INTERNSHIP REPORT

1. INTRODUCTION

2.HISTORY

3. LAYER OF INTERNET OF THINGS:

4. FEATURES OF IOT

5.COMPONENTS USED

6.PROGRAM

7.CONCLUSION

8.REFERENCE
ABSTRACT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing various sectors by enabling devices to

communicate and share data. This internship project focuses on developing a Fire Alarm
Circuit is a simple circuit that detects the fire and activates the Siren Sound or Buzzer. Fire
Alarm Circuits are very important devices to detect fire in the right time and prevent any
damage to people or property.
Fire Alarm Circuits and Smoke Sensors are a part of the security systems which help in
detecting or preventing damage. Installing Fire Alarm Systems and Smoke Sensors in
commercial buildings like offices, movie theatres, shopping malls and other public places is
compulsory.
There are many expensive and sophisticated Fire Alarm Circuit in the form of stand-alone
devices, but we have designed five very simple Fire Alarm Circuits using common
components like Thermistor, LM358, Germanium Diode, LM341 and NE555. This is a very
simple alarm circuit using Thermistor, LM358 Operational – Amplifier and a Buzzer. The
primary purpose of fire alarm system is to provide an early warning of fire so that people can
be. evacuated & immediate action can be taken to stop or eliminate of the fire effect as soon
as possible. Alarm can be. triggered by using detectors or by manual call point (Remotely).
1. INTRODUCTION

INTERNET OFTHINGS:

IoT stands for Internet of Things. It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices,
such as appliances and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity
which enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology allows for the
collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices, creating opportunities for
more efficient and automated systems.
Internet of Things (IoT) is the networking of physical objects that contain electronics
embedded within their architecture in order to communicate and sense interactions amongst
each other or with respect to the external environment. In the upcoming years, IoT-based
technology will offer advanced levels of services and practically change the way people
lead their daily lives. Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies, agriculture, smart
cities, and smart homes are just a few of the categorical examples where IoT is strongly
established.
IOT is a system of interrelated things, computing devices, mechanical and digital machines,
objects, animals, or people that are provided with unique identifiers. And the ability to
transfer the data over a network requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer
interaction.
Four Key Components of IOT
Device or sensor
Connectivity
Data processing
Interface
IoT is network of interconnected computing devices which are embedded in everyday
objects, enabling them to send and receive data.
Over 9 billion ‘Things’ (physical objects) are currently connected to the Internet, as of now.
In the near future, this number is expected to rise to a whopping 20 billion.
Main Components Used in IoT
Low-power embedded systems: Less battery consumption, high performance are the
inverse factors that play a significant role during the design of electronic systems.
Sensors: Sensors are the major part of any IoT application. It is a physical device that
measures and detects certain physical quantities and converts it into signal which can be
provided as an input to processing or control unit for analysis purpose.
Different types of Sensors
Temperature Sensors
Image Sensors
Gyro Sensors
Obstacle Sensors
RF Sensor
IR Sensor
MQ-02/05 Gas Sensor
LDR Sensor
Ultrasonic Distance Sensor
Control Units: It is a unit of small computer on a single integrated circuit containing
microprocessor or processing core, memory and programmable input/output
devices/peripherals. It is responsible for major processing work of IoT devices and all
logical operations are carried out here.
Cloud computing: Data collected through IoT devices is massive, and this data has to be
stored on a reliable storage server. This is where cloud computing comes into play. The
data is processed and learned, giving more room for us to discover where things like
electrical faults/errors are within the system.
Availability of big data: We know that IoT relies heavily on sensors, especially in real-
time. As these electronic devices spread throughout every field, their usage is going to
trigger a massive flux of big data.
Networking connection: In order to communicate, internet connectivity is a must, where
each physical object is represented by an IP address. However, there are only a limited
number of addresses available according to the IP naming. Due to the growing number of
devices, this naming system will not be feasible anymore. Therefore, researchers are
looking for another alternative naming system to represent each physical object.
Working with IoT Devices
 Collect and Transmit Data : For this purpose sensors are widely used they are used as
per requirements in different application areas.
 Actuate device based on triggers produced by sensors or processing devices: If
certain conditions are satisfied or according to user’s requirements if certain trigger is
activated then which action to perform that is shown by Actuator devices.
 Receive Information: From network devices, users or devices can take certain
information also for their analysis and processing purposes.
 Communication Assistance: Communication assistance is the phenomenon of
communication between 2 networks or communication between 2 or more IoT devices of
same or different networks. This can be achieved by different communication protocols
like: MQTT, Constrained Application Protocol, ZigBee, FTP, HTTP etc.

*The internet of things is the extension of internet connectivity into physical devices and
everyday objects.

*IOT is simply the network of interconnected things/devices which are embedded with
sensors, software ,network, connectivity and necessary electronics that enables them to
collect and exchange data making them responsive.

*It makes devices and systems taking all the things in the world and connecting them to the
internet.
*The internet of things (IOT) refers to the ever-growing network of physical object that
feature an IP address for internet connectivity, and the communication that occurs between
these objects and others internet- enabled devices and systems.

*It is also referred to as Machine-to-Machine (M2M), Skynet or internet of everything.

*These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then
autonomously flow the data between other devices.

Characteristics of IoT
 Massively scalable and efficient
 IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming future.
 An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP, so IoT is made possible.
 Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should be automatically
programmed to sleep.
 A device that is connected to another device right now may not be connected in another
instant of time.
 Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In order to save
bandwidth and battery consumption, devices will be powered off periodically when not in
use. Otherwise, connections might turn unreliable and thus prove to be inefficient.
Why is Internet of Things (IOT) so important?

Access to low-cost, low-power sensor technology

Affordable and reliable sensors are making IOT technology possible for more manufacturers.
Connectivity

A host of network protocols for the internet has made it easy to connect sensors to the cloud
and to other ―things‖ for efficient data transfer.

Cloud computing platforms

The increase in the availability of cloud platforms enables both businesses and consumers to
access the infrastructure they need to scale up without actually having to manage it all.
Machine learning and analytics

With advances in machine learning and analytics, along with access to varied and vast
amounts of data stored in the cloud, businesses can gather insights faster and more easily.
The emergence of these allied technologies continues to push the boundaries of IOT and the
data produced by IOT also feeds these technologies.

Conversational artificial intelligence (AI)

Advances in neural networks have brought natural-language processing (NLP) to IOT

devices (such as digital personal assistants Alexa, Cortina, and Siri) and made them
appealing, affordable, and viable for home use.
2. HISTORY:

EVOLUTION OF IOT
THE HISTORY OF IOT
3. LAYER OF INTERNET OF THINGS:

REFERENCE MODEL OF IOT

IoT is an advanced automation and analytics system which deals with

artificialintelligence,sensor,networking,electronic,cloudmessagingetc.todelivercomplete
systems for the product or services. The system created by IoT has
greatertransparency,control,andperformance.

As we have a platform such as a cloud that contains all the data through which we connect all
the things around us. For example, a house, where we can connect our home appliances such
as air conditioner, light, etc. through each other and all these things are managed at the same
platform. Since we have a platform, we can connect our car, trackitsfuelmeter,speed level,
and also track the location of the car.

If there is a common platform where all these things can connect to each other would be great
because based on my preference, I can set the room temperature. For example, if I love the
room temperature to to be set at 25 or 26-degree Celsius when I reach back home from my
office, then according to my car location, my AC would start before
10minutesIarriveathome.ThiscanbedonethroughtheInternet of Things(IoT).
How does Internet of Thing(IoT)Work?

The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system (architecture). However, the
key concept of there working are similar. The entire working process of IoT starts with the
device themselves, such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic appliances, which
securely communicate with the IoT platform. The platforms collect and analyze the data from
all multiple devices and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with applications to
devices.
IOT applications:

IOT applications can be used in many ways to help businesses simplify, improve, automate, and
control processes while providing relevant information, activity performance, and even environmental
conditions that need to be monitored and controlled remotely. As a result, IOT applications can help
drive new business models and revenue streams and provide the real-time data businesses need to
develop products and services.

Some major applications of IOT:

1.Smart Homes

2.Smart City

3.Self-driven Cars

4.IOT Retail Shops

5.Farming 6.Wearable’s

7.Smart Grids

8.Industrial internet

9.Tele health

10. Smart supply chain management

4. FEATURES OF IOT

 Connectivity
 Analyzing
 Integrating
 Artificial Intelligence
 Sensing
 Active Engagement
 Endpoint Management

Advantages and Dis advantages of (IoT)

Any technology available today has not reached to its 100 % capability. It always has a gap
to go. So, we can say that Internet of Things has a significant technology in a world that can
help other technologies to reach its accurate and complete 100 % capability as well.

Let'stakealookoverthemajor,advantages,anddisadvantagesoftheInternetofThings.

Advantages of IoT

Internet of things facilitates the several advantages in day-to-day life in the business sector.
Some of its benefits are given below:

Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way that how each device
work we definitely increase the efficient resource utilization as well as monitor natural
resources.

Minimize human effort: As the devices of IoT interact and communicate with each
otheranddolot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort.

Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time. Time is
theprimaryfactor which can savethroughIoT platform.

Enhance Data Collection:

Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are interconnected then we
can make the system more secure and efficient.
Disadvantages of IoT

As the Internet of things facilitates a set of benefits, it also creates a significant set of
challenges. Some of the IoT challenges are given below:

Security: As the IoT systems are interconnected and communicate over networks. The system
offers little control despite any security measures, and it can be lead the various kinds of net
work attacks.

Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the IoT system
providessubstantialpersonaldata in maximum detail.

Complexity:Thedesigning,developing,andmaintainingandenablingthelargetechnologytoIoT
system is quite complicated.
 Learning Objectives/Internship Objectives

 Internships are generally thought of to be reserved for college students

looking to gain experience in a particular field. However, a wide array of people can benefit
from Training Internships in order to receive real world experience and develop their skills.
 An objective for this position should emphasize the skills you already
possess in the area and your interest in learning more
 Internships are utilized in a number of different career fields, including
architecture, engineering, healthcare, economics, advertising and many more.
 Some internships are used to allow individuals to perform scientific research
while others are specifically designed to allow people to gain first-hand experience working.
 Utilizing internships is a great way to build your resume and develop skills
that can be emphasized in your resume for future jobs. When you are applying for a Training
Internship, make sure to highlight any special skills or talents that can make you stand apart
from the rest of the applicants so that you have an improved chance of landing the position.
 ARCHITECTURE OF INTERNET OF THINGS

 Architecture of internet Of Things contains basically 4 layers:

 Application Layer
 Gateway and the network layer
 Management Service layer
 Sensor layer

 APPLICATION LAYER:

 Lowest Abstraction Layer

 With sensors we are creating digital nervous system.
 Incorporated to measure physical quantities
 Interconnects the physical and digital world
 Collects and process the real time information

 GATEWAY AND THE NETWORK LAYER:

 Robust and High performance network infrastructure

 Supports the communication requirements for latency, bandwidth or security
 Allows multiple organizations to share and use the same network independently

 MANAGEMENT LAYER:

 Capturing of periodic sensory data

 Data Analytics (Extracts relevant information from massive amount of raw data)
 Streaming Analytics (Process real time data)
 Ensures security and privacy of data.

 SENSOR LAYER:

 Provides a user interface for using IoT.

 Different applications for various sectors like Transportation, Healthcare, Agriculture, Supply
chains, Government, Retail etc.

What industries can benefit from IOT?
Organizations best suited for IOT are those that would benefit from using sensor devices in their
business process.
Manufacturing
Manufactures can gain a competitive advantage by using production-line monitoring to enable
proactive maintenance on equipment when sensors detect an impending failure. Sensors can actually
measure when production output is compromised. With the help of sensor alerts, manufacturers can
quickly check equipment for accuracy or remove it from production until it is repaired. This allows
companies to reduce operating costs, get better uptime, and improve asset performance management.

Automotive
The automotive industry stands to realize significant advantages from the use of IOT applications. In
addition to the benefits of applying IOT to production lines, sensors can detect impending equipment
failure in vehicles already on the road and can alert the driver with details and recommendations.
Thanks to aggregated information gathered by IOT-based applications, automotive manufacturers and
suppliers can learn more about how to keep cars running and car owners informed.

Retail
IOT applications allow retail companies to manage inventory, improve customer experience,
optimize supply chain, and reduce operational costs. For example, smart shelves fitted with weight
sensors can collect RFID-based information and send the data to the IOT platform to automatically
monitor inventory and trigger alerts if items are running low. Beacons can push targeted offers and
promotions to customers to provide an engaging experience.

Healthcare
IOT asset monitoring provides multiple benefits to the healthcare industry. Doctors, nurses, and
orderlies often need to know the exact location of patient-assistance assets such as wheelchairs. When
a hospital’s wheelchairs are equipped with IOT sensors, they can be tracked from the IOT asset-
monitoring application so that anyone looking for one can quickly find the nearest available
wheelchair. Many hospital assets can be tracked this way to ensure proper usage as well as financial
accounting for the physical assets in each department.
General Safety Across All Industries
In addition to tracking physical assets, IOT can be used to improve worker safety. Employees in
hazardous environments such as mines, oil and gas fields, and chemical and power plants, for
example, need to know about the occurrence of a hazardous event that might affect them. When they
are connected to IOT sensor–based applications, they can be notified of accidents or rescued from
them as swiftly as possible. IOT applications are also used for wearable’s that can monitor human
health and environmental conditions. Not only do these types of applications help people better
understand their own health, they also permit physicians to monitor patients remotely.

Business opportunities with IOT:

 Here, we've collected the major trends of the niche to help you to develop your IOT business
ideas:
 Patient monitoring.
 Transparency within healthcare organizations.
 Remote operations.
 IOT healthcare soft protection.
 Smart sensors in manufacturing.
 3D printing for better quality.
 Flexible production chains.

Microprocessor
o A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control is
included on a single integrated circuit or a small number of integrated circuits.
o The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to perform
the functions of a computer's central processing unit.
o The integrated circuit is capable of interpreting and executing program instructions and
performing arithmetic operations.
o The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock-driven, register-based, digital integrated circuit
that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and
provides results as output.
o Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic, and operate
on numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system.
Microcontroller

 Amicrocontroller (MCU for microcontrollerunit) is a small computer on a single metal-oxide-

semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip.

 A microcontroller contains one or more CPUs along with memory and programmable input/output
peripherals.

 Program memory in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on
chip, as well as a small amount of RAM.

 Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used in
personal computers or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips.
 5.COMPONENTS USED

Arduino UNO

Arduino is an open source, PC paraphernalia and programming organization, endeavour, and client group that
plans and produce microcontroller packs for constructing programmed devices and intelligent object that can
detect and control questions in the real world. The inception of the Arduino extend began at the Interaction
Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy. The equipment reference plans are appropriated under a Creative Commons
Attribution Share.

TYPE OF ARDUINO BOARD:

 ESP8266 (WiFi Module)

The ESP8266 is an ease Wi-Fi chip with full TCP/IP stack and MCU (Micro Controller Unit) capacity
created by Chinese . These are the primary arrangement of modules made with the ESP8266 by the outsider
producer AI-Thinker and remain the most generally available. They are large alluded to as "ESP-xx modules". To
shape a workable advancement framework they require extra parts, particularly a serial TTL-to-USB connector
and an outside 3.3 volt control supply.

Bread board and Jump wires

A breadboard is utilized to build and test circuits expeditiously afore finalizing any circuit design. The
breadboard has many apertures into which route components like ICs and resistors can be connected. The
apertures are generally spaced 0.1“ apart to put up standard DIP machinery. A typical breadboard that
includes top and bottom power distribution rails.Jump wires are generally used to establish connectivity with
bread board.
 Power Supply Board

Modern Arduino Uno boards allow the board to have more than one source of power to be connected
simultaneously. An intelligent switching circuitry ensures that the highest available voltage is selected and
sent to the onboard voltage regulator and eventually powers up the board.
Channel Relay

A relay is an electrically operated switch and is frequently used in automatic control circuit. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal. Relays protect electrical circuits
from overload or faults. This module is designed to be integrated with 2 relays that it is capable of control 2
relays. The relay shield use one QIANJI JQC-3F high-quality relay with rated load
7A/240VAC,10A/125VAC,10A/28VDC.The relay output state is individually indicated by a light-emitting
diode.

Arduino UNO:
 CLOUD IN IOT:
*Cloud is basically used for memory storage . Generally cloud computing is a virtualization technology.

*. Cloud computing is the combination of hardware and software resources to access the data through the
cloud.

*It acts as a data storage element and configures the devices i.e., it stores bulk amount of data or information
through online networking.

*Cloud doesn’t require separate software and we access data through web browser. For example, Google
photos, Google drives, etc.
CLOUD USED FOR IOT:
PROGRAM

LED BLINKING:
Void setup()

pinMode(13,OUTPUT);

Void loop()

digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(13,HIGH);
delay(1000);}

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF LED BLINKING

 BUTTON LED:

Void setup()

pinMode(pin_no,INPUT);
pinMode(13,OUTPUT);
}

Void loop()

digitalRead(pin_n
o); If {
//statement
}

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:
 CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF BUTTON LED

IR SENSORS:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF IR SENSORS

ULTROSONIC SENSORS:

pinMode(pin_no,INPUT);
pinMode(pin_no,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(pin_no,HIGH);
delay(_);
digitalWrite(pin_no,LOW);
delay(_);
Duration;

Distance

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF ULTRASONIC SENSORS

DHI 11
#include<dht.h>
#define pin D4;
Void setup
{
//statement

Void loop

//Statement

CONNECTION DIAGRAM:

CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF DHI 1

 OUTPUT

HELLO WORLD:

/* LiquidCrystal Library - Hello World

Demonstrates the use a 16x2 LCD display. The

LiquidCrystal library works with all LCD displays
that are compatible with the
Hitachi HD44780 driver. There are many of them out
there, and you can usually tell them by the 16-pin interface.
This sketch prints "Hello World!" to
the LCD and shows the time.
 The circuit:

* LCD RS pin to digital pin 12

* LCD Enable pin to digital pin 11

* LCD D4 pin to digital pin 5

* LCD D5 pin to digital pin 4

* LCD D6 pin to digital pin 3

* LCD D7 pin to digital pin 2

* LCD R/W pin to ground

* LCD VSS pin to ground

* LCD VCC pin to 5V

* 10K resistor:

* ends to +5V and ground

* wiper to LCD VO pin (pin 3)

Library originally added 18 Apr 2008 by David

A. Mellis
library modified 5 Jul 2009

by Limor Fried (http://www.ladyada.net)

example added 9 Jul 2009
by Tom Igoe

modified 22 Nov 2010 by Tom Igoe

This example code is in the public domain.
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/LiquidCrystal
*/// include the library code:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the

interface pins LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);
void setup() {

// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:

lcd.begin(16, 2);

// Print a message to the

LCD. lcd.print("hello,
world!");
}

void loop() {

// set the cursor to column 0, line 1

// (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins

with 0): lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
// print the number of seconds since
reset: lcd.print(millis() / 1000);
}

PUSH BUTTON:

PUSH BUTTON
int pinButton =
8; long t = 0;

int i = 0;
void
setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(pinButton,
INPUT); for(int e =9;e
< 14; e++){ pinMode(e,
OUTPUT);
}

void
loop(){
t++;
if (t%20==0){

digitalWrite(i+9,HI
GH); i++;
}

if(digitalRead(pinButton)==HI
GH){ i=0;
for(int e =9;e < 14; e++){digitalWrite(e,LOW);

Serial.print(i);
Serial.print("");
Serial.print(digitalRead(pinButton));
Serial.print("");
Serial.println(t);
delay(1);
}
FORCE SENSORS WITH6 LEDS

LEDS

#definefsrpin
A0 #define led1 2
#define led2 3

#define led3 4

#define led4 5

#define led5 6

#define led6 7

int fsrreading;
void setup() {

Serial.
begin(9600);

pinMode(led1,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(led2,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(led3,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(led4,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(led5,
OUTPUT);
pinMode(led6,
OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

fsrreading =
analogRead(fsrpin);
Serial.println(f
srreading);

if (fsrreading > 200)

{ digitalWrite(led1,
HIGH);
}else
digitalWrite(led1,
LOW); if (fsrreading
> 450)
{ digitalWrite(led2,
HIGH);
}else
digitalWrite(led2,
LOW);

if (fsrreading > 550)

{ digitalWrite(led3,
HIGH);
}

else
digitalWrite(led3,
LOW); if (fsrreading
> 650)
{ digitalWrite(led4,
HIGH);
}
 else
digitalWrite(led4,
LOW); if (fsrreading
> 800)
{ digitalWrite(led5,
HIGH);
}

else
digitalWrite(led5,
LOW); if (fsrreading
> 900)
{ digitalWrite(led6,
HIGH);
}

else
digitalWrite(led6,
LOW);

}
ADVANTAGE OF IOT:

*Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way

that how each device work we definitely increase the efficient resource
utilization as well as monitor natural resources.
*Minimize human effort: As the devices of IOT interact and
communicate with each other and do lot of task for us, then they minimize
the human effort.

*Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out time.
Time is the primary factor which can save through IOT platform.
*Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are
interconnected then we can make the system more secure and efficient.

CONCLUTION:

*In conclusion, internet of things is the concept in which the virtual world of
information technology connected to the real world of things.

*The Internet of Things is happening now, and there is a need to address its
challenges and maximize its benefits while reducing its risks.

*The Internet Society cares about IOT because it represents a growing aspect
of how people and institutions are likely to interact with and incorporate the
Internet and network connectivity into their personal, social, and economic
lives.

*Solutions to maximizing the benefits of IOT while minimizing the risks will
not be found by engaging in a polarized debate that pits the promises of IOT
against its possible perils.

*Rather, it will take informed engagement, dialogue, and collaboration across

a range of stakeholders to plot the most effective ways forward.