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Lecture 1 Physics MB

The document outlines the two main categories of forces: contact forces, which require physical contact between objects, and non-contact forces, which act at a distance. It details various types of forces within these categories, such as frictional, normal, tension, gravitational, and magnetic forces, along with their definitions and examples. Additionally, it introduces magnetism, explaining the properties of magnets, magnetic fields, and their real-life applications.

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muhammad.bilal.siddiqui.2006
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4 views9 pages

Lecture 1 Physics MB

The document outlines the two main categories of forces: contact forces, which require physical contact between objects, and non-contact forces, which act at a distance. It details various types of forces within these categories, such as frictional, normal, tension, gravitational, and magnetic forces, along with their definitions and examples. Additionally, it introduces magnetism, explaining the properties of magnets, magnetic fields, and their real-life applications.

Uploaded by

muhammad.bilal.siddiqui.2006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TYPES OF FORCES

Forces can be divided into two main categories:

1. Contact Forces
These forces require physical contact between objects.

a) Frictional Force

• Definition: A force that resists motion between two surfaces in


contact.
• Direction: Acts opposite to the direction of motion.
• Example:

If you push a book across a table, it slows down because of friction


between the book and table.

b) Normal Force

• Definition: A force that acts perpendicular to the surface when


an object is placed on it.
• Example:

A cup resting on a table is pushed up by the table’s normal force,


balancing the cup’s weight.
c) Tension Force

• Definition: A pulling force transmitted through a rope, string,


or cable.
• Example:

A hanging lamp is held up by the tension in the cable it hangs from.

d) Applied Force

• Definition: A force applied to an object by a person or another


object.
• Example:

You pushing a box across the floor — your hands are applying a force.

e) Air Resistance (Drag)

• Definition: A type of friction that occurs when objects move


through air.
• Example:

A skydiver falls slower after opening a parachute due to increased


air resistance.

f) Spring Force

• Definition: The force exerted by a stretched or compressed


spring.
• Example:

When you stretch a spring in a toy gun and release it, the spring
force launches the toy dart.
2. Non-Contact (Action-at-a-Distance) Forces
These forces act even when the objects are not touching.

a) Gravitational Force

• Definition: The force of attraction between objects with mass.


• Example:

When you drop your phone, gravity pulls it down toward the ground.

b) Electrostatic Force

• Definition: The force between electrically charged objects.


• Like charges repel; opposite charges attract.
• Example:

Rubbing a balloon on your hair transfers electrons. The balloon then


sticks to a wall due to electrostatic attraction.

c) Magnetic Force

• Definition: The force between magnetic materials or between


magnets.
• Example:

A magnet attracts iron nails. The force acts even if there’s a small
gap between them.

BONUS: Newton’s Laws and Force in Action


1. First Law (Inertia):
a. A ball on a flat surface keeps rolling unless friction or
another force stops it.
2. Second Law (F = ma):
a. A shopping cart accelerates more when you push it harder
(force ↑ = acceleration ↑).
3. Third Law (Action = Reaction):
a. When you jump off a boat, the boat moves backward.
INTRODUCTION TO MAGNETISM

What is Magnetism?

Magnetism is a force that can attract or repel certain materials. This


force is invisible but very real — you can feel it when magnets push
or pull on each other or on metal objects.

What is a Magnet?

A magnet is an object that produces a magnetic field and can attract


materials like iron, steel, nickel, and cobalt.

➤ Every magnet has two poles:

• North Pole (N)


• South Pole (S)

Important Rule:

• Like poles repel (N–N or S–S push each other away)


• Unlike poles attract (N–S pull toward each other)

Example:

• Two fridge magnets placed with the same poles facing each other
will push apart.
• A magnet picking up paper clips shows magnetic attraction.
Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Materials

Magnetic (Attracted by Non-Magnetic (Not


magnets) attracted)
Iron Plastic
Steel Wood
Nickel Paper
Cobalt Glass

Example:

• A magnet attracts a steel spoon but not a plastic one.

Magnetic Field

A magnetic field is the area around a magnet where magnetic force is


felt.

We can’t see the field, but we can see its effect (like when iron
filings line up around a magnet).

Magnetic Field Lines:

• Go from North Pole to South Pole


• Closer lines = stronger field

Example:

• Sprinkle iron filings around a bar magnet — they form curved


lines between the poles.

Types of Magnets

Permanent Magnet

• Always magnetic.
• Example: Fridge magnet, bar magnet

Temporary Magnet

• Becomes magnetic only when near a magnet or electric current.


• Example: Iron nail becomes magnetic when touched by a strong
magnet.

Making a Magnet (Magnetisation)

You can make a magnet by:

• Stroking an iron object with a magnet (aligns particles).


• Using electric current (see electromagnetism).

Example:

• Rub a bar magnet on a steel nail — the nail becomes a weak


magnet.

Losing Magnetism (Demagnetization)

Magnets can lose strength or stop working if:

• Heated
• Dropped hard
• Hammered
• Stored incorrectly (e.g., poles touching each other)

Example:

• A magnet dropped several times may not pick up paper clips


anymore.
Uses of Magnets in Real Life

Use How Magnetism Helps


Compass Needle points to Earth's magnetic north
Fridge Door Magnet seals the door shut
Speakers Magnets move the cone to create sound
MRI Machines Use strong magnetic fields to scan your body
Use magnets to float and move without
Maglev Trains
friction

Earth as a Giant Magnet

• The Earth itself is a huge magnet.


• It has a magnetic field with a north and south pole.
• That’s why a compass needle always points north — it aligns with
Earth’s magnetic field.

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