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Iteration SV

The document discusses various numerical methods for finding roots of polynomial equations, including sign changes, iteration, and the Newton-Raphson procedure. It provides examples and exercises to demonstrate these methods, including sketching graphs and calculating function values to confirm the existence of roots in specified intervals. Additionally, it covers the application of iterative formulas and differentiation to refine root approximations.

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5 views4 pages

Iteration SV

The document discusses various numerical methods for finding roots of polynomial equations, including sign changes, iteration, and the Newton-Raphson procedure. It provides examples and exercises to demonstrate these methods, including sketching graphs and calculating function values to confirm the existence of roots in specified intervals. Additionally, it covers the application of iterative formulas and differentiation to refine root approximations.

Uploaded by

arun.sk2103
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Numerical Solutions

Methods for locating roots to a polynomial equation:

a. Locate roots of f(x) =0 by considering changes of sign.


b. Using iteration to find an approximation to the roots of the equation f(x) = 0.
c. Newton_Raphson procedure to find approximation to the root of the equation f(x)=0.

To show solution lies in an interval:


1. The diagram shows a sketch of the curve y = f(x), where f(x) = x3 -4x2 + 3x +1.

a. Explain how the graph shows that f(x) has a root between x=2 and x=3.
b. Show that f(x) has a root between x=1.4 and x= 1.5.

2a.Using the same axes , sketch the graphs of y=lnx and y=1/x. Explain how your diagram shows that the
function f(x) = lnx -1/x has only one roots.
2b. Show that this root lies in the interval 1.7 < x < 1.8,
2c. Given that the root of f(x) is α , show that α=1.763 correct to 3 dp.

3.Show that each of these functions has at least one root in the given interval.
a. f(x) = x3 –x + 5 , -2<x<-1
x
b. f(x) = e =lnx – 5 , 1.65 < x < 1.75

4. h(x) = 3√x – cosx – 1 , where x is in radians.


a. Show that the equation h(x) has a roots , α , between x = 1.4 and x=1.5.
b. By choosing a suitable interval, show that α=1.441 is correct to 3 decimal places.

1
5. f(x) = (105x3 -128x2 +49x – 6)cos2x, where x is in radians . The diagram below shows the sketch of
y= f(x).

a. Calculate f(0.2) and f(0.8).


b. Use your answer to part a to make a conclusion about the number of roots of f(x) in the interval 0.2 < x
< 0.8 .
c. Further calculate f(0.3), f(0.4, f(0.5) and f(0.7).
d. Use your answer to parts a and c to make an improved conclusion about the number of roots of f(x) in
the interval 0.2 < x < 0.8.

6. h(x) = sin2x + e4x


a. Show that there is a stationary point , α , of y=h(x) in the interval -0.9 < x < -0.8.
b. By considering the change of sign of h’(x) in a suitable interval, verify that α =-0.823 correct to 3 dp.

Iteration:

To solve an equation of the form f(x) = 0 by an iterative method, rearrange f(x) =0 into form x=g(x) and
use the iterative formula xn+1 = g(xn).
Graphically these iterations lead to staircase diagrams.

8. f(x) = x2 – 4x + 1.
a. Show that the equation f(x) = 0 can be written as x = 4 – 1/x , x≠ 0.
f(x) have a root α, in the interval 3< α < 4.
b. Use the iterative formula xn+1 = 4 – 1/xn with x0 = 3 to find the value of x1, x2, x3.

9. f(x) = x3 – 3x2 – 2x + 5
a. Show that the eqn f(x) = 0 has a root in the interval 3 < x < 4.
b. Use the iterative formula xn+1 = √ xn3 – 2xn + 5 { Note square root is for the whole expression}
3
to calculate the values of x1, x2, x3 , giving your answer to 4 dp and taking :

i. x0 = 1.5 ii. x0 = 4

2
10. f(x) = x2 – 6x + 1
a. Show that the eqn f(x) = 0 can be written as x= √ (6x-1).
b. Sketch on the same axes the graphs of y=x and y = √(6x-1).
c. Write down the number of roots of f(x).
d. Use your diagram to explain why the iterative formula xn+1 = √(6x – 1) converges to a root of f(x)
when x0 = 2.
f(x) = 0 can also be rearranged to form the iterative formula xn+1 = xn2 + 1
6
e. By sketching a diagram explain why the iteration diverges when x0 = 10.

11. f(x) = xe-x –x + 2


a. Show that the equation f(x) = 0 can be written as x = ln | x | , x ≠ 2
| x-2 |
f(x) has a root , α , in the interval -2 < x < -1.

b. Use iterative formula xn+1 = ln | xn | , x ≠ 2 with x0 = -1 to find , to 2 decimal


| x-2 |
places, the value of x1 , x2 and x3.

12. f(x) = 3cos(x2) + x – 2


a. Show that the equation f(x) = 0 can be written as x = (arccos 2-x )1/2
3
b. Use the iterative formula xn+1 = (arccos 2 – xn )1/2 , x0 = 1 to find , to 3 decimal
3
places the value of x1 , x2 and x3.

c. Given that f(x) = 0 has only one root, α , show that α = 1.1298 correct to 4 dp.

13. The diagram shows a sketch of part of the curve with equation y=f(x), where
f(x) = xex – 4x. The curve cuts the x-axis at the points A and B and has a minimum points at P, as shown
in the diagram.

A
O B
P

a. Workout the co ordinates of A and the coordinates of B.


b. Find f’(x).
c. Show that the x coordinate of P lies between 0.7 and 0.8.
d. Show that the x coordinate of P is the solution to the equation x = ln 4 .
x+1
To find an approximation for the x co-ordinate of P, iterative formula
xn+1 = ln 4 is used.
xn + 1

e. Let x0 = 0. Find the values of x1 , x2 and x3 to 3 decimal places.

3
Newton-Raphson formula
xn+1 = xn - f(x n )
f ‘(xn )

14. The diagram shows part of the curve with equation y=f(x), where
f(x) = x3 +2x2-5x – 4. The point A , with x coordinate p , is a stationary point on the curve.

The equation f(x) = 0 has a root , α , in the interval 1.8 < x < 1.9.

a. Explain why x0 = p is not suitable to use as a first approximation to α when applying Newton-Raphson
method to f(x).
b. Using x0=2 as a first approximation to α , apply the Newton-Raphson procedure twice to f(x) to find a
second approximation to α, giving your answer to 3 decimal places.
c. By considering the change of sign in f(x) over an appropriate interval, show that your answer to part b
is accurate to 3 decimal place.

15. f(x) = x2 – 4/x – 10, x≠ 0.


a. Use differentiation to find f ’(x) .
The roots α , of the eqn f(x) = 0 lies in the interval [-0.4, -0.3].
b. Taking -0.4 as a first approximation to α , apply Newton-Raphson process once to f(x) to obtain a
second approximation to α. Give your answer to 3 dp.

16. y = f(x) , where f(x) = x2sinx – 2x +1. The points P, Q, R are roots of the equation.
The points A and B are stationary points , with x-coordinates a and b respectively.
a. Show that the curve has a root in each of the following intervals:

i. [0.6, 0.7] ii. [1.2,1.3] iii. [2.4, 2.5]


b. Explain why x0 = a is not suitable to sue as a first approximation to α when applying the Newton-
Raphson method to f(x).
c. Using x0 =2.4 as a first approximation, apply the Newton-Raphson method to f(x) to obtain a second
approximation. Give your answer to 3 dp.

17a. By writing y = xx in the form lny = xlnx , show that dy/dx = xx(lnx + 1).
b. Show that the function f(x) = xx -2 has a root, α , in the interval [1.4, 1.6].
c. Taking x0 = 1.5 as a first approximation to α, apply Newton-Raphson procedure once to obtain a
second approximation to α, giving your answer to 4 dp.
d. By considering a change of sign of f(x) over a suitable interval, show that
α = 1.5596 , correct to 4 dp.

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