In Python, exceptions are events that occur during the execution of a program that disrupt its normal

flow. These events usually indicate that an error has occurred, such as invalid input, division by zero,
or accessing a non-existent file.

Python provides a robust mechanism to handle these errors gracefully through the use of exceptions,
which allows developers to manage errors without crashing the program.

1 What is an Exception?

An exception is an error detected during execution. It is represented by an exception object in

2. Common Exceptions

Python includes built-in exceptions such as:

 ValueError: Raised when an operation or function receives an argument of the correct type
but inappropriate value.

 TypeError: Raised when an operation is applied to an object of inappropriate type.

 ZeroDivisionError: Raised when dividing by zero.

 FileNotFoundError: Raised when a file or directory is requested but does not exist.

 IndexError: Raised when accessing a list index out of range.

3. Handling Exceptions

To handle exceptions, Python uses a try-except block. This prevents the program from crashing and
allows for alternative actions to be taken.

Example:

try:

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

result = 10 / number

print("Result:", result)

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("You cannot divide by zero!")

except ValueError:

print("Please enter a valid integer!")

Explanation:

1. Purpose: This program demonstrates how to handle multiple exceptions in Python.

2. Details:
 o The try block contains code that might raise an exception.

o int(input(...)): If the user enters a non-numeric value, it raises a ValueError.

o 10 / number: If the user enters 0, it raises a ZeroDivisionError.

o If either exception occurs, the appropriate except block handles it.

3. Example Run:

o Input: 0

 Output: You cannot divide by zero!

o Input: abc

 Output: Please enter a valid integer!

The else Clause

 The else block executes if no exception is raised.

try:

result = 10 / 2

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Cannot divide by zero!")

else:

print("Division successful:", result)

Explanation:

1. Purpose: This program shows the use of the else clause.

2. Details:

o The try block executes successfully because 10 / 2 does not raise an exception.

o The else block runs if no exception is raised.

o If a ZeroDivisionError had occurred, the else block would not execute.

3. Example Run:

o Output: Division successful: 5.0

The finally Clause

 The finally block is always executed, regardless of whether an exception occurs or not. It is
typically used for cleanup tasks.
try:

file = open("example.txt", "r")

print(file.read())

except FileNotFoundError:

print("File not found!")

finally:

print("Execution completed.")

Explanation:

1. Purpose: This program demonstrates the finally clause, which executes no matter what
happens.

2. Details:

o The try block attempts to open and read a file named example.txt.

o If the file does not exist, a FileNotFoundError is raised and handled by the except
block.

o The finally block runs regardless of whether an exception occurred. It is often used
for cleanup (e.g., closing files).

3. Example Run:

o If the file exists:

 Output: The file content is displayed, followed by Execution completed.

o If the file does not exist:

Raising Exceptions

we can raise exceptions manually using the raise keyword.

age = -1

if age < 0:

raise ValueError("Age cannot be negative!")

Explanation:

1. Purpose: This program demonstrates how to manually raise an exception.

2. Details:

o If the variable age is negative, the raise keyword is used to throw a ValueError with a
custom error message.
 o This stops the program unless the exception is caught elsewhere.

3. Example Run:

o Output: ValueError: Age cannot be negative!

Custom Exceptions

Python allows you to define custom exceptions by creating a new exception class that inherits from
the Exception base class.

class CustomError(Exception):

pass

try:

raise CustomError("This is a custom error!")

except CustomError as e:

print(e)

Explanation:

1. Purpose: This program demonstrates how to create and use custom exceptions.

2. Details:

o A new exception class CustomError is created by inheriting from the Exception base
class.

o The try block explicitly raises a CustomError with a custom message.

o The except block catches this specific exception and prints its message.

3. Example Run:

o Output: This is a custom error!

Summary

 Exceptions allow programs to respond gracefully to errors.

 The try-except block is used to handle exceptions.

 Use else for code that should execute only if no exceptions occur.

 Use finally for cleanup actions that must always be executed.

 Custom exceptions can make your error handling more specific and meaningful.