is S cm. curx
A
dh the
-A
is flying alongg poinl
dt 8. Ajet ofan enemy atthe be
y'+2.A soldier isj placed
Wherek is apaitye cunislat Wehavcplaccd
distance

ancgative sign becauseb is decrcasig

with (3, 2), What Is the nearest
jet?
I9een the soldler and the
IX A-STAR PHYSICS-VOL-|
BASIC MATHEMATICS
Where is the minimumof the potential en- 18. Apartiele of mass 19kgis moving
9.
U() 100 - 50x+ 1000, the along
ergy occur in positive t-axis onder the inluence of
aforce
joule
10, The height h reached by a particle thrown F()--K/(2'), where K 19Nm. At
as afunction of time t is given by: time t- 0, it is at -1.0m and its velocity
is v =9

h=ut-gtwhere uandgare constants (a) Find its velocity when its reaches -
0.50 m
(u= initial speed: g =acceleration due to (b) Find the time at which it reaches -
gravity. Find the time t when h is maximum) 0.25m
11. Evaluate :
19 Find the derivative of the funetions
-dx a. p=3-t b. q=v2r-r
4
c.S= -sin 3t cos St
1+ tan x 3r

3rt
d. S= sin"2) +COS

12. Evaluate :
20. y=log, (secx +tan x) +c then y?
0 sin' xcos'xdx 21. y=log, tan(x/2) then y' ?
22. Differentiate the ollowing funetions
() [sin' xcos'x dx respeet to x:
with
13. Evaluate: () log (sec x + tan x)

(ii) sin a +bcos x)

Va'-y? b>a
a
b+acos x
dx
Va'+x? () [va'+x* dx 23. Find dy when y= logr
dx sin 3x
dx 24. Differentiate the follow ing functioas w.rt.
14. Evaluate:
25. Find
dy
15. Evaluate : ily = (sin v)'
dx

dy esec x. log x
16. Evaluate: jt-3jd
0
26. Find dy ify
VI-2x
17. The nmomentumpofa
with time according to particle changes d
27.
the relation:
P=10N+(2N/s)t, Ifthe momentumis
dt
28. ,+e
dx
zero at t=0. What will the
at (= 1Os, nomentum be

NARAY