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Standard Deviationn

The document explains the concept of standard deviation, which measures the spread of values in a data set, distinguishing between population and sample standard deviations. It provides formulas and examples for calculating both types of standard deviation, highlighting key differences such as the use of N for population and N-1 for sample. Additionally, it includes practice questions for readers to apply their understanding of the concepts.

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dextergozo087
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4 views4 pages

Standard Deviationn

The document explains the concept of standard deviation, which measures the spread of values in a data set, distinguishing between population and sample standard deviations. It provides formulas and examples for calculating both types of standard deviation, highlighting key differences such as the use of N for population and N-1 for sample. Additionally, it includes practice questions for readers to apply their understanding of the concepts.

Uploaded by

dextergozo087
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Population Standard Deviation and Sample Standard Deviation.

Standard Deviation for Population and Sample

What is Standard Deviation?

Standard deviation is a measure of how spread out the values in a data set are. A low standard
deviation means the values are close to the mean, while a high standard deviation means the
values are spread out over a wider range.

There are two types of standard deviation:

1.​ Population Standard Deviation – When the data represents the entire population.
2.​ Sample Standard Deviation – When the data is a sample from a larger population.

1. Population Standard Deviation:

The population standard deviation is used when you have data for the entire population. The
formula is:

σ= ∑(xi−μ)2​ ​ ​ ​
s= ∑(xi−x)2
N​ ​ ​ ​ ​
n-1

Where:

●​ σ/s = Population standard deviation


●​ N/n = Total number of data points in the population
●​ xi= Each individual data point in the population
●​ μ\mu = Mean of the population

Example:

Let's calculate the population standard deviation for the following ages of 5 students in a class:
[18, 20, 22, 24, 26].

1.​ Find the Mean (μ):​


μ=18+20+22+24+26=110/5= 22
2.​ Subtract the Mean from Each Data Point:​

○​ (18 - 22) = -4
○​ (20 - 22) = -2
○​ (22 - 22) = 0
○​ (24 - 22) = 2
○​ (26 - 22) = 4
3.​ Square Each Result:​

○​ (-4)² = 16
○​ (-2)² = 4
○​ (0)² = 0
○​ (2)² = 4
○​ (4)² = 16
4.​ Find the Mean of the Squared Differences:​
Variance={16 + 4 + 0 + 4 + 16}{5} = 8
5.​ Take the Square Root of the Variance:​
σ= 2.83

So, the population standard deviation is approximately 2.83.

Sample Standard Deviation:

The sample standard deviation is used when you have data from a sample of the population.
The formula for sample standard deviation is:

Example:

Now, let's calculate the sample standard deviation for the ages of 4 students: [18, 20, 22, 24].

1.​ Find the Mean (x̄):​


xˉ=18+20+22+24=84/4=21
2.​ Subtract the Mean from Each Data Point:​

○​ (18 - 21) = -3
○​ (20 - 21) = -1
○​ (22 - 21) = 1
○​ (24 - 21) = 3
3.​ Square Each Result:​

○​ (-3)² = 9
○​ (-1)² = 1
○​ (1)² = 1
○​ (3)² = 9
4.​ Find the Sum of the Squared Differences:​
{Sum of squares} = 9 + 1 + 1 + 9 = 20
5.​ Divide by N−1N - 1 (which is 4 - 1 = 3):​
Variance= 6.67
6.​ Take the Square Root of the Variance:​
s= 2.58

So, the sample standard deviation is approximately 2.58.

Key Differences Between Population and Sample Standard Deviation:

●​ Population Standard Deviation uses NN in the denominator (because you are using all
of the data points in the population).
●​ Sample Standard Deviation uses N−1N - 1 in the denominator (this adjustment is
called Bessel's correction and helps reduce bias when estimating the population
standard deviation from a sample).

Practice Questions:

For Population Standard Deviation:

1.​ The following are the salaries (in thousands) of all employees in a small company: [50,
60, 70, 80, 90]​

○​ What is the population standard deviation of these salaries?


2.​ A teacher has the following test scores of all 6 students in a class: [85, 90, 75, 88, 92,
80]​

○​ Calculate the population standard deviation for these test scores.


3.​ A farmer tracks the amount of rainfall (in inches) in his field each week for a month: [1.5,
2.0, 2.2, 1.8, 1.9]​

○​ What is the population standard deviation of the rainfall?

For Sample Standard Deviation:

1.​ The following are the ages of 5 participants in a survey: [25, 28, 30, 26, 27]​

○​ What is the sample standard deviation for these ages?


2.​ A group of 3 people recorded their weekly spending: [150, 200, 250]​

○​ Calculate the sample standard deviation for their weekly spending.


3.​ The following are the number of hours 4 students spent studying for a final exam: [4, 6,
7, 5]​

○​ What is the sample standard deviation of the study hours?

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