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Magnetic Classification Project

The project explores the magnetic classification of substances, categorizing them into diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic based on their magnetic susceptibility and permeability. It provides detailed descriptions of each category, including their behaviors, temperature dependencies, and examples. Additionally, the project outlines applications for each type of magnetic material.

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Jai Ratan Mishra
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125 views3 pages

Magnetic Classification Project

The project explores the magnetic classification of substances, categorizing them into diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic based on their magnetic susceptibility and permeability. It provides detailed descriptions of each category, including their behaviors, temperature dependencies, and examples. Additionally, the project outlines applications for each type of magnetic material.

Uploaded by

Jai Ratan Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ISC Class 12 Physics Project

Magnetic Classification of Substances


Name: Jai Ratan Mishra \ Class: 12 \ Subject: Physics \ School: City Montessori School

Index
1. Introduction
2. Magnetic Susceptibility & Permeability
3. Diamagnetic Substances
4. Paramagnetic Substances
5. Ferromagnetic Substances
6. Comparative Table
7. Applications
8. References

1. Introduction
Magnetic substances are materials that respond to a magnetic field. Based on their behavior in the
presence of a magnetic field, substances are classified into three categories: diamagnetic,
paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic. This classification is based on magnetic susceptibility and
permeability.

2. Magnetic Susceptibility & Permeability


• Magnetic Susceptibility (χ ) is the ratio of magnetization (M ) to the magnetic field (H ): χ =
M
H
• Relative Permeability (μr ) is defined as: μr =1+χ

These values help in understanding how a material interacts with magnetic fields.

3. Diamagnetic Substances
• Behavior: Repelled by a magnetic field.
• Magnetic Susceptibility: Small and negative.
• Temperature Dependence: Not temperature dependent.
• Examples: Copper, Bismuth, Silver, Water, Mercury.

Illustration: Diamagnetic Material

1
4. Paramagnetic Substances
• Behavior: Weakly attracted by magnetic fields.
• Magnetic Susceptibility: Small and positive.
1
• Temperature Dependence: Inversely proportional to temperature (Curie’s Law: χ ∝ T )
• Examples: Aluminium, Platinum, Chromium, Manganese, Oxygen.

Illustration: Paramagnetic Material

5. Ferromagnetic Substances
• Behavior: Strongly attracted; retain magnetism.
• Magnetic Susceptibility: Very large and positive.
• Temperature Dependence: Becomes paramagnetic above Curie temperature.
• Examples: Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Gadolinium.

Illustration: Ferromagnetic Material

6. Comparative Table

Property Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

Negative,
Susceptibility (χ ) Positive, small Large, positive
small

Permeability (μr ) Less than 1 Slightly more than 1 Much greater than 1

Magnetic
Repelled Weakly attracted Strongly attracted
Response

Temp. 1 Loses magnetism above


None χ∝
Dependence T T\textsubscript{C}

Al, Pt,
Examples Cu, Bi, Ag Fe, Co, Ni
O\textsubscript{2}

7. Applications
• Diamagnetic Materials: Magnetic levitation, superconductors.
• Paramagnetic Materials: MRI scanning, gas separation.
• Ferromagnetic Materials: Permanent magnets, transformers, storage devices.

8. References
• NCERT Physics Book Class 12
• BYJU'S, Vedantu study material

2
• Wikipedia
• Reference images sourced from Wikimedia Commons

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