Fundamental of Genetics

A. Fill in the blanks of the followings:

1. A character that is masked is considered as ------- while one which is expressed is known as --------.
2. Chromosomes carry genetics information in the form of --------.
3. The number of chromosomes in human being is -------.
4. The physical appearance of gene is called --------.
5. Colour – blindness and haemophilia are the examples of ------ inheritance.
6. The difference in inherited genetic constitution in individual of species is called -------.
7. -------- gene only get expressed when there are two copies of it in a single individual.
8. -------- is a heritable change in the structure and composition of gene or in the number of
chromosomes.
9. Upon --------, the diploid condition of chromosomes is restored.
10. A girl child receives her X chromosome from ---------.
11. Each gene or a pair of genes controlling s character is called a/an -------.
12. Human egg cell have -------- Y chromosomes.
13. An organism with two copies of the same allele is ---------.
14. --------- is known as the Father of genetics.

B. Name the followings :

1. An allele which expresses itself on the other.

2. A chemical substance, which constitutes genes.
3. An examples of X-linked inheritance.
4. A condition in which both the alleles are identical.
5. The fundamental unit of heredity.
6. The second law ststed by Mendel.
7. The Mendelian cross which is carried out by taking one pair of contrasting character.
8. The type of sex chromosomes in males.
9. An alternation in genetic material that can be inherited.
10. The genetic constitution of an individual for any character due to which it express itself.
11. The plant used by Mendel for experiments.
12. The phenotypic ratio of offspring in F2 generation in a dihybrid cross.
13. Chromosomes which do not take part in sex determination of an organism.
14. The sex chromosome of a female.
15. The suppressed allele of gene.
16. The cross between two parents having one pair of contrasting character.
17. A pair of corresponding chromosomes of the same size and shape, one from each parent.
18. An alternation in the genetic material that can be inherited.
19. The type of gene, which in the presence of a contrasting allele is not expressed.
20. The physical expression of genes in an individual.

C. True and False of the followings, if False, rewrite the correct form of statement :

1. The number of chromosomes in human beings is 24 pairs.

2. A cross between one pair of contrasting character is called monohybrid cross.
3. In a cross between two or more pairs of contrasting characters, the dihybrid ratio 3 : 1.
4. The sex chromosomes of male are XX type.
5. Haemophilia is caused due to the presence of a dominant gene.
6. The genetic composition of an organism in a gene combination is called phenotype.

D. Very Short Type Answer Question :

1. What is the difference between a character and a trait ?

2. Some diseases in humans are caused by family genes and chromosomes. Give two examples of such
types of diseases.
3. If a colour-blind man marries with a woman of normal vision, what will be the nature of vision of
their children.

4. State Mendel’s law of Independent Assortment.

5. What is the sex-linked inheritance ? Exp[lain with the help of a example.
6. If a homozygous, tall plant bearing red flowers is crossed with a homozygous dwarf plant bearing
white flower :
(a) What will be the genotype and phenotype of the first filal (F1) generation.
(b) If the F1 plants are self-pollinated, what will be the ratio of pure dwarf white offspring and pure
tall red offsprings.
7. In sexual reproduction, gametes are formed. Male and female gametes fuse to form a fertilised egg.
Complete the diagram to show chromosome numbers in this process in humans.

8. (a) Name the pair of genes responsible for a particular characteristics in an individual.
(b) The structure that transmits characteristics from parent to offsprings.

9. A pea plant with yellow round (YYRR) seeds was crossed with a plant having green wrinkled (yyrr)
seeds.

(a) What would be the nature of offspring in F1 generation.

(b) If the self-pollination takes place between the offsprings F1 generation, what would be the
phenotypic ratio F2 generation.
(c) Which law of Mendel depicted in part (b).

10. Find the odd one out and name the category :

(a) Haemophilia, colour blindness, albinism, night blindness.

(b) Thymine, cytosine, adenine, pepsin
(c) Thyroid, haemophilia, albinism, colour blindness

11. A genetic disease is caused by a recessive allele(r), the normal condition (R) is dominant. The mother
is a carrier for the disease, but the father has normal alleles.

(a) Complete the diagram to show possible children.

 (b) Will any of their children have this genetic disease? Explain your answer.

12. (a) What are genes.

(b) Where are they found in the cell.
(c) Mention their function.
(d) Define allele.

13. Red-green colour blindness is a sex-linked inherited characteristics. The gene b for colour blindness
is recessive to the gene B for normal vision. The gene b is carried only on the X chromosomes.

(a) Describe their phenotypes.

(b) Explain why red=green colour blindness is more likely to occur in men than in women.

14. Differentiate between monohybrid cross and dihybrid cross.

15. List any three features of garden pea with their recessive and dominant traits.

E. Long Answer Type of Questions :

1. A pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a pure dwarf plant (tt).

(a) Give the phenotypes of F1 progeny.

(b) Give the phenotypic ratio of F1 progeny.
(c) Give the phenotypes of the F2 progeny produced upon by the self-pollination of F1 progeny.
(d) Give the genotypic ratio and genotype of F2 generation.
(e) Name and explain the law induced by Mendel on the basis of above observations.

2. The diagram shows the sex chromosomes of a human couple, A and B, and four their children, C,D,E
and F.
 (a) Which parent is the mother.
(b) Explain why you chose this parent.
(c) Another child is expected. What are the chances of it being a girl.

3. (a) Define the law of dominance.

(b) Grey body is dominant to black body in fruit flies. Starting with a pure breeding grey fly(that
is one whose ancestors have been all grey) and an ebony fly, draw a diagram to show the
parental F1 and F2 generation. Use the symbol e for ebony and E for grey alleles.

4. A homozygous tall plant (T) bearing red coloured (R) flowers is crossed with a homozygous dwarf
plant (t) bearing white flowers (r):

(a) Give the genotype and phenotype of the F1 generation.

(b) Give the possible combinations of the gametes that can be obtained from the F1 hybrid.
(c) Give the dihybrid ratio and the phenotype of the offsrings of the F2 generation when two
plants of the F1 generation above are crossed.

F. Most Expected Questions for the Board Exam :

1. Differentiate between Human skin cell and Human ovum (number of chromosomes)

2. Give reason, Colour of blindness is more common in men than in women, why.

3. A homozygous tall plant (T) bearing red coloured (R) flowers is crossed with a homozygous dwarf (t)
plant bearing white (r) flowers :

(a) Give the genotype and phenotype of the plants of F1 generation.

(b) Mention the possible combination of the gametes that can be obtained from the F1 hybrid
plant.
(c) State the Mendels’s law of independent assortment.
(d) Mention the phenotype of the offsprings obtained in F 2 generation.
(e) What is the phenotypic ratio obtained in F2 generation.

4. In a homozygous plant, round seeds (R) are dominant over wrinkled seeds (r) :

(a) Draw a Punnett square to show the gametes and offspring when both the plants have
heterozygous round seeds (Rr).
(b) Mention the Phenotype and Genotype ratios of the offsprings in F2 generation.
(c) Name the sex chromosomes in human males and females.
(d) Briefly explain the term ‘Mutation’.
(e) What is the number of chromosomes in the gametes of human beings.

5. Briefly explain the term that Monohybrid Cross.

6. State Mendel’s Law of segregation.
7. Given below is a schematic diagram showing Mendel’s experiment on sweet pea plant having axial
flowers with round seeds (AARR) and terminal flowers with wrinkled seeds (aarr). Study the same
and answer the following questions.
 (a) Give the phenotype of F1 progeny.
(b) Give the phenotype of F2 progeny produced upon by the self-pollination of F1 progeny.
(c) Give the phenotypic ratio of F2 progeny.
(d) Name and explain the law induced by Mendel on the basis of the above observation.

8. A homozygous plant having round (R) and yellow (Y) seed is crossed with homozygous plant having
wrinkled (r) and green (y) seeds.

(a) Give the scientific name of the plant on which Mendel conducted his hybridisation experiments.
(b) Give the genotype of the F1 generation.
(c) Give the dihybrid phenotypic ratio and the phenotype of the offspring of the F2 generation when
two plants of the F1 generation are crossed.
(d) Name and state the law which explains the dihybrid ratio.
(e) Give the possible combinations of gametes that can be obtained from F1 hybrid.

9. (a) State Mendel’s Law of Dominance.

(b) A pure tall plant (TT) is crossed with a pure dwarf plant (tt).
(c) Draw Punnett squares to show (i) F1 generation (ii) F2 generation.
(d) Give the phenotype of F2 generation.
(e) Give the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the F1 and F2 generation.
(f) Name any one X-linked disease found in the humans.