EXPERIMENT | 6 AIM ‘To study T.S. of blastula through permanent slide. REQUIREMENTS: Permanent slides, microscope. ‘THEORY Soxuall reproduction involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form zygote which undergoes division and differentiation to form embryo, which gradually grows into an adult. The initial divisions of the zygote are called cleavage and these are complete divisions 0 are also called holoblastic divisions. The cells formed are known as blastomeres which further divide to form a ball of blastomeres called morula. Dividing zygote moves down the fallopian tube and reaches uterus on the third day after fertilization, As morula absorbs nourishment from uterus wall and the absorbed fluid accumulates in a cavity formed by movement of cells (blastomeres) towards the periphery. The cavity is known as blastocoel and the whole structure is now called as blastula or blastocyst. The outermost layer of cells is known as trophoblast or trophoectoderm and the rest of the cells constitute inner cell mass. When the blastocyst reaches uterus, zona pellucida gradually disappears enabling cells of trophoblast to come in contact with cells of endometrium, Between 6th and 9th day after ovulation, blastocyst gets implanted within the cells of the endometrium and the process is called implantation. Cells of trophoblast form villi which penetrates cavities or erypts of uterus. The cells of inner cell mass differentiate, at an early stage into outer layer of cells~ ectoderm, inner layer-endoderm and at later stage mesoderm is formed and these three germ layers give rise to all the tissues of developing embryo and this process of formation of germ layers is called gastrulation. PROCEDURE Observe the slide under compound microscope OBSERVATIONS: 'T.S. through Morula Shows: 1. Spherical mass of cells called blastomeres. 2. Outermost layer is the zona pellucida. 'T.S. through Blastula Shows: Outermost layer is zona pellucida followed by trophoblast. Within the envelope there is a fluid filled cavity called blastocoel. . Mass of cells inner to the trophoblast is called inner cell mass which develops into embryo. Side of blastocyst which contains inner cell mass is called embryonic or animal pole while the opposite pole is called vegetal pole. sepe Zona pellucida Zona peliucida Blastomeres. Blastocoot Trophoblast (Trophoectoderm) Fig. Morula Fig. Blastula Experiments 81TS. through Gastrula: 1. Shows trophoblast as the outermost layer. Y 2, Inner cell mass is differentiated into three germ layers called endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm, Fig. Gastrula Ectodorm Mosoderm Endoderm Biastocost Trophoblast VIVA VOCE Q.1. Define morula. Ans. A solid ball of cells called blastomeres formed after cleavage of zygote. Q.2. What is implantation? Ans. It is an attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall. Q.. When does it take place? Ans. After about 7 days of fertilization, Q4. Define blastocyst. Ans. It is a hollow ball of cells with cavity called blastocoel.