ENTRY TEST

CHAPTER -12
ELECTROSTATICS

(Study of charge at rest)

CHARGE:
➢ Ability of a body to attract or repel the other body.
➢ Charges are positive or negative.
➢ Same charges repel but opposite charges attract to each other.
➢ Charge can produced on a body by (1) electrostatic induction (2) Friction
➢ Sure test of charge on a body can be checked by repulsion not attraction.
➢ Negative charge body is considered heavier than positive charged body.
➢ Minimum charge on a body is -1.6 x 10-19 C or +1.6 x 10-19 C.
➢ Unit of charge is coulomb.
➢ 1C charge = 6.25 x 1018 electrons.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
➢ Surface charge density = . its unit is C m-2 .
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
➢ Volume charge density = . its unit is C m-3 .
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
➢ Linear charge density = . its unit is C m-1 .
𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
COULOMB’S LAW:
➢ It gives the magnitude of force of repulsion and attraction between two point charges.

➢ (where 1/40 is equal to K = 9 x 109 Nm2C-2 and o is permittivity of

free space = 8.85 x 10-12 c2/Nm2.)

➢ ( where r called DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, known as RELATIVE

PERMITTIVITY. Its value depends on the nature of material placed between the charges)

➢ Vector form of force on charge q1 by charge q2 is

➢ Coulomb force is a mutual force.
➢ Applicable only for point charges (limitation).
➢ Repulsive force is considered as positive and attractive force is considered as negative.
𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐯𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐅𝐯𝐯𝐯
➢ r = =
𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐅𝐦𝐦𝐦
➢ r ≥ 1
➢ ‫ﺩﻭﭼﺎﺭﺟﺰ ﮐﻮ ﻣﻼﻧﮯ ﭘﺮﯾﮧ ﺟﻤﻊ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻔﺮﯾﻖ ﮨﻮﺗﮯ ﮨﯿﮟ ﺍﻭﺭ ﭘﮭﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﺤﺪﮦ ﮐﺮﻧﮯ ﭘﺮ ﭼﺎﺭﺝ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻢ ﮨﻮ ﺟﺎﺗﮯ ﮨﯿﮟ۔‬
𝐪 𝐪
➢ 𝐪𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐪𝐁 ⇒𝐪𝐀 + 𝐪𝐁 = 𝐪 𝐬𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝟐𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐
➢ If a charge is divided into two pieces in ratio say 3:4, then both pieces exert same force on each other.
➢ Graph
 MCQs
▪ There are two charges 1 μc and 6 μc, the ratio of forces acting on them will be:
(a) 1:25 (b) 1:1 (c) 1:6 (d) 6:1
▪ If two charges are experiencing a force of 10 N, when medium is Air, if the medium is change whose
permittivity is ‘2’ then force will be
(a) 3N (b) 5N (c) 10N (d) 0.3N

FIELD OF FORCES:
➢ Imaginary lines which represent the direction and strength of electric field of a charge are called electric
field lines.
➢ Michael Faraday gives the concept of electric field lines.
➢ Closeness of field lines represents the strength of field.
➢ For individual positive charge these are radially outward.
➢ For individual negative charge these are radially inward.
➢ Straight field lines between two opposite charges represents uniform field.
➢ Field lines start from positive charge and end at negative charge.
➢ Zero field point for two same charges lies between them near the smaller charge.
➢ Zero field point for two opposite charges lies outside the charges (left or right) near the smaller charge.
➢ Electric field lines do not from a closed loop.
ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH:
➢ Force per unit charge is called electric intensity.
𝑭
➢ E= (For uniform field) or
𝒒

➢ ( For non uniform field)

➢ Units are NC-1 or Vm-1
➢ At two different points on field lines electric intensity is not always same.
➢ -ve charge always move in the direction opposite to the field.

𝐅𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐯𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐦𝐞 𝐄𝐯𝐯𝐯

r = =
𝐅𝐢𝐞𝐥𝐝 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 𝐄𝐦𝐦𝐦

➢ For non uniform field

 MCQs
▪Which statement is false?
(a) Field lines never cross each other (b) electric intensity at a point is along the tangent
(c) Closeness of field lines represents the strength (d) electric intensity always same at all points
▪ There are two charges 1 μc and 6 μc, separated by a distance 3m.which statement is true for zero field
point:
(a) lies between them at 1m from smaller charge (b) lies between them at 2m from greater charge
(c) lies at mid between both charges (d) both a & b
ELECTRIC FLUX:
➢ Electric field lines passing through an area of an element.
➢ Dot product of electric intensity and vector area (Normal vector).
➢ 𝜑𝑒 = E.A
➢ When electric field lines make an angle Ɵ with vector area then,
➢ ∆𝚽𝐞 = 𝐄∆𝐀 𝐂𝐨𝐬Ɵ
➢ When electric field lines make an angle Ɵ with surface area( plane area) then,
➢ ∆𝚽𝐞 = 𝐄∆𝐀 𝐒𝐢𝐧Ɵ
➢ For maximum flux
Ɵ =0o between electric field lines and vector area.
Ɵ =90o between electric field lines and surface area.
➢ For minimum flux
➢ Ɵ =0o between electric field lines and surface area.
➢ Ɵ =90o between electric field lines and vector area.
➢
MCQs
▪ At what angle electric flux is half of the maximum value?
(a) 30o (b) 60o (c) 90o (d) 0o
▪ Electric field lines passing though unit area is called,
(a) electric flux density (b) electric flux (c) |𝑬| (d) both a & c

ELECTRIC FLUX THROUGH A CLOSED SURFACE:

𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝒒

➢ 𝜱𝒆 = 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐮𝐦 = ( For vaccum)
ℇ𝐨
➢ Electric flux through a closed surface is independent of shape of surface.
➢ Only depend on medium and charge enclosed.
➢ Electric flux of a dipole is zero.
𝒒
➢ Electric flux of a cube of six sides is .
ℇ𝐨
𝒒
➢ Electric flux of a cube for one side is
𝟔ℇ𝐨
➢ Electric field lines originate from a spherical body always parallel to vector area.
➢ Electric flux of a dipole is zero.
GAUSS’S LAW:
𝐐( 𝐭𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞)
➢ electric flux enclosed by any closed surface =
ℇ𝐨
➢ Gauss’s law is applicable for only closed surface.( limitation)
➢ Gaussian surface is imaginary and closed surface.
Applications of Gauss’s law:
➢ Electric intensity inside a hollow charged sphere is zero.
➢ Inside a hollow charged sphere whole surface is considered equipotential.
➢ If E=0 , V= constant then ΔV = 0
 𝜹
➢ Electric intensity due to infinite sheet of charge is =
𝟐ℇ 𝐨
𝜹
➢ Electric intensity due to opposite charged parallel plates is =
ℇ𝐨
𝐄𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩
➢ Esheet =
𝟐

MCQS
▪ Gauss’s law can be applied to:
(a) Plane surface (b) closed surface (c) any surface (d) both b & c

ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE:

➢ Work done in carrying a positive charge from low potential (-ve) to high potential (+ve) is called
potential energy.
➢ Work done in carrying a unit positive charge from low potential (-ve) to high potential (+ve) is called
potential difference.
𝒘
➢ Potential difference = ΔV =
𝒒
➢ Potential difference tells the direction of motion of charge.
➢ Unit of potential difference is volt ( if work done on 1C charge is 1 J)
➢ Work done in carrying a unit positive charge from infinity (V=0) to in the field of +ve charge is called
𝒒
electric potential. V = K if r =0 therefore V= infinity
𝒓
𝟐𝐊𝐪
➢ Potential difference at the midpoint between two opposite charges is =
𝐫
➢ Potential difference at the midpoint between two same charges is = zero
➢ Electric potential at the midpoint between two opposite charges is = zero
𝟐𝐊𝐪
➢ Electric potential at the midpoint between two same charges is =
𝐫
➢ When ‘N’ no. of drops of same charge falling freely combined to form a big drop, ten its potential can be
𝟐 𝟏
calculated as 𝐕/ = 𝐍 𝟑𝐕 and electric field is 𝐄/ = 𝐍 𝟑𝐄

MCQS
▪The work done in moving a charge along an equipotential surface is:
(a) Depends on the path taken (b) greater than zero (c) equal to zero (d) negative
▪ The electric potential at a point of distance 1 m from 2 μc charge is:
(a) 1.8 x 106 V (b) 1.8 x 10-6 V (c) 1.8 x 104 V (d) 1.8 x 105 V
ELECTRIC FIELD AS A POTENTIAL GRADIENT:
➢ Change in potential with respect to small distance is called potential gradient.
➢ If potential increases, decreases or remains constant with respect to distance then electric field remains
➢ Slope of potential (along y-axis) and distance (along x-axis) is electric field intensity.
𝚫𝐕 𝑭 𝚫𝐕
➢ E=- also = - (-ve sign shows that the direction of field)
𝚫𝐫 𝒒 𝚫𝐫
𝟏
➢ E α (for uniform field)
𝚫𝐫
C
➢ Graph between V and r is V E V B
➢ A
r and r and
r
➢ In figure 3 electric field at point ‘C' is maximum and at point ‘A’ is minimum.
MCQS
▪ If potential at the surface of a hollow charged sphere is 10V, then potential at the center of the sphere is:
(a) +10V (b) -5V (c) 0V (d) -10V
 ▪ In the region where the electric field is zero, the electric potential is always:
(a) Positive (b) negative (c) constant (d) zero

CAPACITOR:
➢ A device which store energy in form of electric field.
➢ Relation for capacitor is 𝐐 = 𝐂𝐕 ⇒ ne = CV where n is the no. of electrons
➢ Capacity of a capacitor to store the charge is called capacitance.
𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐥𝐨𝐦𝐛
➢ Unit of capacitance is farad. 1F =
𝐯𝐨𝐥𝐭
➢ Graph between ‘Q’ and ‘V’ and ‘C’ and ‘V’
Q
C

V V
𝐪
➢ Slope of q-V graph is capacitance (C). ⇒ Slope = C =
𝐕
𝟏
➢ Area of q-V graph is energy. ⇒ Area = energy = 𝐪𝐕
𝟐

DEPENDENCE OF CAPACITANCE:
➢ Capacitance depends upon (1) area of plates (2) distance between the plates (3) medium b/w plates
➢ Capacitance is independent on (1) thickness of plates (2) Nature of plates
➢ No effect of applied potential changes on the capacitance.
𝐀𝛆𝐨
➢ 𝐂𝐯𝐯𝐯 =
𝐝
ELECTRIC POLARIZATION:
➢ Insulator medium placed between plates of capacitor is called dielectric(ℇ𝒓 ).
➢ Formation of poles of dielectric atom due to electric field between the plates of capacitor.
𝐀𝛆𝐨 𝛆𝐫
➢ 𝐂𝐦𝐦𝐦 =
𝐝
𝐪
𝐂𝐦𝐦𝐦 / 𝐕
➢ 𝛆𝐫 = = 𝐪𝐕 = /
𝐂𝐯𝐯𝐯 𝐕
𝐕
➢ Net charge on the plates of capacitor always be zero.
Due to polarization
Increased quantity Remaining constant quantity Decreased quantity
• Capacitance • Charge • Potential difference b/w
plates
• Electric intensity
• Energy stored
• Energy density
• Effective charge density
MILLIKAN’S METHOD:
➢ Method used to find the charge on electron.
𝐕
➢ When electric force on oil drop become equal to its weight, then qE = mg ⇒ 𝐪𝐝 = 𝐦𝐠
𝐦𝐠𝐝
➢ 𝐪=
𝐕

ENERGY STORED IN THE CAPACITOR:

➢ Work done by the battery to keep the charges on the plate of capacitor.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝐐𝟐 𝟏
➢ Energy stored = 𝟐𝐯𝐕𝟐 or 𝐄 = 𝟐𝐪𝐕 or Energy stored = 𝟐𝐂
or 𝐄𝐧𝐦𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐝 = 𝟐
ℇ𝐨ℇ𝐫𝐄𝟐 𝐀𝐝
 𝟏
➢ 𝐄𝐧𝐦𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐝𝐦𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 = ℇ𝐨ℇ𝐫𝐄𝟐
𝟐
➢ Unit of energy density is Jm-3.
➢ At starting charging rate of capacitor is higher, gradually decreases and finally become zero.

COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS:
SERIES COMBINATION PARALLEL COMBINATION
• Charge of each capacitor is same. • Charge of each capacitor is different.
• Potential of each capacitor is different. • Potential of each capacitor is same.
• Equivalent capacitance is less than the • Equivalent capacitance is greater than the
capacitance of each capacitor. capacitance of each capacitor.
• For “n” no. of same capacitors Ceq =
𝑪 • For “n” no. of same capacitors Ceq = nC
𝒏
𝐂𝟏𝐂𝟐 • When two capacitors of different
• For two different capacitors Ceq = potentials combined in parallel ,then net
𝐂𝟏+𝐂𝟐
• Potential across capacitor C1 if applied potential is Vnet =
𝑸𝟏+𝑸𝟐
𝐂𝟐 𝑪𝟏+𝑪𝟐
voltage is V=V1= 𝐕 • For “n” different capacitor
𝐂𝟏+𝐂𝟐
• Potential across capacitor C2 if applied 𝐂𝐦𝐞 = 𝐂𝟏 + 𝐂𝟐 + 𝐂𝟑 + …..
𝐂𝟏
voltage is V=V2= 𝐕
𝐂𝟏+𝐂𝟐

COMPARISON OF ELECTRIC FIELD AND GRAVITATIONAL FIELD:

Simmilarities Differences
• Both are conservative forces. • Electric force is a strong force, but gravitational
• Both obey inverse square law.( F α 𝟐 )
𝟏 force is a weak force.
𝒓
• Electric force is short range force but
• Both are basic forces of nature.
gravitational force is long range.
•
• Electric force is can be shielded, but
gravitational force is not.
• Gravitational constant =G = 6.67 x 10-11Nm2kg-2
• Coulomb constant =K= 9 x 10-9Nm2C-2
• Electric force is attractive as well as repulsive,
but gravitational force is only attractive.
➢ If “N” no of drops of same radius(size) ‘r’ combines to form a big drop then radius of this drop is related to
initial radius is = R = N1/3r
CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF CAPACITOR:
➢ Circuit used to charge a capacitor is called RC- circuit.
➢ Product of R and C is equal to time.
➢ Time require to deposit 63% charge of total charge is called time constant.
➢ If RC time is small capacitor charge rapidly.
➢ If RC time is large capacitor charge slowly.
➢ Capacitor charged completely in five cycles.
➢ Capacitor discharge 63% in 1st cycle.
➢ 1 ohm x 1farad = 1 second
➢ Infinite time is required for complete charging of capacitor.
➢ Charge stored by electrostatic induction.
MCQS
▪ When two capacitors of same capacitance are connected in parallel and then in service, the capacitance in
these two cases are in ratio of
(a) 1:4 (b) 4:1 (c) 6:1 (d) 1:2
▪ If 5 coulomb charge is stored on one plate of a capacitor, then net charge on the capacitor is
(a) 5coulomb (b) zero (c) -5 coulomb (d) both a & c
▪ The automobiles wind shield wipers works on
(a) Electricity (b) cell (c) charging & discharging of capacitor (d) none