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Lecture Three BB

The document outlines the cognitive perspective in psychology, emphasizing the importance of mental processes like perception and memory in shaping behavior. It discusses various research methods in psychology, including non-experimental and experimental approaches, and highlights the significance of the scientific method in formulating and testing hypotheses. Additionally, it addresses ethical considerations in psychological research involving human subjects.

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3 views23 pages

Lecture Three BB

The document outlines the cognitive perspective in psychology, emphasizing the importance of mental processes like perception and memory in shaping behavior. It discusses various research methods in psychology, including non-experimental and experimental approaches, and highlights the significance of the scientific method in formulating and testing hypotheses. Additionally, it addresses ethical considerations in psychological research involving human subjects.

Uploaded by

xynhrw952j
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Think!

Which of the following statements best describes the cognitive


perspective in psychology?
A. It emphasises the role of genetics and heredity in shaping behavior
and mental processes.
B. It highlights how mental processes like perception, memory, and
reasoning shape behavior.
C. It highlights how behaviour and the environment influence mental
processes.
D. It focuses on the role of the physical brain structures in shaping
behavior.
What psychology offers with
regard to human behaviors?
Explain, Predict, Modify
Introduction to psychology
Scientific Methods in Psychology
Reading: Ethics in Psychological Research
Learning outcomes

EXPLAIN HOW PSYCHOLOGISTS STUDY EXAMINE THE VARIOUS METHODS IN


BEHAVIOR AND MENTAL PROCESSES PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH
 Scientific method in psychology
 Research in psychology
I. Non-experimental methods in psychology
II. Experimentation
III. Example for experiment in psychology

 Ethics of psychological research with humans


Choose the correct answer
Scientific Hypotheses are…..
1. Original
2. Testable
3. Observable
Draw hypotheses for these examples
Scientific method definition

Sientific method is an organized way of using experience and testing


ideas to expand and refine knowledge.

Hypothesis: A specific statement about behaviour or mental process


that is tasted through research.

Theory: a well-established explanation of natural phenomena that has


been extensively tested and supported by empirical evidence.
Social skills among preschoolrs
Scientific method
in psychology
Research methods in psychology

Psychology science has adopted different research methodologies to


study human behaviour and mental processes. These methods can be
categorized into:

- Non-experimental methods
- Experimental methods
Non-experimental research methods
Observation methods
• Direct observation – to simply observe the phenomenon under study as it
occurs naturally

• Survey method – where direct observation is difficult, indirect observation


survey methods can be used, including questionnaires or interviews.

• Case study – a carefully drawn biography of a particular individual


Non-experimental research methods
Correlational
• Method used for Questions where experiments are not feasible.
Are people with higher intelligence more likely to do well in their jobs?

• Correlational method is used to determine whether a naturally


occurring variable is associated (correlated) with another variable of
interest
…Non-experimental research methods
Statistic use correlation coefficient (symbolised by r)
which estimates degree to which two variables are
related (between -1.00 and +1.00)
Experimentation

• The best method to investigate cause-effect relationship.


• The experimental method involves manipulating one variable to
determine if changes in one variable – the cause- result in changes
in another variable – the effect.
• This method relies on controlled methods, random assignment
and the manipulation of variables to test a hypothesis.
Designing Experiment
• Independent variable – hypothesised “cause”; variable precisely
manipulated by experimenter and independent of participant, to be set
on at least two level
• Dependent variable – hypothesised “effect”; variable influenced by
independent variable and almost always measure of participants’
behaviour
• Control variables are circumstances must be set at particular level and
not allowed to vary during the experiment
Designing Experiment
• Experimental group (hypothesised cause present)
• Control group (hypothesised cause absent). Control group provides
baseline for comparison
Designing experiment
• Random assignment refers to a system of allocating participants to
groups so that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in
any group
• Measurement refers to a system for assigning numbers to variables
• Statistics - the mathematical discipline that enables experimental
results to be summarised and interpreted ( mean: arithmetic average, a
set of scores divided by the number of scores in the set)
Example: Dose violence on TV cause
aggression in children?
Example: Dose violence on TV cause
aggression in children?
- Write the hypothesis statement .

- If children watch violent TV programs, then they will show more aggressive
behaviours.

- In order to be measurable, a hypothesis needs to operationally define the


circumstances (cause) and the effect ( behavior).
…Dose violence on TV cause aggression in
children?
- How can we define violence in relation to TV? Examples, checklist, rating system, and so on.

- How should we define aggression in children? Consider the percentage of time children play with

aggressive games and toys compared to nonaggressive ones, the noise level, the number of
hitting incidents, and so on.
- Random assignment? Children’s socioeconomic status, weather outside, or their IQ level.

- Measurability of the independent variable & the dependent variable?


Number of hours watched violent TV shows ( cause)
Number of hitting incidents (effect)
Ethics of psychological research
• Research with humans – principles include:
1. Minimal risk
2. Informed consent
3. Right to privacy
4. Right to be debriefed
Choose the correct answer
Which research method could prove/reject a relationship between anger
and high blood pressure?
1- Survey
2- Experimental method
3- Case study

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