Wellbore imaging

Training and Exercise Guide

Techlog Interactive Suite.

Wellbore imaging

Training and Exercise Guide

Wellbore imaging
The Techlog interactive suite 2010
is designed for wellbore- centric
data interpretation and offers
essential processing and modelling
capabilities. Bring all of your
wellbore data together within a
single graphical environment. You
can display what you want, how
you want and perform high level
analyses of core, log, image and
related data types together in
one program.

Wbi is the suite of processing and

interpretation tools for borehole
images. You can process, display
and interpret structure and
sedimentology on wireline and Your wellbore-centric solution.
LWD images from multiple vendors,
in an environment designed
to integrate these data in your
geological and petrophysical
interpretation workflow.

www.techsia.com

A5_WBI.indd 1 17/08/10 11:28

Wellbore imaging
Training and Exercise Guide

Your wellbore-centric solution.

Copyright Notice
Copyright © 2011 Techsia S.A., France. A Schlumberger company. All rights
reserved.

No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

translated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of
Schlumberger Information Solutions, 5599 San Felipe, Suite100, Houston, TX
77056-2722.

Disclaimer
Use of this product is governed by the License Agreement. Schlumberger
makes no warranties, express, implied, or statutory, with respect to the product
described herein and disclaims without limitation any warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Schlumberger reserves the
right to revise the information in this manual at any time without notice.

Trademark Information
Techlog is a registered mark of Techsia, S.A.

Python is a trademark of the Python organization, www.python.org.

Software application marks used in this publication, unless otherwise indicated,

are trademarks of Techsia, S.A., a Schlumberger company. Certain other
products and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective companies or organizations.

April 6, 2011
Table of Contents

About this Manual

Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What You Will Need . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
What to Expect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Course Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Icons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Module 1: Data Loading

Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Lesson 1: How the Script Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exercise 1: Activating the WbiImport Python Script during Import . . . . . . . . . 9
Exercise 2: Loading Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
User Configuration of the Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Module 2: Data Processing

Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Workflow Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Initial Checks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Lesson 1: Speed Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exercise 3: Correcting the Speed of an FMI Data Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Lesson 2: Pad Image Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exercise 1: Creating Pad Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exercise 2: Displaying Pad-Based Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Lesson 3: Image-Based Speed Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exercise 1: Applying Image-Based Speed Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Lesson 4: Button Harmonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Faulty Button Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Repairing Noisy Buttons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Applying a Cutoff to Image Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exercise 1: Performing Button Harmonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Lesson 5: Pad Concatenation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exercise 1: Creating an Oriented Image Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

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 Lesson 6: Histogram Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Exercise 1: Performing Histogram Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Module 3: Image Display in Logview

Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Lesson 1: Image Display Basics in Logview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exercise 1: Displaying an Image in Logview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Lesson 2: Palettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exercise 2: Adapting Palettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Lesson 3: Image Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Exercise 1: Rotating Images in a Logview Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Lesson 4: Image Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exercise 1: Filtering an Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Module 4: LWD Image Handling

Learning Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Lesson 1: LWD Array Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exercise 1: Orienting an LWD Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Lesson 2: Oriented LWD Array Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Exercise 1: Preparing a Previously Oriented LWD Array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Module 5: Dip Picking

Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Lesson 1: Dip Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Exercise 1: Picking Dips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Full Sine Wave Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Partial Sine Wave Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Using Stretchy Sinusoid Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Using Breakout Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Using Induced Fracture Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Saving Picked Dips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Special Considerations for Breakouts and Induced Fractures . . . . . . . . . . 102
Lesson 2: Dip Data Set Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Lesson 3: Automatic Dip Picking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Exercise 1: Picking Dips Automatically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

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 Lesson 4: Add the Dip Type to the Classification Automatically . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Exercise 1: Automatically Adding the Dip Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Lesson 5: Dip Display in Logview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Exercise 1: Displaying Dips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Module 6: Dip Interpretation Plots

Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Lesson 1: Walkout and Cumulative Dip Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Exercise 1: Working with Walkout and Cumulative Dip Plots . . . . . . . . . . 124
Lesson 2: Stereonet Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Exercise 1: Working with Stereonet Plots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Lesson 3: Dip Reclassification in a Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Exercise 1: Reclassifying Dips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Lesson 4: Stereonet Plot Displays on a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Exercise 1: Displaying Stereonet Plots on a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Module 7: Automatic Dip Computation

Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Lesson 1: Automatic Dip Computation with FMI Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Exercise 1: Using Automatic Dip Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Module 8: Structural Dip Removal

Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Lesson 1: Structural Dip and Dip Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Exercise 1: Identifying Structural Dip Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Exercise 2: Determining Structural Dip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Lesson 2: Structural Dip Removal Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Exercise 1: Using the Structural Dip Removal Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

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Module 9: Fracture Counting
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Lesson 1: Simple Fracture Orientation Set Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Exercise 1: Defining Simple Fracture Orientation Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Lesson 2: Fracture Counting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Step Interval vs. Count Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Fracture Density Correction in Techlog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Exercise 1: Counting Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Module 10: Image and Dip Display in 3D Vue

Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Lesson 1: Image Display in 3DVue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Exercise 1: Displaying Images in 3D Vue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Lesson 2: Borehole Shape Plots in 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Exercise 1: Displaying a Borehole Shape Plot in 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

iv Techlog Borehole Imaging Workflow/Solutions Training, Version 2010.2

Schlumberger About this Manual

About this Manual

The Techlog Wellbore Imaging (WBI) training presents the

processing and interpretation of borehole image data. The WBI
training discusses tools for the basic processing of images, clean
up and enhancement of data, dip and facies picking capabilities,
and tools for interpretation of dip data.

Learning Objectives
After completing this training, you will know how to:

• customize data loading of borehole image data

• process image data and use tools to clean up and enhance
the data
• compute dips manually and automatically from image data
• determine structural dip and remove from the dip data sets to
study paleaotransport
• pick facies from images
• understand fracture populations
• visualize your data in 2D and 3D.

What You Will Need

In this training you will need the following documents, hardware,
and software:

• Operating system: Windows XP or later operating system

• Minimum 1 GB of RAM available for Techlog
• Techlog installation file (2010.2.1)
• Techlog license
• Data folder Wbi_training.

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About this Manual Schlumberger

What to Expect
In each module within this training material, you will encounter the
following:

• Overview of the module

• Prerequisites to the module (if necessary)
• Learning objectives
• A workflow component (if applicable)
• Lessons, explaining a subject or an activity in the workflow
• Procedures, showing the steps needed to perform a task
• Exercises, which allow you to practice a task by using the
steps in the procedure with a data set
• Scenario-based exercises
• Questions about the module
• Summary of the module.
You will also encounter notes, tips and best practices.

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Schlumberger About this Manual

Course Conventions
Characters typed in Represent references to dialog box names
Bold and application areas or commands to be
performed.
For example, "Open the Open Asset Model
dialog."
Used to denote keyboard commands. For
example, "Type a name and press Enter."
Identifies the name of Schlumberger software
applications, such as ECLIPSE or Petrel.
Characters inside <> Indicate variable values that the user must
triangle brackets supply, such as <username> and
<password>.
Characters typed in Represent file names or directories, such as
italics "... edit the file sample.dat and..."
Represent lists and option areas in a window,
such as Experiments area.
Identifies the first use of important terms or
concepts. For example, "compositional
simulation…" or “safe mode operation.”
Characters typed in Represent code, data, and other literal text the
fixed-width user sees or types.
For example, enter 0.7323.

NOTE: Some of the conventions used in this manual indicate

the information to enter, but are not part of the
information For example, quotation marks and
information between brackets indicate the information
you should enter. Do not include the quotation marks or
brackets when you type your information.

Instructions to make menu selections are also written using bold

text and an arrow indicating the selection sequence, as shown:

1. Click File menu > Save (the Save Asset Model File dialog
box opens.)
OR

Click Save Model .

An ‘OR’ is used to identify an alternate procedure.

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About this Manual Schlumberger

Icons
Throughout this manual, you will find icons in the margin
representing various kinds of information. These icons serve as
at-a-glance reminders of their associated text. See below for
descriptions of what each icon means.

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Schlumberger About this Manual

Summary
In this introduction, we:

• defined the learning objectives

• outlined what tools you will need for this training
• discussed course conventions that you will encounter within
this material.

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About this Manual Schlumberger

NOTES

6 Techlog Borehole Imaging Workflow/Solutions Training, Version 2010.2

Schlumberger Data Loading

Module 1 Data Loading

Techlog uses a data model in which each data set must have a
single depth (or time) sampling rate. Because borehole images
often have different sampling rates (such as when selecting
Image Arrays > Calipers > Hole orientation), loading data sets
conventionally into Techlog results in data being loaded to
multiple data sets which must later be merged.

To facilitate loading and processing, a python script can be

activated during import to recognize a variety of tools and multiple
logging passes and create a data set for each.

This script is distributed with the Techlog installation, along with a

configuration file defining a specfied number of tool types (based
on raw, not processed, data). You can modify this script to include
other tool types or to specify a different set of variables to be
loaded.

Learning Objectives
After completing this training, you will know how to:

• activate a script to recognize borehole image data sets

• create a single data set ready for processing
• modify the configuration file so the script recognizes and
loads new tool types.

Lesson 1 How the Script Works

The TLImport_WbiImport script works in the following manner.

When active, the script runs on any data in the import buffer after
the data have been copied to the import buffer.

The script identifies different logging passes in two ways:

• It identifies individual logical files in a DLIS file and groups

the data accordingly.
• It verifies that the data within each group covers the same
intervals.

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Data Loading Schlumberger

After each pass is identified, the script identifies if there are data
from one or more borehole imaging tools within each group. This
is accomplished using the wbiImport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file.
(Refer to the section titled, "User Configuration of the Script.")

When a tool is identified, the script creates a single data set that
includes all of the mnemonics specified in the
wbiImport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file. The new data set has a
name that follows the convention TOOLNAME_Interval.

Two important rules are imposed on the script when it creates the
data set.

• Array variables (borehole image arrays, for example) cannot

be resampled.
• Variables cannot be downsampled, which is particularly
important for the Z-axis accelerometer curve and the frame
time curve.
If there are variables at a higher sampling rate than the image
arrays, they are included in a second data set given the name
TOOLNAME-INCL_Interval.

To proceed with the training, create a new Techlog project by

selecting Project > New.

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Schlumberger Data Loading

Exercise 1 Activating the WbiImport Python

Script during Import

To activate a Python script to run during data import:

1. Open the Import buffer.

2. Select Project > Import or click .

3. Click on the bar where the project folder is displayed to see

the properties of the Import buffer.

4. In the Parameters tab, click on the parameter ‘Launch a script

after import.’
5. Set ‘Launch the script’ to yes.

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Data Loading Schlumberger

6. In the drop-down list Script to be launched, choose Techsia/

WbiImport.

TIP: The Script to be launched list shows all the scripts (User,
Project, Company, or Techsia) that begin with the name
TLImport_ (for example, TLImport_WbiImport). Should
you wish to create your own script to run on the import,
add the prefix 'TLImport_' to the name you wish to use.

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Schlumberger Data Loading

Exercise 2 Loading Data

In this exercise, you load an FMI data set for use in later
exercises. The loading script will identify the tool and create the
required data set.

1. Load the DLIS file IMAGE-WELL2_RAW.dlis from the

directory Wbi Training Datasets in one of two ways:
Drag-and-drop the file into the Techlog workspace.

OR

Open the import buffer and Browse to the file location.

2. Click to load the FMI_16_1271-1501m data set from the

import buffer to the project browser.
3. Compare the variables in this data set with those defined in
the configuration file of the script.

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User Configuration of the Script

The TLImport_WbiImport script is allows for a great deal of user
flexibility. You can define tools and how the tools are recognized,
and you can specify which variables are to be loaded for each
tool. This is achieved by having a configuration file which is easily
user editable.

The wbiImport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file is located in the Techlog

installation directory\BHI directory.

## this configuration file is used by the

wbiImport script to determine what
## tool is the data from, based on mnemonics
names.
## mnemonics_minimum defines the list of
mnemonics that are strictly specific to
## a tool and allows to identify it.
## mnemonics_exclude defines a list of
mnemonics that, if present, mean that the
data set does not come from this tool even if
the mnemonics_minimum are all present
## mnemonics_to_keep defines the list of
mnemonics to be kept in the main
## data set(s) that will be created by the
script.
[FMI_16]
mnemonics_minimum = FCA1, FCA2, FCA3, FCA4
mnemonics_to_keep = FCA, FCB, FCC, FCD, C1,
C2, EI, EV, FB, HAZ, DEV, P1, RB, GR, CS,
FTIM, ANOR, FNOR, FINC, AX, AY, AZ, FX, FY,
FZ, DB, SDEV, FBGA, TENS, BS, DB
[FMI_SLIM_8]
mnemonics_minimum = FCA1, FCA2
mnemonics_exclude = FCA3, FCA4
mnemonics_to_keep = FCA, FCB, FCC, FCD, C1,
C2, EI, EV, FB, HAZ, DEV, P1, RB, GR, CS,
FTIM, ANOR, FNOR, FINC, AX, AY, AZ, FX, FY,
FZ, DB, SDEV, FBGA, TENS, BS, DB

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The file can be edited with a basic text editor such as WordPad or
NotePad. A basic list of tools, confined to raw field data, is
included in the configuration file distributed with Techlog. For any
tool type entry, there are two important lines: the
mnemonics_minimum and the mnemonics_to_keep line.

The mnemonics_minimum line defines some mnemonics, or

combination of mnemonics, that are unique to that tool. The
mnemonics may come from raw field data or may be defined for
data in a processed state coming from a particular software
platform.

The mnemonics_to_keep line defines the variables which must be

loaded for that particular tool. A wildcard is implicit in each entry in
the mnemonics_to_keep line. In other words, the entry 'FCA'
means that for an FMI, all variables starting with 'FCA' are loaded,
including FCA1, FCA2, FCA3, FCA4, FCAX, FCAY, FCAZ.

For specific tools, a third line may be defined,

mnemonics_exclude. This line defines a list of mnemonics which,
if present, mean that the data cannot come from that particular
tool even if all of the mnemonics_minimum are present.

WARNING: The wbiImport_tools_mnemonics.cfg file located in

the Techlog installation directory \BHI directory is
overwritten each time Techlog is installed.

BEST PRACTICE: You should protect your edits in one of these

ways:
- Make a backup copy of wbiImport_tools_
mnemonics.cfg each time it is edited and
store the backup in a separate location.
OR
- Edit the Python script, line 69, to point to a
new location for the configuration file and
copy the file to that location before editing
the new file.

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Review Questions
• Where can you set a property to activate a loading script
during data import?
• How can you add another tool to the list of tools recognized
by the script? How can the tools define which data are to be
loaded?

Summary
In this module, you learned about:

• activating a script when importing data

• loading a raw DLIS file and seeing the resulting data set
created
• editing the configuration file to add new tools or change the
list of variables to be loaded.

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NOTES

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NOTES

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Module 2 Data Processing

The Wellbore Imaging (WBI) module in Techlog uses flexible
workflows so you can modify the processing chain to best fit the
data type and conditions in which you are working. Although
image processing is typically performed as a single well, single
data set process, the WBI module uses the application workflow
interface (AWI), which allows multiple zones, multiple data sets,
and multi-well processing.

Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to process an
FMI data set and you will understand:

• the basic processing workflow

• how processing applies to other tool types
• the options in the various steps in a data processing workflow.

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Workflow Diagram
Figure 1 illustrates the workflow of Techlog pad-based imaging
tools.

*In the workflow or directly in Logview

Figure 1 Processing flow: pad-based imaging tools

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Borehole image processing workflows (Figure 2) are built up by

combining several processing methods into a workflow. A brief
description of the methods currently included in Techlog follows.
Refer to the user guide for more information.

Figure 2 Processing methods and shortcuts

Speed An accelerometer-based speed correction

correction using cable speed and Z-axis accelerometer
(cable speed) data.

Although superseded by a newer method

using frame time, this method is still needed
for some tool types in which a frame time
variable is not available. Calculate and apply
a corrected depth curve to correct for
irregular tool movement and stick and pull
during acquisition.
Speed A new speed correction method using frame
correction time data. Calculate and apply a corrected
depth curve to correct for irregular tool
movement and stick and pull during
acquisition.

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Pad image Electrical imaging tools have many designs

creation regarding button arrangement and many
conventions for how the various arrays are
stored. In addition, software platforms use
different conventions for how the processed
data are stored.

The Pad image creation method transforms

data into a standard Techlog convention:

• All buttons and pads are at their

borehole depth.
• Pads are numbered clockwise around
the borehole (when looking down the
borehole).
• Buttons are ordered clockwise (when
looking down the borehole).
This standardization allows later processing
steps to be generic for many tools. Emex and
gain corrections for the FMI and gain
corrections for the STAR tool are also
applied at this stage.
Button This method corrects for differences in
harmonization response between buttons or between pads.
Also included are corrections for dead
buttons and a cutoff utility to limit the range of
the data.
Image-based For pad type tools, incomplete speed
speed correction can result in depth offsets
correction between the button rows, resulting in a
sawtooth appearance to the pads and
between pads.

Image-based speed correction uses a

correlation method to minimize the residual
offsets.

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Histogram This method is used to create dynamically or

equalization statically normalized images. In both cases, it
increases image contrast by equalizing the
color distribution by mapping the image
values so that each bin of the histogram
approaches an equal area.

The cumulative frequency curve of the

equalized data tends towards linear.
Pad This method orients the image data correctly
concatenation around the borehole and saves a single
and oriented array for interpretation.
orientation
Ultrasonic This method orients various measurements
images of ultrasonic imaging tools to create arrays
ready for interpretation. It also calibrates the
travel time image to create a radius image.
Image This method calibrates borehole image
calibration arrays against a calibration curve, such as
when computing a calibrated conductivity
image from electrical imagers.
Apply shift This method is now obsolete but it is retained
curve to maintain compatibility for older saved
workflows. This method applies a corrected
depth curve to data, a function normally
available in speed correction methods.

There is no need to run this method after

running either of the speed correction
methods.

Initial Checks
Before beginning processing, it is a good idea to carry out some
QC checks on your data using the field print, LogView, and
crossplot features of TechLog.

Check the response of the calipers: Do the readings make

sense and do they read correctly if logged in the casing? For
example, if you have access to a field print, check the caliper
calibrations.

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Data Processing Schlumberger

Check the inclinometry variables: Do the QC curves return the

expected values of acceleration due to gravity, magnetic field
strength, and magnetic field inclination?

Do the X and Y accelerometers result in a crossplot with a spiral

centered on (0,0)? The crossplots should show a circle with a
radius that varies with hole deviation. If hole deviation is changing
over the logged interval, the data plots as a spiral.

Remember to exclude the casing affected interval from your

magnetometer crossplots.

Some vendors provide orientation curves in their raw field data

that have not been corrected for magnetic declination. If you need
to correct for magnetic declination, you can do so with the
MagneticDeclinationCorrection script. Select Python > Python
workflow item and choose MagneticDeclinationCorrection on the
Techlog tab.

NOTE: Because you are running the script as a workflow item,

this step is added to your workflow.

Lesson 1 Speed Correction

Because of their high resolution and the fact that you need to
accurately match (to 0.1in) the depth measurements taken at
different depths in a toolstring that may be tens of thousands of
feet deep, speed correction of borehole image data are crucial.

Speed correction is needed because the depth of the toolstring as

recorded at the surface can differ from the actual depth of the
toolstring due to tool stick and pull, irregular tool movement,
changes in cable tension, and other conditions.

Accelerometer-based speed correction methods use the

accelerometer measurement in the direction of the toolstring (Z-
axis) along with a measurement that reflects acquisition time,
such as a frame time (FTIM) or cable speed, to calculate the
actual movement of the tool in the hole and correct the depth for
that actual movement.

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Techlog has two available speed correction methods: speed

correction using cable speed and speed corrections using a frame
time measurement. The frame time measurement must be in the
form of the elapsed time between the recording of successive
data frames and not a total elapsed time.

Speed correction is correcting for events that occur in the

toolstring in time. Thus, each event in time affects different
measurements at different depths in the recorded file, according
to their position in the toolstring. The depth correction method
must be applied at different depths for different measurements,
according to their depth offset from the reference depth of the
accelerometer and the frame time curves (relative offsets).

The Offsets tab (Figure 3) is populated with relative offsets in the

following order of preference, depending on the information
available:

• The relative offset is calculated from the difference between

the value of the MEASURE-POINT-OFFSET property for the
variable, read from the DLIS file, and that of the
accelerometer and frame time curves.
• The relative offset is populated with default values for that
tool.
• You enter the relative offset, typically found in the tool
diagram on the field print.
NOTE: Positive numbers are a measurement depth deeper
than the reference depth; negative numbers are a
measurement depth shallower than the reference
depth.

Figure 3 Relative offsets on the Offsets tab

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Exercise 3 Correcting the Speed of an FMI

Data Set

In this exercise, you will perform speed correction on an FMI data

set. The exercise will show the data types needed and how to QC
the speed correction.

1. Select Wbi > Speed Corrections.

2. In the Family selection window, choose the tool type
FMI_16 using the Change tool button.
NOTE: FMI_16 and FMI_8 or CMI_16/CMI_8 are not two
separate tools. These names are used by Techlog to
distinguish between tools with two rows of buttons on
a pad. The two button rows are stored as separate
arrays in the raw data but, elsewhere, are stored as a
single array per pad (especially after processing).

3. In the Speed correction window, choose the families shown

in the boxes on the right-hand side in the figure.

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The Toolname variables box identifies variables associated

with the tool and recorded or stored at the same depth as the
tools. The Others variables box is for other measurements in
the toolstring you may wish to speed correct.
NOTE: Techlog knows no default measure point offsets for
variables in the Others variables box.

4. When the Workflow window opens, drag-and-drop the

FMI_16_1271-1501m data set from the project browser into
the workflow. A transposed view of the input table (in 3 parts
in the figure) shows the input variables to be used.

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Data Processing Schlumberger

WARNING: There are usually two versions of Schlumberger

tools for the Z-axis acceleromter variable: AZ
and Fast channel acceleromter (FCAZ). It is
critical that you use FCAZ.

One way to avoid the problem of using the

wrong tool is to create new families and
assignment rules so that two versions are not in
the same family. The best option is to move AZ
to a new family, not FCAZ.

WARNING: Make sure you use the correct version of the

inclinometry and orientation curves. Different
toolstring combinations may result in multiple
versions of the orientation curves,
corresponding to different tools.

5. In the Zonation tab, set a restricted interval so the correction

is calculated over that depth. Because output speed
corrected curves cover the original input interval, a depth
correction of 0 is applied to the input variables above and
below the zonation interval.

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6. To QC the speed correction prior to applying it, choose the

Compute only option in the Corrected depth parameter.

7. Set Apply mode to display and click Apply. Read the

message in the output bar to see if there is any issue. The
variables now display an underscore, _S, indicating the
Speed Correction process.

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8. Check the plot for excessive shifts (Track 3). If large shifts
display that cause you to suspect the results, drag-and-drop
array variables onto your plot to see if there is evidence of
stick and pull, for example, that would justify a large shift.
If excessive shifts are present, the most common cause an
incorrect Z-axis accelerometer curve.
9. If shifts display correctly, set Corrected depth to Compute
and apply on the Parameters tab.
10. Set Apply mode to Save and click Apply.
11. To save the workflow, click the Save icon.
12. In the dialog that displays, check the box ‘Keep input table
selection’ and click Save. This lets you rerun the workflow
from scratch even if you delete some of the intermediate
processed results.

WARNING: As mentioned previously, accelerometer curves

cannot be downsampled during loading, as loss of
high-frequency information leads to poor speed
correction. The same is true for frame time
curves; the recorded frame time is applicable to
the elapsed time between samples of the high-
frequency inclinometry curves, but it is invalid if
downsampled. Many borehole imaging tools
(commonly dipmeter tools, ultrasonic imaging

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tools, and some oil-based mud imagers) routinely

record inclinometry data at 120 samples per foot
and image data at 60 samples per foot or,
occasionally, at 30 samples per foot. To deal with
this situation, Techlog uses data from a different
data set to calculate the shift corrected depth and
apply it to the data set to be corrected.
To calculate shift corrected depth:
1. Make selections in the Family selection
window, as usual.
2. Drag-and-drop into the workflow the data
set containing your image data.
3. Choose the frame time or Z-acceleration
variable from the high sample rate data set
corresponding to image data set you wish to
correct.
4. When one of these two variables is chosen,
the measured depth, frame time and Z-
acceleration are automatically picked up to
be from the same data set. (This behavior
does not occur if you choose the measured
depth variable.
5. Proceed with speed correction as normal.
Tests are performed to ensure that:
• measured depth, Z-acceleration, and
frame time all come from the same data
set
• this data set is over the same interval as
the data to be speed corrected
• the data to be speed corrected all comes
from a single data set.

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Lesson 2 Pad Image Creation

Pad-based imaging tools are designed with a variety of geometry

and the data recorded from such tools is stored using different
conventions in different applications, both as raw data and as
processed data.

For example, raw FMI data are stored with one array for each row
of buttons. In GeoFrame, these buttons are interlaced into a
single array and arranged counter-clockwise (when looking
downhole). An FMI processed in Recall also has buttons as a
single array for each pad/flap, but the buttons are arranged
clockwise.

Raw STAR data have a single array for each pad but, because of
this, the array at each index depth of the raw data file contains
button readings from two different depths, corresponding to the
two button rows.

Additionally, each pad records at depths that are offset from each
other. In the raw data file a single index depth contains button
measurements from four different actual depths in the borehole.

The Pad image creation method in Techlog converts all of these

differing input formats into a single Techlog format following these
conventions:

• All pads are ordered clockwise around the borehole when

looking down the borehole.
• All buttons are ordered clockwise around the borehole when
looking down the borehole.
• All button and pad measurements are corrected for any
depth offsets during acquisition.
The advantage of standardization is that data can be readily
visualized even before it is concatenated into a single image for
display. The subsequent processing steps can be made common
to many different tools, as they need not be rewritten for each
geometry and each method of storing the data.

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Exercise 1 Creating Pad Images

The Parameters tab (Figure 4) displays a set of parameters in

several columns. If the Source setting is correct, the other
parameters should not need to be changed, but an understanding
of their function helps to understand how they may be used if the
default processing returns incorrect images with certain problem
data sets.

Figure 4 Parameters tab

1 Source Populated from the data set property

PRODUCT. This property specifies the
software system that wrote the DLIS
file from which the data set was loaded.

The value of this parameter determines

the values of parameters 2 to 6.

WARNING: When the Source parameter is populated,

parameters 2-6 are also populated. These
parameters can be changed independently and are
reset only when the Source value is reset.

WARNING: Beware of data that has been round tripped through

other software. For example, if a raw FMI data set is
loaded in GeoFrame and then rewritten as a DLIS
file, the PRODUCT property will have the value
<Geoframe> but the data will still have the same
format as the raw data. The source should be set to
OP in the Parameters tab.

If in doubt, use a source value of OP for raw data

from Schlumberger, eXpress for raw data from Baker
Atlas, and Geoload for raw data from Halliburton.

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2 Interlaced Specifies if the two button rows on a pad

exist as separate arrays which need to
be interlaced to create a single array for
the pad.

Interlacing uses the first button from one

row then the first button from another
row, and so forth.
3 Reverse Arrays Specifies if the button order needs to be
reversed for the pad arrays.
4 Reverse Odd For tools that use an arrangement of one
Pads pad pointing up and the next pad pointing
down, this may need to be set to 'yes.'
5 Odd Pads For tools like a STAR, in which alternate
Vertical Offset pads are offset vertically from each other,
a depth shift of alternate pads may be
needed to move the arrays to their true
borehole depth.

This would occur as the tool records data

from sensors at different depths in the
borehole into the same depth frame.
6 Odd Buttons Depth shift to be applied for some tools
Vertical Offset where the button rows must be shifted to
their correct borehole depth.

This occurs if both rows were recorded

into the same depth frame.
7 Gain correction For an FMI if an Emex voltage and
Electronic gain variable are input, the
option for gain correction is available
(default = yes).

For a STAR, the option is available if a

Pad gain and Bucker gain variable are
available.

For FMI images, the Pad image creation method also performs
Emex and gain correction; for STAR images, the gain corrections
are applied.

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To create a Pad image:

1. Using the workflow from the speed correction process, select

Wbi > Pads image creation.
2. Choose FMI_16 as the tool type and fill out the Family
selection window, as shown in the figure.

The inputs are automatically populated in the most recent

version of each family. In this instance, it uses the speed
corrected versions of the input curves.

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3. Choose the correct input variables. The following images

show the inputs that are needed for this method.

TIP: If your data set has long intervals at the top or bottom,
with invalid data in casing or arms closed, limit your
processing to that interval using the Zonation tab. This
prevents invalid data from unduly skewing the color
assignments when displaying your data later.

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4. Set Apply mode to Save or 'Save and Display' and click

Apply.

BEST PRACTICE: To enable rapid scrolling and zooming on

huge array data sets in Logview, Techlog
uses a display optimization that reduces
the number of pixels rendered depending
on the zoom level used. This reduces the
display quality of borehole image data so
you can view the best possible images in
Logview.

Select the image arrays and, in the

Properties window (F4), set the
Optimised display > Horizontal >
Activate property to No. (Be aware that
with very large data sets de-activating this
property will slow down zooming and
scrolling.)

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5. Save the workflow (overwriting already saved workflow).

WARNING: By running Pad image creation, the two
individual button rows of an FMI are amalgamated
into a single array. That means that, for the FMI,
you now have 8 arrays instead of 16 as you had in
the raw file. For any further processing steps,
choose FMI_8 as the tool, not FMI_16. This also
applies for CMI_16/8 and FMS_8/4.

The FMI image is processed after running Speed correction

and Pads image creation and the image is ready to be
displayed in Logview. However, to be able to pick dips on an
image you must associate a caliper.
NOTE: Further processing comprises data repair and
enhancement.

Exercise 2 Displaying Pad-Based Images

In this exercise, you will learn how to display pad-based borehole

images in a Logview layout by concatenating them into an
oriented image array.

To display a pad-based image:

1. Open a Logview layout in any of these ways:

Select Techplot > LogView.
OR
Press Ctrl + Shift + P,L.
OR

Click .
2. Insert a Pad concatenation track by selecting Insert > Pads
Concatenation in the top bar menu of the LogView window
or click in the left-hand side toolbar.

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The Pad concatenation window opens.

3. Choose the FMI_16_1271-1501m data set in the left-hand

window.
4. Choose FMI_8 as the tool type.
5. Fill out the family selection, as shown in the figure in step 2.
6. Set Horizontal Interpolation to yes.
For an explanation of the options at the bottom of the
window, select Wbi > Pad concatenation and orientation
in the Techlog help.
7. Click Create and the Pad concatenation and orientation
dialog opens.

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8. Verify that the correct version of each variable is being used.

TIP: By default, the last version of each variable is used.

9. Click OK and a borehole image track displays in the layout.

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10. Select the image in the layout and click the Pads
concatenation tab in the Properties window.
The options for display (orientation type, excluding pads,
etc.) are shown and can be modified if needed (for example
deviated borehole, bad pad, or flap response).

11. Borehole image display in Logview is discussed in more

detail in the next module.
For now, keep this layout open or save it and keep it open.

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Lesson 3 Image-Based Speed Correction

Speed correction may not always manage to completely correct

for irregular tool movement. For pad-based imaging tools, this can
result in depth offsets between the button rows in the tool resulting
in a 'sawtooth' effect. It can also produce offsets between pads
(flaps) in depth with an alternating up and down between
successive pads around the borehole.

Image-based speed correction uses a correlation algorithm to

minimize these offsets.

Exercise 1 Applying Image-Based Speed

Correction

In this exercise, you will apply image-based speed correction to

the FMI data set. Very little user input is needed apart from
verifying the input data.

Continue with the workflow you used in the precious exercise.

To use image-based speed correction:

1. Select Wbi > Image Based Speed Correction.

2. Leave the tool type set as FMI_8.
3. Populate the Family selection window as shown in the figure.

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4. Check the input variables. These should be the same as the

output of the Pad image creation step in Lesson 2,
Exercise 1: Creating Pad Images.

WARNING: It is important to remember that the input

variable table gets refreshed every time the user
does family/alias selection and hits the Create
button. In many AWI methods the first variable
alphabetically for each family is chosen, but for
Wbi the last created variable is chosen. This can
lead to problems if you return to an earlier
method in your workflow and refresh the family
selection, as the inputs for a method could get
populated with the outputs of a method that
comes later in the workflow.

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There are normally no parameters to change for the Image-

based speed correction method. Some advanced
parameters relating to the correlation parameters and
allowable shifts are hidden. They can be shown by setting
the 'Hide advanced parameters' property in the Properties
window for the method to 'no.'
5. Set Apply mode to ‘Save and display’ and click Apply.

6. Save the workflow; it will overwrite the saved workflow.

Lesson 4 Button Harmonization

Button harmonization is designed to correct for the effects of

different responses between buttons. These responses can be
caused by tool problems but they can also result from borehole
conditions, such as poor pad contact or mudcake smeared on the
pads.

Button harmonization works by attempting to correct the response

of each button so it matches a global response of all buttons taken
together. Because the algorithm applies a 'shift and a gain' to the
data and there is no interpolation or filtering, there is little or no
loss of resolution or data fidelity. It is best to perform button
harmonization by default.

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BEST PRACTICE: Where image-based speed correction is

performed, it is recommended that button
harmonization is performed after image
based speed correction. If the buttons and
pads show very different responses, it may be
useful to perform button harmonization before
image-based speed correction as well as after
to improve the correlation success for depth
matching the pads and buttons.

Included with the button harmonization method are two other

algorithms: faulty button detection and cutoff, both of which are
turned off by default.

Faulty Button Detection

Button repair (Figure 5) tries to find dead buttons by looking for
intervals where the button activity remains below a user set
threshold over a defined interval. Where such values are found,
they are replaced with null values. If you choose to repair them,
the null values are replaced by interpolation with their neighbors.

Figure 5 Parameters tab for faulty button detection

Repairing Noisy Buttons

Faulty button detection will detect dead buttons where there is no
activity, but it will not be successful at identifying very noisy
buttons.

To repair noisy buttons:

1. Find out which array (pad or flap) is affected by faulty buttons.

2. Open Data Editor.
3. Drag the array of the affected pad into the data editor.
4. Use column selection to show all of the buttons in the array.

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5. Replace values in the bad buttons with null values and save
the array.
6. Set Repair faulty button detected set to yes.
7. Run Faulty button repair. The null values are replaced by
interpolation.

Applying a Cutoff to Image Data

The Cutoff option (Figure 6) allows you to apply a cutoff to the
data. Values outside of the cutoff range are replaced either with
nulls, interpolation with their neighbors, or boundary values.

Figure 6 Parameters tab for the cutoff option

Exercise 1 Performing Button Harmonization

In this exercise, you will apply button harmonization to the FMI

data set to even out the button harmonization. No faulty button
detection or cutoff is needed. Continue with the open workflow
from the previous exercise.

To perform button harmonization:

1. Select Wbi > Button Harmonisation.

2. Leave the tool type set as FMI_8.

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3. Populate the Family selection window as shown in the figure.

4. Verify that the inputs are the same as the outputs from
Image-based speed correction.

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5. In the Parameters tab, set the parameters shown in the figure.

6. Set the window size for harmonization.

There are three options for harmonization under the
Harmonisation process type parameter: global, by array, and
excluding an array.
• Global means that each button will be harmonized with the
response of all of the buttons.
• By array means that each button will be harmonized with
the response of all of the buttons and columns in that pad/
array, and both will do By array followed by Global.
• Excluding an array excludes it from the calculation of the
global response, but does not exclude it from the
harmonization process.
Use this option when you wish to stop a bad pad from
affecting the other pads.

WARNING: It is important to carefully consider the

consequences of setting a window for button
harmonization. For this reason, the default setting
is to NOT use a window.

Button harmonization reduces the differences

between button responses. By setting a window,
you can make the correction work better by
responding to changes in the differences between
button response over the logged interval.
However, the difference in button response
around the borehole is what allows you to see the
formation properties that you wish to examine.

When choosing to use a window, the window

length should be much longer than the amplitude
of the sine waves of the geological surfaces you
wish to view.

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Because waves represent planar surfaces in a

cylindrical borehole. This prevents the algorithm
from reducing the difference in button response
due to formation properties, as opposed to
logging conditions.
7. Set Apply mode to ‘Save and display’ and click Apply.
The Speed Corrected non-harmonized image (_ISC) is
shown on the left in the figure, while the harmonized image is
shown on the right. (Note the underscore _H.)

8. Save the workflow.

The results layout you have been using can now be closed.
9. Return to the layout you created in and repeat the process.
This time, you should see that the names of the array pads
and flap arrays you are asked to include should be
PAD_1_ISC_H.
10. Compare your processed images to view the effect of image-
based speed correction and button harmonization. For this
data set, the differences are subtle.

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Lesson 5 Pad Concatenation

You have seen how pad-based images can be displayed directly

in Logview from pad arrays. The advantage of this method is that
you can switch between North and Top of hole orientations and
you can switch off pads that have bad intervals.

The alternative approach is to create an oriented array in which

each pad is in its correct position around the borehole and gaps
between the pads reflect the borehole size. The advantage of
creating a single array is that plots open more quickly. In addition,
a single oriented array becomes a tool independent way of
presenting the image data.

Oriented arrays are more easily shared between software

platforms and they are more accessible to all Techlog users,
even without a WBI license. Single oriented arrays are required
for some further processing in Techlog, such as image flattening
or parameter extraction, and they make it much easier to build
algorithms in Python.

Exercise 1 Creating an Oriented Image Array

The Pads concatenation and orientation method in Techlog is

used to create oriented arrays. Using tool orientation and caliper
data, the pads are oriented in their correction position around the
borehole, relative to an orientation reference.

To create an oriented image array:

1. Open the workflow from the previous exercise.

2. Select Wbi > Pads concatenation and orientation.
3. Leave tool type as FMI_8.

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4. Populate the Family selection window as shown in the figure.

NOTE: The 'Use output from Pad image creation' checkbox

indicates that data have been through the Pad image
creation method and is in the standard Techlog
format for pad-based images. (Refer to Lesson 2 in
this module).

If this box is not checked, the Pad concatenation

method can make the same corrections to the data
as the Pad image creation method. This overlap is
done for backward compatibility reasons, but you
should always run Pad image creation for pad type
tools.)

NOTE: If you do not add caliper input to the Associated

Caliper box, the method will calculate an average
caliper called ASSOC_CAL. This is calculated from the
caliper variable used in the concatenation and
associated with the output image for dip picking.

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5. Verify that you have the input variables shown in the figure.

6. In the Parameters tab, set the Orientation to North.

7. In the Properties window for the method, set the Interpolate

horizontally property to yes. The options for Perimeter
computation, Angular computation, and Horizontal resolution

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mode are explained in detail in the online help. They do not

need to be changed for this exercise.

8. Set Apply mode to ‘Save and display’ and click Apply.

9. Save the workflow.

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Lesson 6 Histogram Equalization

Normalizing borehole images consists of mapping each

measurement value to a position on a normalized scale;
normalization can be Static or Dynamic.

Static normalization means that each value is mapped on a scale

normalized for the entire interval. In static normalization, the same
input measurement always maps to the same position on the
normalized scale.

Dynamic normalization maps each value to a scale defined by the

data range in a sliding window. Local contrast is enhanced but the
same input measurement can, at different depths, map to different
values on the normalized scale because the scale continually
changes over the length of the log.

NOTE: In Techlog, color palettes are not based on a fixed data

range but are adapted to the data range of the image
data. This means that, in most cases, static
normalization is not needed.

In some cases, it may be beneficial (such as in the case

of the OBMI), where the static normalization allows a
much better distribution of the extreme values along the
normalized scale. Static normalization can be done on a
display basis only, in Logview, allowing the original
values to be retained in the saved image.

In Techlog, image normalization is done using an algorithm called

Histogram Equalization. (Go to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Histogram_equalization for an explanation of the algorithm).

The advantage of this algorithm is that it improves the contrast of

the data, in particular when much of the data are grouped in a
restricted part of the measurement scale.

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Exercise 1 Performing Histogram Equalization

In the case of pad-based images, you have two options: perform

equalization on a previously concatenated image or equalize the
individual pad arrays and create a new concatenated image from
the equalized pad arrays. The second option allows more
flexibility in how the images are equalized.

NOTE: The histogram equalization method is not tool specific

and can be applied to any combination of arrays or
single sampled variables.

To use histogram equalization:

1. Continue using the workflow from the previous exercise.

2. Select Wbi > Histogram equalisation.
3. In the Family selection window, choose the families shown
in the figure.

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As before, the input variables are the last version created of

the pad arrays.

4. Set parameters as shown in the figure.

5. For dynamic equalization, set the window size according to

how quickly the geology changes along the well. If the
geology changes slowly, a window that is too short enhances
what is changing quickly locally, namely noise.
If the geology changes quickly, a window that is too long may
mean that the data range within the window is too wide for
equalization to be able to highlight subtle contrasts.

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6. Set the Process type. You have three options:

• Global calculates the data range from all available data in
the window and applies the same scale to each button and
column of the input arrays.
In Global mode, the Exclude parameter works in the same
way as in Button harmonization. (Refer to Lesson 6 for
details.)
• By array individually calculates the data range from each
array and applies the same scale to each button and
column in that array.
• By button normalizes each button and column against a
scale defined from that button and column. (The user guide
provides examples of the results you can generate with
each option.)
TIP: Techlog uses a default 0-255 scale for the output.
However, this scale is editable so you can specify an
output scale that is compatible with other applications.
In the properties, you can also reverse the scale so that
high input measurement values correspond with low
output scale values and vice versa. This is useful
because some software stores electrical images with a
convention that high value=resistive; Techlog stores
most conductivity-based tools with their original values,
so that high value=conductive.

7. Set Apply mode to Save and click Apply.

8. Select Wbi > Pads concatenation and orientation.
9. Choose the same families as in step 4 of Lesson 1,
Exercise 1: Correcting the Speed of an FMI Data Set.

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10. Verify that your inputs match those in the figure.

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11. Repeat step 6 through step 8 of Lesson 1,

Exercise 1: Correcting the Speed of an FMI Data Set

12. Save and close the workflow.

Review Questions
• How does Techlog handle the geometries of pad-based
imaging tools? What convention does Techlog use for the
order of buttons in each pad array and the order of the pads
around the borehole?
• What is the purpose of button harmonization? What is the
problem with setting too short a window for button
harmonization?
• It is always necessary to perform static normalization of
images in Techlog? When is it particularly useful?

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Summary
In this module, you learned about:

• speed correcting borehole image data

• creating a single array from each pad, with data in a
consistent format regardless of the nature of the input tool
geometry or how the raw data are stored
• displaying oriented images in Logview
• improving image quality using image-based speed correction
and button harmonization
• creating an oriented image array
• dynamically normalizing image data using histogram
equalization.

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Module 3 Image Display in

Logview
This module discusses the options for displaying images in
Logview and how you can manipulate the palettes used to
display images.

Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:

• display images in Logview

• improve the quality of the image display
• rotate an image to look at features displaying at the sides of
the image
• adjust palettes to the data
• change palettes.

Lesson 1 Image Display Basics in

Logview

The image header in Logview (Figure 7) includes several fields:

palette scale, palette name, array name, array minimum and
maximum values, and the image orientation.

Figure 7 Logview header

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1 Palette scale: Values corresponding to upper and lower

boundary colors
2 Palette name
3 Array name
4 Array minimum and maximum values
5 Image orientation quadrants. These are displayed as
URDLU if the image is oriented to the top of the hole
6 Image orientation (degrees)

When displaying images in Logview, the orientation of the image

is defined by the orientation type property of the image array. This
defines if the left-hand side of the track represents North or Top of
Hole.

The orientation property can define an additional offset, which

defines if the first sample of the array is located at that orientation
reference or at some angular offset from that reference.

Exercise 1 Displaying an Image in Logview

In this exercise, you will learn how to optimize the display of an

image array in Logview.

1. Open a Logview layout in one of these ways:

Select Techplot > LogView.

OR

Press Ctrl + Shift + P,L.

OR

Click .

2. Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WBI_H array variable from the

FMI_16_1271-1501m data set.

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3. Deactivate the optimized display. This is activated by default

for quick scrolling and zooming but should be deactivated
during image interpretation.
a. Choose the image and click the Display options tab.
b. Select Optimized display > Horizontal > Activate
property and set property to 'no.'

TIP: In oriented arrays, gaps between the pads are filled

with missing values and they are displayed with the
track background color. If you wish to display two
images in the same track, you can make the gaps
between the pads transparent by setting the Display
the missing values property to 'no.'

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4. Setting a background color can help improve the visual

contrast of the images. This is done by setting the track color.
a. Select the track by clicking the mouse at right edge of
track.
b. Change the track background color in the Appearance
tab of the Properties window.

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5. Image smoothing can improve the appearance of noisy or

blocky images (for example, LWD). To turn smoothing on or
off:
a. Select the image.

b. On the left of the layout, click .

OR

Click the Display options tab of the Properties window.

c. Click the down-arrow and choose either yes or no.

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Lesson 2 Palettes

In the family database, each borehole image family has an

assigned color palette. These color palettes can be seen in the
Palette Manager where palettes used for borehole images
usually have a range from 0 to 255. Image data we wish to display
does not usually have a 0-255 data range unless it has been
processed with histogram equalization.

When the image is dropped into a layout, the palette is adjusted to

the data range of the image. However, as the image data may
contain outliers which can skew the palette distribution towards
the high or low end, the palette is adjusted to the 5th and 95th
quantiles of the data. This yields better color resolution in the data
range where the bulk of the data lies.

In Figure 1, the palette scale reflects the 5th and 95th quantiles of
the data. In the layout, when the image is the selected object,
palettes can be edited using the Edit > Palette/color assignment
menu (Figure 8).

Figure 8 Edit menu

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Most of the functions on the Palette color assignment option are

also available on the left-hand side of the layout when the image
is the selected object. The Palette color assignment menu
option offers these actions:

Reinit Restore the palette to the default palette,

as if the image had just been dropped
into the layout.
Invert Invert the color range of the palette.
Adapt to the local Adapt the palette minimum and
limits maximum color values to the minimum
and maximum values of the image data
in the depth range visible in the layout
window.

This modified palette is applied to the

image over the entire interval.
Adapt to the global Adapt the palette minimum and
limits maximum color values to the minimum
and maximum values of the image data
over the entire depth range.
Adapt to the local Adapt the palette minimum and
quantiles maximum color values to the 5th and 95th
quantiles of the image data in the depth
range visible in the layout window.

This modified palette is applied to the

image over the entire interval.
Adapt to the global Adapt the palette minimum and
quantiles maximum color values to the 5th and 95th
quantiles of the image data over the
entire depth range.
Local histogram Perform histogram equalization using the
equalization histogram of image values calculated
over the visible depth interval in the
layout window.

This equalization will be applied to the

image over the entire interval.

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NOTE: Local histogram equalization should not be confused with

dynamic histogram equalization. The equalized scale is
not changing dynamically with depth.

Global histogram Perform histogram equalization using the

equalization histogram of image values calculated
over the entire depth range.

This is equivalent to a static histogram

equalization.

TIP: Global histogram equalization is recommended when

displaying OBMI images. The valid data are often
distributed over a very large range, with most data
clustered within a small interval of that range.

The limits of the palette can also be set in the Properties window
on the Limits tab. You can choose to apply the palette with either
a linear or logarithmic scale (Figure 9).

Figure 9 Changing the end points of the palette color scale

Palettes can also be modified in the Palette dock window. (Refer

to Techlog > Introduction > Description of the main window >
Palette editor in the help files).

Exercise 2 Adapting Palettes

Explore the functionality for adapting palettes.

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Lesson 3 Image Rotation

In Logview, images are displayed with their left-hand edge

defined as the orientation reference, for example, North or Top of
hole. However, you may wish to rotate the images to view features
which are aligned close to the North or top of the hole.

Exercise 1 Rotating Images in a Logview

Display

This short exercise shows you how to rotate images in a Logview

display so the images display with the left edge of the track
representing an orientation other than the orientation reference of
the image.

To rotate images in a Logview display:

1. Select the image in the Logview track.

2. On the Limits tab in the Properties window, select
Orientation > Default value property.
3. Set a value for the default property and the image is rotated
by this amount.
Positive values rotate the image counter-clockwise, while
negative values rotate the image clockwise.

In the figure, the entered value in the header is the

orientation of the left-hand edge of the track.

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4. Animate the image by clicking to rotate the image.

5. Pause the animation by clicking .

Pausing the animation does not reset the rotation value to 0.

NOTE: If additional variables with orientation are displayed

in the track (for example, P1AZ/RB or dip sine
waves), they rotate with the selected image when the
image is animated.

6. Select Orientation > Default value property.

7. Reset the default value of the orientation to 0. This returns
the image to its default orientation.

Lesson 4 Image Filtering

In Logview, you can do some simple filtering of the images. Filter

sizes are in image pixels, as opposed to screen pixels; sizes are
set in many individual values of the image array.

'Preserve the null values' means if the input image has a null
value at a specific position, the output image will have a null value
at that position. If unchecked, the filtering can overwrite these null
values, depending on the filter length.

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Exercise 1 Filtering an Image

This exercise shows you how to apply some filters to an image

and how to set the filter size.

To filter an image:

1. Choose the image in the Logview track.

2. In the Processing menu, select the filter type.

The Average smooth dialog opens in which you set the filter
size.

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Filter results are displayed in the Logview layout and

automatically saved to the data set of the input array.

The orientation and other properties are copied from the

input to the output arrays.

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Review Questions
• By default, what orientation does the left edge of the track
represent when displaying images in Logview?
• Why do the limits shown in the palette header not correspond
to the limits of data?
• Can you think of the consequences of changing the filter
sizes in the X and Y directions?

Summary
In this module, you learned about:

• displaying image arrays in Logview

• changing display properties to improve display quality
• modifying image palettes
• rotating images in a track
• filtering images in Logview.

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NOTES

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Module 4 LWD Image Handling

Logging while drilling (LWD) image data requires special
processing to convert image data from time to depth and to
correctly position the measurements. The process must also take
into account the rotation of the tool. Techlog does not perform this
processing; the data are normally delivered with these corrections
applied, except in the case of streaming real time data.

When loaded to Techlog, little processing is needed. The image

may need to be oriented or it may be necessary to set parameters
to define the orientation. When oriented, LWD images can be
enhanced and interpreted using the same procedures as for
wireline images.

Learning Objective
After completing this training, you will know how use Techlog to
prepare LWD data in various formats for interpretation.

Lesson 1 LWD Array Orientation

Some LWD tools deliver images as unoriented arrays and these

must be oriented prior to interpretation. Unfortunately, it is not
always clear from the array name if it is oriented.

If the images are not oriented, an orientation curve representing

the position of the first sample relative to North or to Top of hole is
needed.

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Exercise 1 Orienting an LWD Array

To orient an LWD array:

1. Load the IMAGE-WELL5-LWDIMG.dlis file into Techlog.

2. Using the MaxWell_-1Dlis_3B data set, set the family for all
of the RES_BD_IMG arrays to be Borehole Image Array
Resistive.

3. From the MaxWell_-1Dlis_12B data set, drag-and-drop the

DEVI, HAZI, P1AZ, PINO, and RB variables into the the
MaxWell_-1Dlis_3B data set.
4. In the Resampling tool dialog, accept the proposed settings
and click Apply.

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5. Starting with a new workflow, select Wbi > Pads

concatenation and orientation from the menu.
6. Choose LWD-Rotary imagers as the tool type.
7. Fill in the Family assignment window as shown in the figure.

8. Drag and drop the file MaxWell_1DLIS-3B into the empty

workflow window.
9. Transpose all the tabs using F4.
10. Verify that the inputs and parameters are set according to the
configuration in the figures.

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11. The LWD-Rotary imagers option is used for many

measurement types, so it is best to specify the family of the
output array on the Output Variables tab of the Properties
window.
Set the family to Borehole Image Array Resistive.

12. Set Apply mode to Save and click Apply.

Because no caliper has been defined to associate with the
image, the following dialog displays.

13. Later in the training, you will associate a caliper. For now,
click Cancel.

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14. No calipers are available with the data set, so you will create
a bit size variable to use as a caliper for dip picking.

Click Data editor .

15. In the Data editor dialog, drag-and-drop the TDEP variable

from the MaxWell_-1Dlis_3B data set to create a bit size
variable.

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16. Place the cursor inside the left box and press Enter to
propagate the value in all the rows.

17. Save the variable.

18. In the Properties window, set the units to in.

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19. To pick dips, borehole image arrays must have an associated

hole deviation, hole azimuth, and caliper. In addition, they
must have the properties of orientation reference and depth
of investigation (DOI).
Choose the ARRAY_WBI_IMG array and set the properties
in the Properties window as shown in the figure.

WARNING: DOI, focus depth, or electrical penetration is

important for dip picking, as it must be added
(x2) to the calipers to calculate dip because, for
most tools excluding ultrasonic imagers, the
measurement comes from behind the borehole
wall.

For LWD tools, this DOI is often very significant.

If you do not know what DOI to use, contact the
logging company.

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20. (Optional) Repeat the process with the high resolution

images in the MaxWell_-1Dlis_2B data set using the
UHRI_CORR array.

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Lesson 2 Oriented LWD Array

Preparation

In most cases, LWD data are delivered as an array that has been
oriented, either by means of post processing or by reference
during acquisition.

NOTE: If data are referenced during acquisition, the results can

be from either an array or individual single sampled
variables.

If referenced during acquisition, the reference is to either Top of

the hole or to North. Reference can be to North if the deviation is
less that a specified value, usually 3 to 5 degrees based on the
logging contractor and tool.

In these cases, little processing is required but some parameters

must be set for you to interpret the image.

Exercise 1 Preparing a Previously-Oriented

LWD Array

This exercise shows you what steps need to be taken to prepare

an LWD image when the image data is already oriented to a
reference.

To prepare a previously-oriented LWD Array:

1. In the MaxWell_-1Dlis_60B data set, set the family for the

GR_IMAGE array to be Borehole Image Gamma Array.
2. From the MaxWell_-1Dlis_3B data set, drag-and-drop the
DEVI, HAZI, and BS variables into the MaxWell_-1Dlis_60B
data set.

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3. In the Resampling tool dialog, accept the proposed settings

and click Apply.
NOTE: The DEVI variable is already present in the MaxWell_-
1Dlis_60B data set, but you will overwrite this variable
with the higher sample rate variable.

4. Choose the GR_IMAGE array and, in the Properties

window, set the following parameters, as shown in the figure:
• Orientation type
• Orientation
• DOI
• Associated caliper, hole deviation, and hole azimuth.

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The Orientation parameter for an image array defines an

angular offset for the start of the first sample of the array from
the orientation reference. This is very important for LWD
images in which image sectors can be referenced, so they
either start at the orientation reference or are centered on the
orientation reference, such as the Top of hole or North.

WARNING: Contact your logging company to understand

the reference for the sectors on your image log.
If the first sector is centred on Top of hole/North,
then the Orientation parameter must be set to –
((360/no. of sectors)/2), i.e. to minus half of one
sector. e.g. for an 8 sector image the value
should be set to -22.5.

TIP: LWD image data sometimes come in the form of single

sampled variables for each sector. In this case, they
easily can be converted into image arrays using the
Data editor to merge the variables into an array with
appropriate parameters set in the Properties window.
The order in which the individual variables are merged
into an array is very important.

Review Questions
• What are the important properties to be set in the Properties
window for an LWD image array?
• If you have a 16-sector image in which the first sector is
centered to the Top of Hole, what values must you set for the
Orientation type and Orientation properties?

Summary
In this module, we you learned about:

• orienting LWD borehole image data

• setting parameters in the Properties window for oriented
LWD image data.

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NOTES

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Module 5 Dip Picking

Techlog functionality provides a means to pick dips, change dip
display properties, and prepare imported dips for display in
Techlog.

Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:

• create dip classifications

• pick dips in Techlog
• visualize dips while picking
• edit picked dips.

Lesson 1 Dip Picking

Techlog can be used to pick dips simultaneously from multiple image

logs. You can create a dip classification scheme specific to one
project or a scheme that is easily shared between projects and
among users. You can add dips to previously picked dips, edit dips,
and modify dip display properties.

There are five dip picking modes:

Full sine wave Pick full sine waves on features

picking using point to point picking.
Partial sine wave Pick partial sine waves on features
picking which do not extend the entire way
around the borehole.
Stretchy sinusoid Fit sine waves to features by using
picking your cursor as an editable sinusoid.

Induced fracture Pick induced fractures in the

picking borehole wall by defining the start
and end points of linear features.
Breakout picking Pick borehole breakouts by fitting a
parallelogram over the breakout
feature.

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TIP: Press the Shift + S shortcut to cycle between the dip

picking modes, object selection, and interactive selection
mode.

Before you can pick dips on a borehole image array, the array
must have the following properties defined (Figure 10). These
properties are normally set automatically during processing.

• orientation type
• depth of investigation
• associated caliper variable
• associated hole deviation variable
• associated hole azimuth variable.

Figure 10 Parameters of the image array needed for dip

picking

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Exercise 1 Picking Dips

Dip picking is done in a normal LogView layout.

To pick dips:

1. Open a Logview layout in one of these ways:

• Select Techplot > LogViewMW.
• Press Ctrl + Shift + P,L.
• Click .
2. Drag-and-drop the GR, ARRAY_WBI_H and
ARRAY_WBI_Dynamic variables from the IMAGE_WELL2
FMI_16_1271-1501m data set.
3. Deactivate the optimized display.
TIP: This is activated by default for quick scrolling and
zooming but it should be deactivated during image
interpretation.

a. Choose the image and, on the Display options tab,

select Optimized display > Horizontal > Activate.
b. Set the property to 'no.'
4. (Optional) Add any other variables to the layout.
5. Set the display settings you wish to use.
6. Set a suitable scale.
This is usually 1:20 or a more expanded scale for vertical
wells; picking with a scale that is too compressed can
introduce serious errors.

7. Choose both of the image arrays in the layout and click ,

located on the left side of the layout. This adds a dip creation
track to your layout.
TIP: Dip creation tracks are recognizable by their beige
background.

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If a dip creation track does not display, check the output

window for warning messages. These are the most common
reasons why this problem might occur.

• the required information (Figure 10) is missing from the

image array properties
• caliper is has no unit or the unit is incorrect
• hole deviation has no unit or the unit is incorrect
• hole azimuth has no unit or the unit is incorrect.
8. If you already have a dip creation track and you wish to
activate dip picking for another image array in your layout,

choose the array and click Enable the dip picking or

select Processing > Enable the dip picking.

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9. When a layout contains a dip creation track, the properties of

the layout contain an extra tab, the Dip creation tab.

NOTE: Each option in this Properties window is explained in

the help files. To access the help for dip picking, set
the focus on the layout and press F1. The Logview
main page displays with a link to detailed help.

10. Open the Dip classification window before you begin dip
picking. You can open the window in any of the following
ways:
• Select Wbi > Dip classification from the Techlog menu.
• Select Advanced > Dip classification from the Layout
menu.

• Click from the top toolbar in the layout.

• Press shortcut C when the focus is on the layout.
The Dip classification window is a dockable window and
behaves like other dock windows.

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11. When dip picking is activated, the icons for the five dip
picking modes display on the right-hand side toolbar in the
Layout window.

Full Sine Wave Picking

To pick dips using full sine wave mode:

1. Click full sine wave mode , located on the right-hand

side toolbar of the layout, to pick full sine waves on the
images.
2. In the Dip classification window, choose a dip type.

3. To start picking dips, left-click on the image to add points.

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4. After you have added three points, a sine wave is drawn but
you can keep adding points until you are happy with the fit of
the sine wave to the surface. The figure shows an example
near 1307.5 meters.
TIP: Automatically drawing a sine wave after adding three
points is default behavior, but you can turn this off in the
Properties window.

5. Points can be edited after you add them. When you position
the cursor over a point, the cursor changes to this shape .
6. Place the cursor over a point, then press and hold the left
button to move the point.
7. Press the Delete key to delete the point.

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8. When you are happy with the fit of the sine wave, right-click
or press Enter to validate it.
NOTE: The dip tadpole displayed in the dip track represents
True Dip.

9. Practice adding dips and changing the dip classification.

10. To edit a validated dip:
a. Place the cursor over the sine wave on the image. The
cursor changes to look like this: .
b. Press Shift and left-click to make the sine wave editable.

c. Move, add, or delete points.

d. Right-click to validate.

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11. To delete a dip, place the cursor over the sine wave in the
image track or over the tadpole in the dip track. When the
cursor changes to , press Delete.
WARNING: Be careful when deleting dips. If another object
(for example, a track or variable) is selected in
the layout, the action will also delete other
objects if the cursor is not displayed as . If
you see this dialog when trying to delete a dip,
click No to prevent additional objects from
deletion.

NOTE: To delete a breakout or induced fracture pick from

the image, the picking mode must be Breakout or
Induced Fracture, respectively.

12. To change the classification of a picked dip:

a. Choose a dip type in the Dip classification window.

b. Select the interactive selection mode .

c. Brush over the dips.
WARNING: When you change a dip classification, it cannot
be undone. If you wish to select dips in a dip
creation track, deselect any dip type selected in
the Dip classification window by clicking
Unselect .

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13. Manually picked dips are automatically given a quality value

of 1 (scale 0-1). To change the quality value:
a. Place the cursor over the dip and right-click.
b. Select assign a quality value or use the shortcut Q.

Partial Sine Wave Picking

Features may be discontinuous around the borehole, such as
when there is truncated cross bedding or bedding cut by a fault.
To pick these types of features, use the partial sine wave picking
mode.

To pick dips using partial sine wave mode:

1. Click partial sine wave picking mode , located in the

toolbar in the right-hand side of the layout.
2. At the counter-clockwise end of the feature, left-click to add a
point (for example, example 1,348.1m).

The position of the first point is critical, as the partial sine

wave is drawn clockwise from this starting point. You can add
more points in any order.

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3. Right-click to validate.

NOTE: Partial sine waves are edited in the same way as full
sine waves, but you must be in the partial sine wave
mode to do this.

Using Stretchy Sinusoid Picking

To pick dips using stretchy sinusoid mode:

1. Click stretchy sinusoid mode , located in the toolbar on

the right-hand side of the layout. When this mode is
activated, the cursor becomes a sinusoid.

2. To edit the sinusoid:

a. Move the mouse forward and backward to change the
depth on the plot.
b. Move the mouse left or right to change the azimuth of the
dip (position of the trough or sinusoid).
c. To edit the amplitude of the sinusoid, click and hold the left
mouse button and move the mouse forward and
backward.
3. To validate the dip, right-click.

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Using Breakout Picking

Breakouts are represented in the dip track with the symbol .

The long axis represents the azimuth of the breakout with respect
to North, while the lateral position of the symbol represents the dip
magnitude of an imaginary plane passing through the breakout
and the center of the well. If the well is vertical and the breakout is
vertical in the borehole wall, this value is 90°.

NOTE: Techlog allows you to independently pick each side of

the breakout in the well, for two reasons.
• Breakouts are not always symmetrical around the
borehole wall.
• Picking both sides of a breakout separately allows
for better statistical information on the breakout
properties.
Borehole breakout is picked by drawing a parallelogram
over the borehole breakout.
To pick dips using breakout mode:

1. Click breakout picking mode , located in the toolbar on

the right-hand side of the layout.
2. Left-click on one of the upper corners of the breakout to add
a point with a dotted line attached to it.
3. Move the cursor to extend the line horizontally left or right
from the picked point (for example, 1,351.5m).

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4. Left-click on the other upper corner of the breakout to add a

second point and create a parallelogram attached to the
cursor.

5. Move the cursor so that the parallelogram covers the

borehole breakout and left-click to fix it in place.

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6. Adjust the parallelogram by moving the corner points.

7. When you are happy with the fit to the breakout, right-click to
validate.
8. To delete a breakout pick from the image, set the mode to
breakout and press Delete.

Using Induced Fracture Picking

To pick dips using the induced fracture mode:

1. Click induced fracture picking mode , located in the

toolbar on the right-hand side of the layout.
2. Left-click on one end of the induced fracture to add a point
connected to the cursor by a dashed line (e.g., at 1,302m).

3. Left-click on other end of the induced fracture; the line is now

positioned on the induced fracture.

4. Edit the pick by moving the end points.

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5. Right-click to validate. Induced fractures are represented in

the dip track with the symbol . The line through the circle
represents the azimuth of the induced fracture with respect to
North, while the lateral position of the symbol represents the
dip magnitude of an imaginary plane following the fracture
and passing through the center of the well. If the well is
vertical and the induced fracture is vertical in the borehole
wall, this value is 90°.
6. To delete an induced fracture pick from the image, set the
mode to induced fracture and press Delete.
TIP: To display breakout and induced fracture data in a rose
diagram, you can choose the azimuth mirror option ( )
on your rose diagram.

Saving Picked Dips

To save picked dips:

1. Save your dip data by selecting the dip variable in the header
of the dip creation track and choosing Save > The variable

from the layout menu (OR clicking the icon on the left
toolbar of the layout OR Right-click > Save variable). You
will be prompted to enter a data set name and a name for the
Dip variable (choose defaults in this case).
WARNING: When saving a dip data set an entirely new data
set is created. Therefore if you choose to
overwrite a dip data set that contains other
variables from those already created (for instance
rotated dips after structural dip removal, these will
be lost).

When you save dips from a dip creation track, a data set is
created but this data set is not linked to the dips in the
creation track. New picking will not update the saved data
set. The dips in the creation track are always unsaved so
care must be taken before deleting. It is recommended that
the automatic save reminder is used (Dip creation tab in
properties of the layout).

2. Save and close the layout; you will use it again.

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Special Considerations for Breakouts and Induced

Fractures
In some software packages, breakouts and induced fractures are
picked by fitting a sine wave as an imaginary plane which passes
through the feature on both sides of the borehole. This can be
done in Techlog but it is not the recommended procedure.

If features are picked using a sine wave, the dip azimuth of the
feature is at 90° to the azimuth of the breakout or induced fracture.
A such, they are represented using the strike.

If the features are picked using a sine wave, you cannot use the
breakout and induced fracture symbols to display the orientation
in the dip track because the azimuth is not the azimuth of the
breakout or the induced fracture.

BEST PRACTICE: It is best to always pick breakouts and

induced fractures using the Breakout and
Induced Fracture picking modes. This allows
breakout and induced fracture dip symbols to
be used correctly, but it also assures you will
gather a richer set of results data.

Lesson 2 Dip Data Set Structure

When you save your dip picks, the saved data are displayed in the
Project browser with the structure shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11 Dip data set structure

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Dips are saved as point data sets. The three most important
variables are Dip_TRU, Azimuth, and Type.

Dip_TRU is the True dip inclination variable (Figure 12). Before

Techlog can display picks directly as tadpoles or plot correctly in
stereonets and other interpretation plots, dips must be associated
with an azimuth and type variable. This is done automatically for
dips picked in Techlog, but the variables must be set for imported
dips.

Figure 12 True dip magnitude variable

Azimuth is the true dip azimuth variable. It is associated with the

true dip variable but does not itself have specific properties.

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Type is the dip type variable. It is associated with the dip variable.
A Colour and a Shape variable are associayed to it that allow
Techlog to determine the display properties for each dip type
(Figure 13).

Figure 13 Properties of the dip type variable

Dip, azimuth, and type are the three principal variables that are
needed from a dip interpretation log and the most common data
types shared between platforms. With the exception of the data
stored for the breakouts and induced fractures, most of the other
data saved is related to displaying and manipulating the data in
the software.

Colour Stores the display color for each dip. When a dip
variable is dragged to a layout or another
interpretation plot, Techlog uses the association of
the type variable to determine the type of each dip.
Techlog uses the association of the colour variable
to the type variable to determine the display color.

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Shape Stores the display symbol for each dip. When a dip
variable is dragged to a layout, Techlog uses the
association of the type variable to determine the
type of each dip. Techlog uses the association of
the shape variable to the type variable to determine
the display color.
HAzi The hole azimuth at the depth of the dip. This is
useful for borehole bias correction in fracture
counting and for converting from true to apparent
dips.
HDev The hole deviation at the depth of the dip. This is
useful for borehole bias correction in fracture
counting and for converting from true to apparent
dips.
InfoArray An array of data (Figure 14) needed by Techlog to
enable redrawing partial sine waves, breakouts,
and induced fractures on the images.
Apparent A set of apparent dips (Figure 14) is stored for each
dips image used during dip picking. The apparent dip
can be different for each image because of:
• differing orientation references (North or Top of
hole)
• different depths of investigation.
The variables for each picked image are given a
prefix of the image array name. The apparent dip is
saved relative to the orientation reference of the
image from which the features are picked.

Figure 14 Apparent dips

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WARNING: In this context, the term apparent dip should be

taken to mean the dip of the surface relative to
the borehole. The true dip is dependent on this dip and the
orientation of the borehole. The term should not be confused
with the apparent dip of a surface in a line of section.

“Image Array Name”_Dip_APP

The apparent dip inclination of the feature in the borehole

(Figure 15). This is associated with the apparent dip azimuth, dip
height, and dip type variables. The orientation type is defined as a
property.

Figure 15 Apparent dip inclination

“Image Array Name”_Azimuth

The apparent dip azimuth of the feature in the borehole relative to

the borehole image orientation reference.

Image Array Name_DipHeight

The height along the hole of the sine wave in the borehole wall.

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Information about the picked borehole breakouts (Figure 16) are

stored in a group of variables called Breakouts. The suffix (N or
TOH) means North or Top Of Hole.

Figure 16 Breakout variables

Breakout_Azimuth_(N or TOH)

The azimuth of the borehole breakout relative to the orientation

reference used in the image on which it was picked.

Breakout_Height__(N or TOH)

The height (along the hole) of the breakout feature in the borehole
wall.

Breakout _Omega_Angle_(N or TOH)

The angle the feature makes with a line parallel to the axis of the
borehole. This is measured counter-clockwise.

Breakout_Width__(N or TOH)

The angular width of the breakout. See Figure 16 for an

explanation of Omega angle and Azimuth.

Information about the picked Induced fractures are stored in a

group of variables called Induced fractures. The suffix (N or TOH)
means North or Top Of Hole.

Figure 17 Induced fracture variables

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Induced_Fracure_Azimuth_(N or TOH)

The azimuth of the induced fracture relative to the orientation

reference used in the image on which it was picked.

Induced_Fracure_Height_(N or TOH)

The height (along the hole) of the induced fracture in the borehole
wall.

Induced_Fracure_Omega_Angle_(N or TOH)

The angle the feature makes with a line parallel with the axis of
the borehole. This is measured counter-clockwise.

Omega angle and the breakout and Induced fracture azimuth are
illustrated in Figure 18.

Figure 18 Omega angle and breakout/Induced fracture

azimuth

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Lesson 3 Automatic Dip Picking

Techlog includes automatic dip picking capability. The key

feature of this capability is that it is completely integrated with
manual dip picking. You can mix manual and automatic picking
and, when picked, automatic dips can be reclassified and edited in
the same way as manually picked dips.

Exercise 1 Picking Dips Automatically

1. Open the Logview layout you saved in the previous lesson.

2. Open the Dip classification window.
3. To continue picking in a layout you saved with an active dip
creation track, click one of the icons to choose a dip pick
mode.

TIP: You can continue picking where you left off in the
previous lesson.

4. To do automatic dip picking you must click full sinusoid, point

to point picking mode .
5. To activate automatic picking:

6. Click at the top of the layout.

OR

In the properties of the layout:

a. Click the Dip creation tab.

b. Select Automatic dip > activate.
c. Set Activate to yes.

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7. Start picking single dips. To do this:

a. Set the Pick mode to Local.
b. Select a dip type in the Dip classification window.
The contrast tolerance parameter is the allowed tolerance in
image color values, not actual data values, on a 0-255 scale.

8. Click on a feature in the static image.

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NOTE: Automatic dip picking should not be done on dynamic

images. These images do not return as good a result
due to enhanced local variations (for example, at
1,318m).

9. Pick several dips in local mode with different values of the

parameters.
10. In the Dip Creation tab of the Properties window, set the
pick mode to Windowed.
11. Click anywhere on the static image and the algorithm will try
to find all the dips that fit the defined criteria. Remember that
picked dips can be edited or deleted just like with manually
picked dips.

12. Try processing using the Global pick mode.

13. When finished automatic dip picking, make sure to
deactivate automatic picking before resuming manual picking
or the automatic picking will restart when you left-click on
images to pick dips.

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Lesson 4 Add the Dip Type to the

Classification Automatically

If the dip types are not in the classification when dip data are
imported into Techplot, the types can be added automatically with
an action available in the Project browser.

Exercise 1 Automatically Adding the Dip Type

In this exercise, you will import some dips into Techlog and add
their types to your dip classification.

To automatically add the dip type:

1. Load the XML file IMAGE-WELL2_DIPS-FINAL.xml from the

directory Wbi Training Data sets. You can do this either by
dragging and dropping the file into the Techlog workspace or
by opening the import buffer and browsing to the file location
using .
2. When dips are loaded to Techlog, it is important that you set
the required associations. Set the associations shown.

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3. Choose the Dip_TRU variable in the Project browser.

4. Set the Generate Colour and Shape variables.

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This action is designed to look at the Type variable and add a

colour and shape value for each dip, according to the
settings in the dip classification.

However, if the dip types present in the data set are not
already in the dip classification system, this Dip
classification dialog displays.

5. For this exercise, select Project. The dip types that were in
your data sets are added to the dip classification.
6. Open the dip classification window by selecting Wbi > Dip
Classification.

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7. Because the dips did not exist in the dip classification before,
they were added with the default colors.
Double-click on the name of the dip in the Type edit window
to change its colour and shape properties.

8. After you set the colour and shape for each dip, repeat step 4
to create the colour and shape variables from your new dip
classification.

Lesson 5 Dip Display in Logview

This lesson shows some of the functionality available for

displaying dip data in Logview.

Exercise 1 Displaying Dips

1. Open a Logview layout by selecting Techplot >

LogViewMW.
OR
Press Ctrl + Shift + P,L.
OR

Click .

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2. Drag-and-drop the Dip_TRU variable from the DIPS-FINAL

data set.
NOTE: To display dips correctly in a Logview layout, the dip
variable must have an associated azimuth variable or
it is displayed with Azimuth = North. To display the
dips correctly by type, you must also associate a
Type variable. Type variables must have the format
ALPHANUMERIC.

The data are displayed in an ordinary dip track. Unlike a dip

creation track, this track has no background color.

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3. Select the dip variable in the header of the dip track.

4. In the Properties window, click the Classification tab.
a. Change the display properties for each type.
b. Set the display to show each type on the plot.

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5. Switch the display properties back to the default settings by

choosing the dip variable and clicking Reload the original
classification .

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6. Display the dips as apparent dip sticks in a defined line of a

section:
a. Choose the dip variable in the plot.
b. Click the Display options tab in the Properties window.
c. Set the Display type property to Sticks.

7. The dips are displayed as apparent dip sticks in a line of

section defined by the Projection orientation property. This
value defines the left edge of section.
In the figure, you are viewing the dips in a N-S section
viewed from the West, looking towards the East.

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8. Set the line length for the sticks individually on the

Classification tab.

9. When you select the dip variable in the layout, the icons on
the left of the layout change to show actions specific to dip
variables, such as launching dip interpretation plots
(stereonets, walkout plots, and cumulative dip plots). These
plots will be discussed in a later module.

Review Questions
• For breakouts and induced fractures, what do the dip and
azimuth variables represent?
• When saved dips are added into a Logview track, how are
the colour and shape defined?
• If you are provided with data comprising only dip, azimuth
and type, what do you have to do to display it correctly in
Techlog, with colors and symbols?

Summary
In this module, you learned about:

• picking dips manually using the various dip picking modes

• editing your picked dips
• picking dips semi-automatically
• updating the dip classification after importing new dip types
• changing dip display properties.

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NOTES

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NOTES

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Module 6 Dip Interpretation Plots

Techlog provides dip vector walkout plots and cumulative dip
plots to interpret changes in dip azimuth and dip magnitude,
respectively. Stereonet plots have a full range of functionality for
visualizing dip data distribution, or for determining mean dip or a
rotation axis for selected dips. Multiwell stereonet plots are
particularly useful for fracture characterization in multiple wells.

Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:

• create walkout and cumulative dip plots

• manipulate stereonet plots
• get dip statistics
• post stereonets on a map.
Before proceeding with this module, load the files IMAGE-
WELL2_Index.xml, IMAGE-WELL3_DIPS-FINAL.xml, and
IMAGE-WELL3_Index.xml to your project by dragging and
dropping them in the Techlog workspace.

Lesson 1 Walkout and Cumulative Dip

Plots

Walkout plots, also known as azimuth vector walkout plots or dip

vector plots, are very useful for visualizing trends in dip azimuth
and finding changes in those trends. They consist of a plot of unit
vectors for each selected dip, plotted end to end from the deepest
to the shallowest dip point. Zones of consistent dip azimuth plot as
straight lines and changes in the orientation of the walkout plot
indicate changes in dip azimuth.

Cumulative dip plots have a similar function, but they highlight

changes in dip magnitude. They consist of a crossplot of sample
number on the X-axis versus the cumulated value of the dip
magnitude on the Y-axis. Changes in the slope of the plotted line
indicate changes in dip magnitude.

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Walkout and cumulative dip plots can be used in combination by

launching a 'daughter' cumulative dip plot from a 'parent' walkout
plot, or vice versa. If a daughter plot is used, changes to the filter
or the zones selection in the parent plot are also applied to the
daughter plot so the two plots show the same dip data.

Exercise 1 Working with Walkout and

Cumulative Dip Plots

In this exercise you will learn how to create walkout and

cumulative dip plots and how they can be linked, as well as some
of their display properties and functionality.

To work with Walkout and Cumulative Dip plots:

1. Open a walkout plot in any of three ways:

From the menu bar, select Wbi > Walkout plot.
OR
a. Choose the dip variable in the Project browser.
b. Right-click and select (variable plot creation) Walkout
plot.
OR
c. Choose a dip variable displayed in a layout. This includes
dip variables used during dip picking.
d. Select Open > Walkout plot from the Layout menu.
OR

Click in the toolbar on the left-hand side of the layout

window.
NOTE: The same options are available to open cumulative
dip plots.

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2. Drag-and-drop the Dip_TRU variable from the

IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set into the Dip variable
panel on the left-hand side of the plot.

The Azimuth variable, Color mode, and Variable filter panels

are automatically populated with the associated azimuth,
color, and type variables, respectively.

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3. Open a linked cumulative dip plot by selecting Open >

Cumulative dip plot or click .

4. The cumulative dip plot opens without a variable side box

panel, as it is controlled by the parent walkout plot.
5. In the walkout plot, the dip types displayed can be chosen in
the Filter variable panel. In this case, choose the low energy
bedding types. Press Ctrl + Left-click to select several
types. The cumulative dip plot updates to show the same dip
type selection.

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6. Make a selection using either the interactive selection or

polygon selection tool.
Polygon selection is best for a walkout plot. Interactive
selection is slower because plotted points are not actual
data; instead, they are calculated points.
The statistics box displays the number of selected data
points, the number of data points plotted, and the total
number of data points in the variable over the plot range,
from top to bottom, respectively.

7. Display the vector mean of all displayed data or of displayed

and selected data by choosing options in the Display menu,
as shown in the figure.

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8. Fractures are typically displayed using a strike walkout plot in

which the vector drawn is in the strike orientation. Because
strike is a trend and not a direction, you must choose
whether to plot the eastern or western hemisphere strike
direction.
On the Filter tab:
a. Change your dip type selection to Conductive fracture.
b. Select Display > (Walkout type) Strike.
c. Choose East or West.

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Lesson 2 Stereonet Plots

Stereonet plots in Techlog provide a comprehensive range of dip

visualization and statistics functions. Projections available are
simple azimuth and strike histograms (rose diagrams), polar plots,
Schmidt plots, and Wulff plots. Data can be visualized as lines (dip
and azimuth), planes, or poles to planes, in either upper or lower
hemisphere projections (Schmidt and Wulff plots).

Stereonet plots can be used in many ways:

• standalone plot
• in a track of a layout:
• single plot which can be scrolled along the well
• plot per fixed interval
• plot per zone.

Exercise 1 Working with Stereonet Plots

In this exercise, you will add stereonet plots to a track in a layout

and explore the functionality of stereonets.

To work with stereonet plots:

1. Open a Logview layout in one of these ways:

Select Techplot > LogViewMW.
OR
Press Ctrl + Shift + P,L.
OR

Click .
2. Drag-and-drop the Dip_TRU variable from the
IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set into the layout.

3. Click zone creation mode and create an arbitrary set of

zones in the dip track. You will use these zones to illustrate
how to control plots using a zonation.

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4. Save your zones by choosing the dip variable and selecting

RMB > Save the zones.

5. Choose the dip variable and add a stereonet track, per zone.
6. Select Insert > plot > Stereonet plot per zones in the
Layout menu.
OR

Click . A Stereonet plots dialog asks which zonation you

wish to use.

7. Choose the group of plots by clicking the text 'Group

stereonet plot' in the header of the track.

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8. Choose the dip types to be displayed on the Filter tab of the

Properties window.

9. Change the plot type on the Display options tab of the

Properties window for the group or click one of the icons on
the left-hand side of the plot:

Simple polar plot Schmidt (equal area) plot

Rose diagram Wulff (equal angle) plot)

WARNING: Take care to select the correct projection

hemisphere for Schmidt or Wulff plots. This is
done on the Display options tab of the
Properties window, for the group, by setting the
Projection hemisphere property to upper or
lower.

10. Change the track to plot on regular intervals:

a. Choose the group.

b. Click .
OR
Select Edit > (Generate) per depth intervals….

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11. Change the display properties of individual plots in the group:

a. Choose the group.

b. Unlock the group by clicking lock/unlock at the top of

the toolbar on the left-hand side of the layout.
c. Choose an individual plot.
d. Change the properties of the plot in the Properties
window.
12. Launch a standalone stereonet plot in one of these ways:
a. Choose the variable.

b. Click or select Open > Stereonet plot in the menu of

the layout.
OR
On the Techlog menu, select Wbi > Stereonet plot.
OR
a. Choose the dip variable in the Project browser.
b. Right-click and select (variable plot creation) Stereonet
plot.
13. When plots are launched from a Logview layout, the
variables to be used are already defined and the variable
side box is hidden by default.
Unhide the variable side panel by clicking on the icon in the
toolbar of the plot.

14. Choose a plot type by clicking the appropriate icon. In this

instance, click the Scmidt plot .

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15. Switch between projection hemispheres using the appropriate

icons.

16. Select your dip types to display using the Filter tab of the
variable side panel.
17. Turn on/off or select the Rose diagram type using the

icons on the left of the plot.

WARNING: The azimuth mirror rose diagram type is
intended for the display of induced fracture and
breakout azimuths only, when you wish to
display a symmetrical rose diagram.

18. Data points can be displayed in any of four ways:

lines (default for polar great circles

plots) representing planes
poles to planes (default poles and planes.
for Schmidt and Wulff
plots)

WARNING: Be carefult when using the Lines display mode

to avoid confusion with poles. The Lines mode
displays the dip and azimuth as direction and
plunge projected as a line in the stereonet, so
low angle dips will be plotted at the edge of the
stereonet.

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19. Change the dip value represented by the rim of the stereonet
on the Limits tab of the Properties window of the plot.

20. Turn ON data density display by clicking at the top of the

plot.

21. Turn ON contours display by clicking .

22. Color the contours according to count value.
a. Click the Data density tab of the Properties window.
b. Select Contour > color mode > by palette.

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23. Display Vector means of the displayed dips or the selected

dips:
Select Display > global vector mean.
OR
Select Display > Vector mean by selection.
24. Display a best fit great circle to a selection of poles by
selecting Display > Great circles by selection from the
menu.
The orientation of the great circle displays in legend below
the plot (Figure 19), showing the orientation of a plane in
which the selected poles lie.
The square point displayed represents the pole to this plane.
If the selected points are related by cylindrical folding, this
point would represent the projection of the axis of the fold.

Figure 19 Great circle plot

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Lesson 3 Dip Reclassification in a Plot

Dip interpretation plots can be used to filter and reclassify dips.

The following exercise gives a simple example.

Exercise 1 Reclassifying Dips

This exercise shows how you can use filters to select dips with
particular properties and reclassify them to a new dip type.

To reclassify dips:

1. Make a copy of the IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set.

2. Drag-and-drop the GR curve from IMAGE_WELL2
FMI_16_1271-1501m data set into your new data set. This
causes a resampling window to open.
3. Click Apply without changing the parameters.
4. Choose the Dip_TRU variable from your new dip data set.
5. Open a stereonet plot by right-clicking and selecting
(variable plot creation) Stereonet plot.
6. On the Filter tab of the variable side box, choose only
bedding surfaces and lamination surfaces.

7. Switch to Schmidt plot .

8. Click to define a filter and apply it on the dips using the

GR values.
This is a simple filter using the GR to define low energy
bedding.

9. Click polygon selection tool to choose all of the

displayed dips with the filter applied.
10. Close the polygon by clicking the middle mouse button.

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11. Select the data points by pressing Enter.

12. On the Filter tab of the variable side box, click the Add new
element icon.

This allows you to add a new dip type to the filter list.

13. Click OK and the filter list is refreshed with the new value.
This means the plot will no longer be filtered by type.
14. On the Filter tab of the variable side box, click the Re-assign
the selection icon.

15. Reclassify the selected dips dips to your new classification.

16. Save the new classification by clicking Save on the Filter

tab of the variable side panel.

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17. By default, the dip is saved as a new version. If you are sure
you wish to change the classification, uncheck the 'as a new
version' box and click OK.
In this instance, you created a new data set for the exercises
so changing the classification is acceptable.
18. If you saved the dip as a new version or with a new name,
you must associate the new dip type variable to your dip
variable in the Properties window (see Module 5, Lesson 2:
Dip Data Set Structure).

Lesson 4 Stereonet Plot Displays on a

Map

Stereonet plots can be displayed for multiple wells in a map. This

is useful for looking at changes in structural dip, fracture
orientation, in-situ stress directions, or palaeotransport directions
on a field scale.

Exercise 1 Displaying Stereonet Plots on a

Map

In this exercise, you will create and save a stereonet and view it
for two wells on a map.

To display stereonet plots on a map:

1. Open a stereonet plot using the IMAGE_WELL3 DIPS-

FINAL data set.
2. On the Filter tab of the variable side panel, filter the dips so
that only the Conductive fracture, Resistive fracture, and
Mixed fracture types are displayed.

3. Click Rose diagram as the plot type.

4. Click Strike histogram as the histogram type.

5. Save the stereonet by selecting Save > stereonet from the
menu bar.
6. Close the window.
7. From the main Techlog menu, select FieldMap > Basemap.
8. Choose IMAGE-WELL2 and IMAGE-WELL3 wells.

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9. Drag-and-drop the wells into the Wells box in the variable

side box of the plot.

10. In the Project browser, choose the plot you saved in step 5
and drag-and-drop it into the Plots panel on the plot.

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NOTE: Display of stereonet plots on a map is controlled by

data set name. The map displays plots using only
data sets with the exact same name as the data set
which was used to create the original saved plot.

11. Change the way the plots are displayed in the map:
12. Choose the Basemap plot.
13. In the Properties window, click the Plots tab.

14. Configure these options:

• Position:
• Top – plot is displayed at the surface location
• None – plot is not displayed
• Bottom – plot is displayed at the deepest (MD) point of
the well in the index data set
• Automatic – plot is displayed at the top of the current
zone(s) when displaying by zones using the zonation
dock window.
• Edit type:
• All – changes to the stereonet properties are applied to
all plots (See Step 15.)
• Selection – changes are applied to the selected plot(s)
only.
• Size: Define the plot size on a nominal scale of 1-10.

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15. Change the plot properties by selecting one or more of the

plots in the map with a Left-click or by pressing Ctrl + Left-
click. The Properties window shows the stereonet plot
options.

NOTE: It is not possible to filter by dip type in a stereonet

plot on a map. The dip types must be chosen before
saving the standalone stereonet plot as a template.

Review Questions
• How do you create a Walkout plot and Cumulative dip plot
that are linked so they always show the same data?
• How would you display in a stereonet plot the vector mean of
a subset of the displayed dips?
• Is it possible to show stereonets per well on a map if the data
sets in each well have different names?

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Summary
In this module, you learned about:

• launching walkout and cumulative dip plots

• launching standalone stereonet plots or add stereonet plots
in a layout track
• filtering plots by dip type
• viewing dip statistics
• viewing stereonet plots for multiple wells on a map.

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NOTES

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NOTES

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Module 7 Automatic Dip

Computation
The automatic dip computation method in Techlog is based on a
modified version of the Mean Squared Dip (MSD) method in
GeoFrame. It works on the basis of an interval correlation
algorithm between selected pairs of sensors to compute
displacement vectors which should lie in the dip plane. The dip
plane is then calculated as the best fit plane which, of all of the
displacement vectors, has a correlation greater than a specified
cutoff.

All interval correlation dip computation techniques must be treated

with caution. Because they are a purely mathematical
computation of dip, the results do not necessarily represent real
surfaces and may reflect dipping surfaces different from those of
which you wish to find the dip.

Individual computed dip values are at depths corresponding to the

center of the correlation window and reflect the best dip found for
that window. As a result, they may not correspond to features
when displayed overlaid on a borehole image or dipmeter
displayed as pseudo images.

Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:

• compute automatic dips

• apply the important parameters
• perform repeated computations to get the best dip results.

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Lesson 1 Automatic Dip Computation

with FMI Data

In Techlog, automatic dip computation is available for pad based

images and for dipmeters. For pad-based images, the dip is
computed using a predefined set of buttons for each pad.
Correlations can be done in a search window which is referenced
either to the borehole or to a defined plane. The defined plane can
be horizontal, can be set at a fixed value by the user or can use a
variable to define the search plane at each depth.

For the FMI, the computation is done using the pads only. The
flaps are not used as pad/flap offset because incomplete speed
correction can cause systematic errors. Similarly for the Dual
OBMI tool, the computation is done with the pads of one tool only.

Exercise 1 Using Automatic Dip Computation

Before beginning this exercise, go the help (click or press F1)

and read the page on automatic dip computation for a more
comprehensive explanation of the parameters and their
significance.

To use automatic dip computation:

1. Select Wbi > Automatic dip computation.

2. In the Family selection window, set the tool type FMI_8.

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3. Choose the families shown in the figure.

4. Click Create.
5. When the window opens, drag-and-drop the IMAGE-WELL2
FMI_16_1271-1501m data set from the Project browser into
the workflow.
6. Configure the inputs shown in the figure.

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7. When the window opens, the _dynamic version of the pad

arrays are selected by default as these are the last created
variables.
Quickly choose the _H version, right-click on the blank space
in the Input tab and select Quick selection.

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8. On the Correlation parameters tab, set the correlation

parameters shown in the figure.
TIP: Settings different from the default are highlighted.

WARNING: The depth of investigation is populated

according to the tool parameters. For simple
dipmeter tools, which are treated in a generic
fashion, the depth of investigation must be set
manually.

9. Leave the input data parameters set to their defaults.

The search plane parameters are greyed out because, for
this first pass, you are searching relative to the borehole.

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10. Set Apply mode to display and click Apply.

11. This first pass dip picking can now be refined by using these
dips to define the search plane.
Make the changes to the Correlation parameters tab shown
in the figure.

TIP: Settings different from the default are highlighted.

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12. Because you specified you wished to use a plane to define

your search plane parameters, the Search plane
parameters tab is now active.
Set the parameters as shown in the figure.

13. Set Apply mode to save and display and click Apply.

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14. To verify your dip computation results are reasonable:

a. Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WBI_dynamic variable from
the IMAGE-WELL2 FMI_16_1271-1501m data set into the
layout.
b. Activate the dip creation (see Module 5).
c. Drag-and-drop the trueDipAutodip variable from the
FMI_16_1271-1501m_Autodip data set into the dip
creation track.
The automatic dips are displayed as sinusoids over the
image.

15. Save your workflow with an appropriate name.

Review Questions
• How would you exclude data from a faulty pad from the
computation?
• How do you refine your search parameters to focus the
search on a particular orientation?

Summary
In this module, you learned about:

• calculating dips automatically from processed image pad

arrays.
• using a first pass to further refine the dip computation by
defining the search plane.

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Module 8 Structural Dip Removal

To study palaeotransport directions or local palaeoslope
indicators, structural dip must be removed from the dip data, i.e.,
surfaces that were deposited horizontally must be restored to
horizontal so that the original attitude of palaeotransport indicators
(for example, cross bedding), slumps, etc. can be studied.

Structural dip removal is also required for reasons such as

determining the attitude of a set of fractures that may be been
subject to a later regional folding event, or removing the structural
dip above an unconformity to determine the palaeodip at the time
of resumption of deposition.

Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:

• calculate structural dip

• remove structural dip from a dip data set.

Lesson 1 Structural Dip and Dip Zones

Structural dip is defined as the dip of surfaces that were originally

horizontal. Bear in mind that local effects, such as fault drag,
growth faulting and so forth, can mean that local structural dip is
different from the regional dip.

Structural dip may not be constant over a borehole interval. You

must determine zones of consistent structural dip, otherwise a
mean structural dip will not represent the true structural dip in any
part of the well.

Changes in structural dip (for example, zone boundaries) must be

chosen with care. You should have a geological reason for the
change in dip evident in the data. These reasons might include,
for example, a fault, fold, unconformity, or subsidence.

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The exercises in this module use data which may not show a
strong justification for a zonation of structural dip. Nonetheless,
you will define different structural dip zones to show the
functionality and see how a different structural dip can be
removed from each zone.

Exercise 1 Identifying Structural Dip Zones

In this exercise, you will recognize structural zones in an

interpreted dip data set.

To identify structural dip zones:

1. Create a Logview layout for IMAGE-WELL2 with:

• Calipers
• GR
• Static and dynamic FMI images
• dip_TRU variable from the DIPS-FINAL data set.

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2. Create a walkout plot from the dip variable and filter for low
energy bedding surfaces and bed boundaries only.

NOTE: There are no obvious changes in dip azimuth. The

kink in the plot may be caused by differential
compaction or drape above and below the main sand
bodies.

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3. Click to open a daughter cumulative dip plot. On the

cumulative dip plot, notice a subtle change in dip magnitude
that is now apparent.

4. Use the Interactive selection tool in the cumulative dip plot

to choose the two different intervals. (Refer to the figure.)

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5. Select Display > Vector mean by selection in the walkout

plot to show the mean dip of each selection. The difference
between both is evident.
6. It is not clear in the Logview layout what might be the
geological justification for change in structural dip.
For the purposes of this exercise, assume it is related to a
depositional change at the base of the sand (1,485m).

Exercise 2 Determining Structural Dip

In this exercise you will create a zonation to reflect the structural

dip zones and use the stereonet plot to calculate the dip for each
zone.

To determine structural dip:

1. Click the Zones creation tool in Logview to create two

structural zones in the dip track with the top to 1,485m and
1,485m to bottom.
2. Choose the dip variable.

3. Right-click and select Save the zones or click in the left-

hand side of the layout to save the zones as
Structural_dip_zones.

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4. Click in the layout to turn off the zone creation mouse

mode.
5. Press the space bar to clear the interactive selection.
6. Delete the zone description track added when you saved the
zones.
7. Close the cumulative dip plot and walkout plot.
You have defined a simple structural zonation. To determine
the structural dip of each zone, you will use a stereonet plot
because it allows you to easily identify outliers.

8. In the Logview layout, choose the dip variable and click

to open a standalone stereonet plot.
9. Change to a Schmidt plot.
10. Set the limits of the stereonet to 30 degrees on the Limits
tab of the Properties window.

11. Choose the low energy bedding (as in step 2 of the previous
exercise).

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12. In the Zonation dock window, choose your

Structural_dip_zones zonation and Zone_1.

13. Display the contours on the data to make it easier to view

outliers.

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14. You can see the mean structural dip by looking at the vector
mean.
It is best to view the vector mean after making a selection
with the Interactive or Polygon selection tool to prevent
outliers from being included in the computation.

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15. Clear your selection and repeat the process for Zone_2.

16. Leave the stereonet plot open. It will be useful when

populating the structural dip to the structural dip removal
method.

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Lesson 2 Structural Dip Removal

Method

The Structural Dip Removal method allows you to define the dip
types from which you will remove structure and specify the
structural dip to be removed over each zone.

Exercise 1 Using the Structural Dip Removal

Method

In this exercise, you will use the Structural Dip Removal method to
create a rotated dip data set. For each structural zone, the
structural dip you determined in the previous exercise will be
removed to restore the data to their orientation at the time of
deposition.

To use the Structural Dip Removal method:

1. Open the Structural Dip removal method by selecting Wbi >

Structural dip removal.
2. Choose the families shown in the Family selection window.

3. Click Create.
4. Drag-and-drop the IMAGE_WELL2 DIPS-FINAL data set into
the workflow.

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5. Verify that the inputs are set as shown in the figure.

6. Press F1 to see an explanation in the user guide of all of the

options; not all of the options are used in this exercise.
7. In the Zonation dock window, choose your
Structural_dip_zones zonation.
8. Choose Zone_1 and Zone_2.

9. On the Zonation tab in the workflow to populate the table

with your the structural zones:
Click Current zonation
OR
Click Restore the intervals
OR
Press shortcut Ctrl + G.

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10. Choose the dip types from which structural dip must be
removed.

11. Right-click and select fill down to extend this to all zones.

12. Use the stereonet to obtain the values of mean dip to remove
for each zone.

WARNING: You must take special care when using a variable

to define structural dip instead of a mean dip or a
value of structural dip at the top and bottom of the
zone.

The data set must contain a dip type that is

representative of the local structural dip at each
interval where it is present and which does not
have outliers. An example of a suitable dip type
might be a mean dip of low energy bedding
created by dip downsampling that has been
merged back into the data set.

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13. Set Apply mode to save and display and click Apply.

The final dip plots are shown in Figure 20.

Figure 20 Plots with structural dip removed

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Like other dip data, the rotated dips can be used in layouts as well
as stereonet, walkout, and cumulative dip plots. Walkout plots are
particularly powerful for looking at palaeotransport data.

TIP: Structural dip removal (Figure 21) is especially suited to

saving parameters to the zonation data set. You can then
restore the parameters in a new workflow from the
zonation data set.

Figure 21 Saving the parameters to the zonation data set

TIP: When you save parameters to the zonation (Figure 22),

they become variables in the zonation.

Figure 22 Parameters saved in the zonation

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TIP: When you create a new data set or reclassify dips, you can
restore the parameters to a workflow (Figure 23) and reuse
or modify them as required.

Figure 23 Restoring parameters

Review Questions
• How can the Walkout and Cumulative dip plots help you
determine structural zones?
• Why must you be careful if you use the option to remove
structural dip using a variable?

Summary
In this module, you learned about:

• using the tools in Logview and dip interpretation plots to find

structural zones
• removing structural dip zone by zone to create a new rotated
dip variable.

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NOTES

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Module 9 Fracture Counting

Understanding fracture density along a wellbore is a key part of
the fracture characterisation workflow. Because fracture density
seen in the wellbore is biased by the borehole orientation,
observed fracture densities must be corrected for borehole bias.

It is also important to understand fracture distribution in terms of

distribution by type and distribution by fracture set. Sets may be
defined on different criteria, such as fracturing mode or
orientation.

The Dip feature counting method in Techlog allows fractures or

dip types to be counted by type and fracture set or other flags. It
also computes fracture density and corrected fracture density
variables.

Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:

• create fracture count and density logs

• correct fracture density for borehole bias
• count fractures by fracture set.

Lesson 1 Simple Fracture Orientation Set

Definition

Although overall fracture density is important information, it is

more important to be able to understand the distribution of
individual fracture sets. Fracture sets may be defined on the basis
of fracture characteristics, such as fracture fill, timing, or fracture
style.

It is also important to define fracture sets by orientation, for

several reasons:

• to understand optimum drilling directions

• directions of waterflood movement

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• the relationship between orientation and fracture network

permeability
• timing and cause of fracturing, and others.
In Techlog, the multi-well stereonet plot can help to define field
wide fracture orientation sets.

Exercise 1 Defining Simple Fracture

Orientation Sets

In this exercise, you will use the multi-well stereonet plot to identify
fracture sets in two wells and create a flag curve that will allow
these fracture sets to be counted individually.

To define simple fracture orientation sets:

1. Open a multi-well stereonet from the Techlog menu by

selecting Wbi > Stereonet plot (multi-well).
2. Choose the families shown in the figure of the Family
selection window.

3. Click Create.

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4. In the Project browser, filter on the data set DIPS_FINAL in

IMAGE-WELL2 or IMAGE-WELL3.

5. Drag-and-drop both wells into the variable side box of the

multi-well stereonet plot.
6. Filter on faults and fractures only, but do not include induced
fractures.
7. Change the plot type to Schmidt plot with your preferred
hemisphere projection and show a strike histogram.
8. Turn on the contours.

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9. Set Color mode to by palette on the Data density tab of the

Properties window for the plot.

10. Right-click and select Remove the current filter to remove

the filter on the Project browser.
Two fracture sets are visible on the plot and the boundaries
between the two sets are not completely clear.

WARNING: In reality, the number of fractures in IMAGE-

WELL2 is too low to say that they are distributed
with the same orientations as those in IMAGE-
WELL3.

This is used to illustrate how this workflow can

be applied to multiple wells.

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11. Use the Interactive selection tool or the Polygon selection

tool to flag the fractures in the NNW-SSE striking set.
12. Click the middle mouse button to close a polygon.
13. Press Enter to select the fractures inside the polygon.

14. If you used the Polygon selection tool, right-click and select
Delete the polygons to clear your polygons.
Note that the fractures remain selected.

15. Right-click the Interactive selection tool icon.

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16. To change the selection to 2, right-click on 2 and left-click

Select.

17. Repeat step 11 through step 13 for the ENE-WSW striking set.

18. Right-click and select Delete the polygons to clear your

polygons. Once again, the fractures remain selected.
19. Click the Interactive selection tool.

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20. Right-click and select create a labeling variable from

selection.

In each data set in the plot, a new variable is created that

flags each selected fracture with a value of either 1 or 2,
depending on the selections you used.

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Lesson 2 Fracture Counting

The Dip Feature counting method allows counting of any type of

features in dip data sets. It works on a multi-well, multi-data set
basis.

Step Interval vs. Count Interval

By default, the step size is assigned the same value as the
window size. However, it is possible to set them at different values
(Figure 24). Should you do this, the count value returned at each
depth (step) is the count in the window interval; because the step
value does not match the window length, the sum of all counts at
every depth is not equal to the sum of all features to be counted.

10 ft Window/10 ft step 10 ft Window/2 ft step

Figure 24 Step size compared to window size

For example, if the step size is less than the window size, some
feaures are counted more than once. The count value is not
normalized, but the density value in such cases is normalized to
the depth units. The result is a correct density value at each count
step.

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The main reason you might wish to count using a step size less
than the window size is to generate a running average fracture
density curve. This can sometimes offer a better indication of the
overall trend in fracture density as well as the relative position of
the highest fracture densities in a given window.

Fracture Density Correction in Techlog

The fracture density correction used in Techlog is based on the
Terzaghi correction method, in which the fracture density is
corrected by the 1/ cosine of the angle between the borehole and
the pole to the fracture.

In Techlog, this is done in 3D resulting in a correction that is

based on the 3D angle between the pole to the fracture and the
borehole. For example, this angle = 0 when the fracture is
perfectly orthogonal to the borehole.

The correction is not reliable for fractures which are nearly parallel
to the borehole because the correction factor tends towards
infinity. As a result, the maximum angle is limited at 85 degrees by
default.

The bias correction is not done by flagging a fracture as belonging

to a fracture set and correcting by the orientation of that set. Such
an approach adds an extra element of uncertainty. Instead, each
fracture is given a correction factor according to its orientation
relative to the borehole. The corrected density is calculated as the
sum of the correction factors per unit length.

For example, the corrected density for 100 meters of borehole is

the sum of 10 fractures at 0 degrees (fracture orthogonal), 10
fractures at 45 degrees and 10 fractures at 87 degrees to the
borehole.

Fracture count = 30

Uncorrected fracture density = 0.3 fractures/m

Corrected fracture density = (10 x(1/Cos0) + 10x(1/Cos45) +

10x(1/Cos85))/100 = (10+14.142 + 114.737)/100 = 1.389
fractures /m

From this example, you can see that the fracture density
correction is highly uncertain when very few fractures are counted.

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In such cases, the outcome is heavily influenced by the presence

of just a few fractures close to parallel to the borehole.

Exercise 1 Counting Fractures

In this exercise, you will use the Dip feature counting method in
Techlog to calculate fracture count and density variables for each
fracture type in each orientation set.

To count fractures:

1. Open the Dip Feature counting method by selecting Wbi >

Dip feature counting.
2. Choose the families shown in the Family selection window.

3. Click Create.
4. Drag-and-drop the DIPS-FINAL data sets from IMAGE-
WELL2 and IMAGE-WELL3 into the workflow.
5. Verify that the inputs shown in the figure are selected.

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6. Press F1 to see an explanation in the user guide of all of the

options; not all options are used in this exercise.
NOTE: Zonations are deliberately not supported in this
method, as the features can be counted over a
continuous interval and summarized separately by
zone using other tools in Techlog. The Zonation tab
is used only to set a top and bottom for the counting
interval.

7. Define the features to be counted. Fill up/fill down is not

activated for this parameter because data sets may have
different classifications.
8. Set other parameters as shown in the figure.
WARNING: Bear in mind the difference between the count and
density curves and the implications of setting a step
interval different from the count interval.

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9. Set Apply mode to save and display and click Apply.

A new data set is created in each well. If the data set already
exists, a new version is created. In the example, the
variables in each data set are organized into three groups
(Figure 25): DipFeatureCounting, Flag_1_
DipFeatureCounting, and Flag_2_ DipFeatureCounting.

Figure 25 Variables organized in groups

The group DipFeatureCounting contains a count, density, and

corrected density variable for each fracture type selected for
inclusion. In addition, the group contains a count, density, and
corrected density for the sum of all types.

The Flag_1_ DipFeatureCounting and Flag_2_

DipFeatureCounting groups contain the same set of variables
computed only when the flag value used is = 1 (fracture set 1) or =
2 (fracture set 2), respectively.

A new variable is also saved in the input dip data set, Terzaghi
correction factor. This is a weighting given to each dip in the
corrected fracture density, according to its orientation relative to
the borehole. It has a minimum value of 1 for a feature perfectly
orthogonal to the borehole.

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The maximum possible value is equal to the cosine of the

maximum angle allowed for bias correction. The default = 85
degrees so the maximum value is ~11.4737).

Review Questions
• Which tool in Techlog allows you to study the orientation of
dip data from multiple wells in one plot?
• If you do not define a mean orientation per fracture set, how
can you compute a corrected fracture density per set?

Summary
In this module, you learned about:

• using interactive selection in the multiwell stereonet plot to

define fractures sets and flag each fracture according to its
set
• generating fracture count, density, and corrected density
curves in three way: by type, by fracture set, and for the
global population.

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NOTES

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Schlumberger Image and Dip Display in 3D Vue

Module 10 Image and Dip Display

in 3D Vue
The 3D Vue module in Techlog allows you to display multiple
wells in a 3D environment along their true well trajectory. In
addition to plotting simple variables represented as a tube along
the well, you can plot raster images of borehole image logs with
interpreted dips represented as planes in their true 3D orientation.
3D borehole shape plots can also be displayed along the well
trajectory.

Image and dip display is straightforward but it is important to

optimize display options in 3D Vue.

Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:

• create a raster image version of a borehole image array and

display it along the well trajectory in 3D Vue
• set optimum display properties for 3D Vue
• display dips and 3D borehole shapes along the well
trajectory in 3D Vue.

Lesson 1 Image Display in 3D Vue

The 3D Vue module allows you to display the borehole image as a

tube wrapped around the borehole along the well trajectory. Dip
data can be displayed as planes cutting the borehole. This
feature is useful for visualizing fracture orientations and density,
for understanding whether horizontal wells are drilling up or down
stratigraphy, and understanding the location of faults or folds and
their effects on the structural dip.

To display a well in 3D Vue, the Index data set must be present in

the well. The data set must be converted to a raster image
variable before you can display the image log along the well
trajectory.

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Exercise 1 Displaying Images in 3D Vue

In this exercise, you will create a raster image from your borehole
image array and display this image and the interpreted dips along
the well trajectory in a 3D window.

To display images in 3D Vue:

1. Open a Logview layout in one of three ways:

Select Techplot > LogView.
OR
Press Ctrl + Shift + P,L.
OR

Click .
2. Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WBI_H array variable from the
FMI_16_1271-1501m data set.
3. Deactivate the optimized display.
4. Choose the displayed image variable.
5. Create a raster image in one of three ways:
Click the Raster image conversion icon.
OR
Select Processing > Raster image conversion.
OR
In the Project browser:
a. Choose the image to be converted.

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b. Right-click and select Raster image conversion.

Any of these actions creates numerous short .png files in the

Images folder inside the project folder. The Techlog variable
created is actually a series of links to these files; the raster
image is displayed in a manner similar to a core image.
The new raster image inherits the properties of the original
image array, including orientation, DOI, associated caliper,
and so forth. As a result, you can perform dip picking directly
on the raster image.
6. Open a 3D Vue window by selecting 3D Vue > 3D Field
viewer.
7. Verify that the Index data set is present in the well. This is
necessary before you can display wells in a 3D Vue window.

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8. Drag-and-drop the ARRAY_WBI_H_Img variable from the

FMI_16_1271-1501m _Img data set into the Variable panel
in the 3D Vue window

9. The display options must be optimized for the display of the

image.
On the Limits tab of the Properties window of the 3D Vue
window, change the Z axis properties as shown in the figure.
This allows for better space to display the image.

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10. Click to center the navigation on the well.

11. Click and hold the left mouse button and move the cursor to
rotate the display.
12. Click and hold the right mouse button and move the cursor
forward or backward to navigate along the well.
13. Click and hold the middle mouse button and move the cursor
forward or backward to zoom in and out.
14. Choose the well name in the Variable panel of the 3D Vue
window.
15. In the Properties window, change the following properties to
the values shown in the figure.

Transparency Set this to no to fill the gaps between the pads.

Interpolation Set this to a high value to display the image at
the best resolution.
Smooth Set this to no to prevent smoothing of the
images.
Number of Set this to the maximum value of 400 for the
facets best radial resolution.
Keep Set this to yes to draw the borehole diameter
proportion with the same scale as the X, Y, and Z axes of
the plot.

This must be used to display dips correctly on

the images; the images are drawn in 3D
orientation rather than distorted to fit an
exaggerated borehole diameter.
Trajectory Turn this off. When the well diameter is drawn
display in true proportion, the minimum radius for the
trajectory is much larger than the well radius
used.

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16. Setting 'Keep proportion' to yes draws the well very thin
relative to the proportions of the box.

Click and use the middle mouse button to zoom in to

view the well again.

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17. Drag-and-drop the Dip_TRU variable from the DIPS-FINAL

data set into the Variable panel to display dips on the plot.

18. (Optional)
a. Choose a well or variable in the Variable panel of the 3D
Vue window.
b. Change the dip types to be displayed and their display
properties using the Classification tab in the Properties
window.

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Lesson 2 Borehole Shape Plots in 3D

A borehole shape plot, based on multi-arm caliper measurements

or an array of radius values can be plotted along the well
trajectory in 3D Vue. Values can be from logging while drilling
(LWD), a calibration of an ultrasonic travel time image, or other
sources.

Exercise 1 Displaying a Borehole Shape Plot

in 3D

This exercise shows you how to plot the borehole shape in 3D

along the well trajectory.

To display a borehole shape plot in 3D:

1. Open a 3D Vue window by selecting 3D Vue > 3D Field

viewer.
2. Specify the well to be used by dragging a simple variable
from the Project browser into the Variable panel of the 3D
Vue window. In this instance, drag GR from the
FMI_16_1271-1501m data set in IMAGE-WELL2.
3. Click the Borehole shape icon in the toolbar of the 3D Vue
window.
4. In the Borehole shape dialog that opens, choose the data
set, the caliper/radius variables, and the orientation curve, as
shown in the figure.

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WARNING: Make sure the calipers/radii are listed in the

correct order. Also, be sure to choose the
correct option in the 'use as calipers/use as
radius' button, which is located on the top of the
left-hand side panel.

For example, if radius variables are used and

the option to use 'as calipers' is mistakely
chosen, the plot will treat the 6 radii as 6
diameters and draw an incorrect hole shape.

5. Change the Z-axis limits. If needed, refer to the previous

exercise, Displaying Images in 3D Vue.
6. Choose the well in the Variable panel of the plot.
7. On the Display options tab of the Properties window, set
these values:
• Interpolation property = 15000
• Number of facets = 60.
8. Select the 3D Vue window by clicking on the title bar.
9. In the Palette dock window, choose the palette and set the
scale.
TIP: Remember the palette scale is in radius values, as
shown in the example in the figure.

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10. (Optional) Change the display properties of the borehole

shape plot on the Borehole shape tab of the Properties
window after choosing the well in the Variable panel of the
3D Vue window.

Review Questions
• How can you create a raster image from a borehole image
array?
• Why should the interpolation property be set to a high value
when viewing images in
3D Vue?
• What will happen if you use radius variables in a borehole
shape plot without selecting the 'use as radius' option?

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Summary
In this module, you learned about creating raster images from
borehole image arrays and displaying these results:

• raster images in a 3D window

• dips on the images along the well trajectory
• a 3D borehole shape along the well trajectory.

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NOTES

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 Wellbore imaging
Training and Exercise Guide

Techlog Interactive Suite.

Wellbore imaging

Training and Exercise Guide

Wellbore imaging
The Techlog interactive suite 2010
is designed for wellbore- centric
data interpretation and offers
essential processing and modelling
capabilities. Bring all of your
wellbore data together within a
single graphical environment. You
can display what you want, how
you want and perform high level
analyses of core, log, image and
related data types together in
one program.

Wbi is the suite of processing and

interpretation tools for borehole
images. You can process, display
and interpret structure and
sedimentology on wireline and Your wellbore-centric solution.
LWD images from multiple vendors,
in an environment designed
to integrate these data in your
geological and petrophysical
interpretation workflow.

www.techsia.com

A5_WBI.indd 1 17/08/10 11:28