Advanced JAVA and J2EE – IV UNIT

2 marks:
1. What are servlets?
Servlets are small programs that execute on the server side of a web connection. Servlets
dynamically extend the functionality of a web server. They can respond to requests from web
clients, typically browsers, by generating dynamic content.
2. List the drawbacks of CGI programs.
• It was expensive in terms of processor and memory resources to create a separate process for each
client request.
• CGI programs were not platform-independent.
3. List the advantages of servlet.
• Performance is significantly better. Servlets execute within the address space of a web server.
• Servlets are platform-independent because they are written in Java.
• Java security manager enforces a set of restrictions to protect the resources on a server machine.
• Full functionality of the Java class libraries is available to a servlet.
4. With syntax write the purpose of getParameter() method.
String getParameter(String pname) - Returns the value of the parameter named pname.
5. What is the purpose of extending the GenericServlet class in t servlet, and what methods
does it provide by default?
The GenericServlet class provides implementations of the basic life cycle methods for a servlet.
GenericServlet implements the Servlet and ServletConfig interfaces. In addition, a method to
append a string to the server log file is available. The signatures of this method are shown here:
void log(String s)
void log(String s, Throwable e)
Here, s is the string to be appended to the log, and e is an exception that occurred.
6. Explain the role of the ServletRequest and ServletResponse objects in the service() method.
The ServletRequest interface enables a servlet to obtain information about a client request. The
ServletResponse interface enables a servlet to formulate a response for a client.
7. What is ServletConfig Interface? Mention any 2 methods.
The ServletConfig interface allows a servlet to obtain configuration data when it is loaded. The
methods declared by this interface are summarized here:
ServletContext getServletContext( ) Returns the context for this servlet.
String getServletName( ) String getServletName( )

8. What is the purpose and significance of the getWriter() method in the context of generating
an HTTP response in a servlet?
It returns a PrintWriter that can be used to write character data to the response. An
IllegalStateException is thrown if getOutputStream( ) has been previously invoked on this object.

9. Servlet interface declares life cycle methods for a servlet and

ServletConfig interface allows servlets to get initialization parameters.

10. What is the role of the getServletConfig() and getServletInfo() methods in the Servlet
interface.
The getServletConfig( ) method is called by the servlet to obtain initialization parameters. A servlet
developer overrides the getServletInfo( ) method to provide a string with useful information (for
example, author, version, date, copyright). This method is also invoked by the server.
11. Differentiate between the getInitParameter(String param) and getInitParameterNames()
methods in the ServletConfig interface.
Returns the value of the initialization parameter named
String getInitParameter(String param)
param.
Enumeration<String>
Returns an enumeration of all initialization parameter names.
getInitParameterNames( )

12. What is the purpose and usage of the getAttribute(String attr) and setAttribute(String
attr, Object val) methods in the ServletContext interface.
Object getAttribute(String attr) Returns the value of the server attribute named
attr.
void setAttribute(String attr, Object val) Sets the attribute specified by attr to the value
passed in val.

13. What is the purpose of the getParameterNames() and getParameterValues(String name)

methods in the ServletRequest interface.
Enumeration getParameterNames( ) Returns an enumeration of the parameter
names for this request.
String[ ] getParameterValues(String name) Returns an array containing values associated
with the parameter specified by name.

14. What is the usage of readLine(byte[] buffer, int offset, int size)method in the
ServletInputStream class?
The readLine() method is provided to read bytes from the stream. It is shown here:
int readLine(byte[ ] buffer, int offset, int size) throws IOException
Here, buffer is the array into which size bytes are placed starting at offset. The method returns the
actual number of bytes read or –1 if an end-of-stream condition is encountered.
15. What's the specific purpose of ServletOutputStream and ServletInputStream?
The ServletInputStream class extends InputStream. It is implemented by the servlet container and
provides an input stream that a servlet developer can use to read the data from a client request.
The ServletOutputStream class extends OutputStream. It is implemented by the servlet container
and provides an output stream that a servlet developer can use to write data to a client response.
16. List classes that are provided in the javax.servlet.http package.
Cookie Allows state information to be stored on a client machine.
HttpServlet Provides methods to handle HTTP requests and responses.
HttpSessionEvent Encapsulates a session-changed event.
HttpSessionBindingEvent Indicates when a listener is bound to or unbound from a session value.

17. Write the usage of any two methods described in the HttpServletResponse interface.
void addCookie(Cookie cookie) Adds cookie to the HTTP response.
boolean containsHeader(String field) Returns true if the HTTP response header contains a
field named field.

18. What is Cookie? How it is helpful?

The Cookie class encapsulates a cookie. A cookie is stored on a client and contains state
information. Cookies are valuable for tracking user activities. For example, assume that a user visits
an online store. A cookie can save the user’s name, address, and other information. The user does
not need to enter this data each time he or she visits the store.
19. Describe the significance of the valueBound and valueUnbound methods in the
HttpSessionBindingListener interface.
valueBound() - This method is called whenever an object is bound to an HTTP session, i.e, added to
an HTTP session.
valueUnbound() -This method is called whenever an object is unbound from an HTTP session, i.e,
removed from an HTTP session.
20. What information can be stored in a cookie?
Some of the information that can be saved for each cookie includes the following:
• The name of the cookie
• The value of the cookie
• The expiration date of the cookie
• The domain and path of the cookie
21. What is the significance of the getSession( ) method of HttpServletRequest.
A session can be created via the getSession( ) method of HttpServletRequest. An HttpSession object
is returned. This object can store a set of bindings that associate names with objects. The
setAttribute( ), getAttribute( ), getAttributeNames( ), and removeAttribute( ) methods of
HttpSession manage these bindings. Session state is shared by all servlets that are associated with a
client.
22. Write the purpose of next() and getString().
The next() method of the ResultSet moves the cursor forward one row from its current position
The getString() method of the ResultSet object is used to copy the value of a specified column in
the current row of the ResultSet to a String object.
23. List the parts of URL that is used in getConnection() method to establish connection.
• jdbc, which indicates that the JDBC protocol is to be used to read the URL
• <subprotocol>, which is the JDBC driver name
• <subname>, which is the name of the database
24. Write the purpose of setLoginTimeout() and getLoginTimeout().
ofsetLoginTimeout() can be used by the J2EE component to establish the maximum time the
DriverManager waits for a response from a DBMS before timing out.
getLoginTimeout() is used to retrieve from the DriverManager the maximum time the
DriverManager is set to wait until it times out. It returns an int that represents seconds.
25. Write the purpose of forName() and createStatement().
The Class.forName() method is used to load the JDBC driver. The name of the driver is passed to it.
Example: Class.forName( "sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
Connect.createStatement() is used to create a Statement object. The Statement object is then used to
execute a query and return a ResultSet object that contains the response from the DBMS.
Example: Statement stcon.createStatement();

26. What is the main purpose of the JDBC to ODBC (Type 1) driver?
The main purpose of the JDBC to ODBC (Type 1) driver is to provide a bridge that allows Java
applications to connect to databases that support the Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) standard.
This driver acts as an intermediary between JDBC and ODBC, translating JDBC calls into ODBC
calls, thereby enabling the use of ODBC drivers to access databases.
27. Differentiate between Type 3 and Type 4 JDBC drivers. Which one is considered to be the
fastest way to communicate SQL queries to the DBMS?
Type 3 Driver (Java Protocol) Type 4 Driver (Database Protocol)
Uses a middleware server Connects directly to the database
Converts SQL to JDBC format first, then into the
Translates SQL directly to DBMS format
format required by the DBMS.
Generally slower Generally faster

28. What is the difference between the executeQuery() and executeUpdate() methods of a
Statement object in JDBC?
executeQuery(): This method returns the ResultSet object that contains rows, columns and metadata
that represent data requested by the query. This method is used to execute only the 'SELECT' query
of SQL.
executeUpdate(): This method is used to execute the queries that contain INSERT, DELETE and
UPDATE statements. It returns integer indicating the number of rows that were updated by the
query.
29. Briefly explain what a ResultSet object represents in JDBC.
ResultSet object contains data requested by the query. It also contains methods that are used to copy
data from the ResultSet into a Java collection of objects or variable(s) for further processing. Data
in a ResultSet object is logically organized into a virtual table consisting of rows and columns.
30. What is the main advantage of using a PreparedStatement object over a Statement object
in JDBC?
PreparedStatement objects are pre-compiled by the database when they are first created. When you
execute the same PreparedStatement multiple times with different data, the database can reuse this
plan, leading to faster execution compared to Statement objects where the query is recompiled each
time.
31. How do PreparedStatement objects handle dynamic values in SQL queries?
PreparedStatement objects handle dynamic values in SQL queries by using placeholders (also
known as parameter markers) denoted by question marks (?) within the SQL statement. These
placeholders are then substituted with actual values using setter methods provided by the
PreparedStatement class. This approach ensures that the SQL statement remains constant while
allowing the values to change dynamically.
32. What are the different parameters used by CallableStatement object?
IN A parameter whose value is unknown when the SQL statement is created. You bind
values to IN parameters with the setXXX() methods.
OUT A parameter whose value is supplied by the SQL statement it returns. You retrieve values
from the OUT parameters with the getXXX() methods.
INOUT A parameter that provides both input and output values. You bind variables with the
setXXX() methods and retrieve values with the getXXX() methods.

33. How to Insert a Row in to the ResultSet?

The updateXXX() method is used to specify the column and value that will be placed into the
column of the ResultSet. The updateXXX() method requires two parameters, one to specify either
the name or the number of the column and the other to specify the new value.The insertRow()
method is called after the updateXXX() methods, which causes a new row to be inserted into the
ResultSet having values of the parameters in the updateXXX() methods.
34. Why Savepoints are used in datatabase transaction?
Savepoints in database transactions are used primarily to provide a way to roll back parts of a
transaction rather than the entire transaction. It is a virtual marker that defines the task at which the
rollback stops.
35. How to batch sql statement into transaction statement?
The addBatch() method of the statement object is used to batch together sql statement into a signle
transaction statement. It receives a SQL statement as aparameter and places the SQL statement in
the batch.
36. What are the methods supported by RowSetListener class?
• rowSetChanged(RowSetEvent event): This method is called when the data in the RowSet object
has changed, typically because the RowSet has been re-executed or its data has been modified while
connected to the database.
• rowChanged(RowSetEvent event): This method is called when a row in the RowSet object has
been changed, indicating that one or more column values in the row have been modified.
• cursorMoved (RowSetEvent event): This method is called when the cursor position within the
RowSet object has been moved, indicating that the current row has changed.
37. What is JavaServerPages?
Java Server Pages (JSP) is a technology for developing Web pages that supports dynamic content.
This helps developers insert java code in HTML pages by making use of special JSP tags, most of
which start with <% and end with %>. A Java Server Pages component is a type of Java servlet that
is designed to fulfill the role of a user interface for a Java web application.
38. List any four advanges of using JSP.
• Performance is significantly better.
• JSP are always compiled before they are processed by the server.
• Java Server Pages are built on top of the Java Servlets API.
• JSP pages can be used in combination with servlets that handle the business logic.
39. List any four implicit Objects.
• request - This is the HttpServletRequest object associated with the request.
• response - This is the HttpServletResponse object associated with the response to the client.
• out - This is the PrintWriter object used to send output to the client.
• session - This is the HttpSession object associated with the request.
40. What is the usage of buffer attribute in JSP?
The buffer attribute specifies the buffering characteristics for the server output response object. You
may code a value of "none" to specify no buffering so that the servlet output is immediately directed
to the response object or you may code a maximum buffer size in kilobytes, which directs the
servlet to write to the buffer before writing to the response object.
41. What is page Directive?
The page directive is used to provide instructions to the container. These instructions pertain to the
current JSP page. You may code page directives anywhere in your JSP page. By convention, page
directives are coded at the top of the JSP page. Following is the basic syntax of the page directive:
<%@ page attribute=“value” %>
Long Answer Questions
1. Explain the three key methods in the lifecycle of a servlet (init(), service(), destroy()).
i. init() method is called only once when the servlet is first loaded into the memory. It is possible to
pass initialization parameters to the servlet so it may configure itself.
ii. service() method is called to process the HTTP request. You will see that it is possible for the
servlet to read data that has been provided in the HTTP request. It may also formulate an HTTP
response for the client. The servlet remains in the server‟s address space and is available to process
any other HTTP requests received from clients. The service( ) method is called for each HTTP
request.
iii. destroy() method is called only once just before the servlet is unloaded from the memory. It's
used to perform any cleanup tasks required by the servlet, such as closing database connections,
releasing resources acquired during initialization, flushing buffers etc.

2. Develop a basic servlet program that displays a welcome message to the user.
HelloServlet.java
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
public class HelloServlet extends GenericServlet {
public void service(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
pw.println("Welcome!");
pw.close();
}}
web.xml
<servlet>
<servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/servlet/HelloServlet</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

3. Explain the functionalities of the following methods available in ServletConfig Interface.

Method Description
ServletContext getServletContext( Returns the context for this servlet.
String getInitParameter(String param) Returns value of the initialization parameter named param.
Enumeration<String> Returns an enumeration of all initialization parameter names.
getInitParameterNames( )
String getServletName( ) Returns the name of the invoking servlet.

4. Write the usage of any four methods of ServletRequest interface.

Object getAttribute(String attr) Returns the value of the attribute named attr.

String getCharacterEncoding( ) Returns the character encoding of the request.

Enumeration getParameterNames( ) Returns an enumeration of the parameter
names for this request.
String[ ] getParameterValues(String name) Returns an array containing values associated
with the parameter specified by name.
5. Write the usage of any four methods of ServletResponse interface.
String getCharacterEncoding( ) Returns the character encoding for the response.
PrintWriter getWriter( ) Returns a PrintWriter that can be used to write character data
throws IOException to the response. An IllegalStateException is thrown if
getOutputStream( ) has been previously invoked on this
object.
void setContentLength(int size) Sets the content length for the response to size.
void setContentType(String type) Sets the content type for the response to type.

6. Write a Java servlet named FormProcessorServlet that can handle HTTP POST requests
containing form data. The servlet should: Read Parameters: Extract the names and values of
parameters submitted from the form. Process Data: Access the specific parameter values for
fields like "name" and "email" (assuming those are the form field names). Generate
Response: Create an HTML response that displays the submitted data back to the user in a
user-friendly format.
Index.html
<html> <head><title>Form</title></head>
<body> <center>
<form method="post" action="http://localhost:8081/sample/a">
<table> <tr> <td> <b>Employee</td>
<td><input type="textbox" name="e" size="25" value=""></td> </tr>
<tr> <td> <b>Email</td>
<td><input type="email" name="p" size="50" value=""></td> </tr>
</table>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form> </center> </body> </html>
Web.xml
<web-app> <servlet>
<servlet-name>FormProcessorServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>Form ProcessorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>FormProcessorServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/a</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping> </web-app>
formProcessorServlet.java
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class Form ProcessorServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws
ServletException, IOException {
String name request.getParametert(“e”);
String email = request.getParameter("p");
response.setContentType("text/html");
Print Writer pw = response.getWriter(); pw.println("<html><body>");
pw.println("<b>Name of the Employee is: </b>" + name + "<br>");
pw.println("<b>Email of the Employee is: </b>" + email);
pw.println("</body></html>");
pw.close();
}
7. Explain the following methods of HttpServletRequest interface with their syntax
i. getCookies ii. getMethod iii. getPathInfo iv. getSession
Cookie[ ] getCookies( ) Returns an array of the cookies in this request.
String getMethod( ) Returns the HTTP method for this request.
String getPathInfo( ) Returns any path information that is located after the servlet path
and before a query string of the URL.
HttpSession getSession( ) Returns the session for this request. If a session does not exist,
one is created and then returned.
HttpSession If new is true and no session exists, creates and returns a session
getSession(boolean new) for this request. Otherwise, returns the existing session for this
request.

8. With an example, Explain the purpose and behavior of the doGet() method in a servlet
class.
The doGet( ) method is overridden to process any HTTP GET requests that are sent to this servlet. It
uses the getParameter( ) method of HttpServletRequest to obtain the selection that was made by the
user. A response is then formulated.
index.html
<html> <body> <center>
<form action="http://localhost:8080/servlets-examples/servlet/ColorGetServlet">
<b>Color:</b>
<select name="color" size="1">
<option value="Red">Red</option>
<option value="Green">Green</option>
<option value="Blue">Blue</option>
</select> <br><br>
<input type=submit value="Submit">
</form> </body> </html>
ColorGetServlet.java
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class ColorGetServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
String color = request.getParameter("color");
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter();
pw.println("<b>The selected color is: ");
pw.println(color);
pw.close();
}}

9. With an example, Explain the purpose and behavior of the doPost() method in a servlet
class.
The doPost( ) method is overridden to process any HTTP POST requests that are sent to this servlet.
It uses the getParameter( ) method of HttpServletRequest to obtain the selection that was made by
the user. A response is then formulated.
index.html
<html> <body> <center>
<form method="post"action="http://localhost:8080/servlets-examples/servlet/ColorPostServlet">
<b>Color:</b>
<select name="color" size="1">
<option value="Red">Red</option>
<option value="Green">Green</option>
<option value="Blue">Blue</option>
</select> <br><br>
<input type=submit value="Submit">
</form> </body> </html>
ColorPostServlet.java
import java.io.*;
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
public class ColorPostServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
String color = request.getParameter("color"); //Get the selected color from the requested parameter
response.setContentType("text/html"); //Set the response content type
PrintWriter pw = response.getWriter(); //Get PrintWriter object
pw.println("<b>The selected color is: "); //Write HTML repsonse
pw.println(color);
pw.close(); //Close PrintWriter
}}
10. What are the different methods involved in the process of session management in servlets?
Explain their purpose.
getSession(boolean create): This method retrieves or creates an HttpSession object associated with
the current request. If no session exists and `create` is set to `true`, a new session will be created. If
`create` is set to `false` and no session exists, `null` is returned.
Example: HttpSession session = request.getSession(true); // create a session if none exists
setAttribute(String name, Object value): Binds an object to a specific name in the session. The
name parameter specifies the name under which the object will be stored and value indicates the
object to be associated with the name.
getAttribute(String name): Retrieves an object associated with a given name from the session. The
name parameter specifies the name under which the object was bound to the session. It returns the
object bound to the specified name, or null if no object is associated with that name.
removeAttribute(String name): Removes an object associated with a given name from the session.
The name parameter specifies the name of the object to be removed. It returns None(void method).
getAttributeNames(): This method retrieves an enumeration of all attribute names currently bound
to the session. It returns an Enumeration object containing the names of all attributes in the session.
11. How cookies can be handled using servlet.
The Cookie class encapsulates a cookie. A cookie is stored on a client and contains state
information. Cookies are valuable for tracking user activities. For example, assume that a user visits
an online store. A cookie can save the user‟s name, address, and other information. The user does
not need to enter this data each time he or she visits the store.
A servlet can write a cookie to a user‟s machine via the addCookie( ) method of the
HttpServletResponse interface. The data for that cookie is then included in the header of the HTTP
response that is sent to the browser. The names and values of cookies are stored on the user’s
machine. Some of the information that is saved for each cookie includes the following:
• The name of the cookie
• The value of the cookie
• The expiration date of the cookie
• The domain and path of the cookie
The expiration date determines when this cookie is deleted from the user’s machine. If an expiration
date is not explicitly assigned to a cookie, it is deleted when the current browser session ends.
Otherwise, the cookie is saved in a file on the user‟s machine.
The domain and path of the cookie determine when it is included in the header of an HTTP request.
If the user enters a URL whose domain and path match these values, the cookie is then supplied to
the Web server. Otherwise, it is not.
There is one constructor for Cookie. It has the signature shown here:
Cookie(String name, String value)
Here, the name and value of the cookie are supplied as arguments to the constructor.
12. Explain why JSP is a compelling choice for web development compared to the Common
Gateway Interface (CGI).
Java Server Pages often serve the same purpose as programs implemented using the Common
Gateway Interface (CGI). But JSP offers several advantages in comparison with the CGI.
• Performance is significantly better because JSP allows embedding Dynamic Elements in HTML
Pages itself instead of having separate CGI files.
• JSP are always compiled before they are processed by the server unlike CGI/Perl which requires
the server to load an interpreter and the target script each time the page is requested.
• Java Server Pages are built on top of the Java Servlets API, so like Servlets, JSP also has access to
all the powerful Enterprise Java APIs, including JDBC, JNDI, EJB, JAXP, etc.
• JSP pages can be used in combination with servlets that handle the business logic, the model
supported by Java servlet template engines.
13. Explain the key steps involved in how a web server processes a JSP request and generates
a web page.
• As with a normal page, browser (client) sends an HTTP request to the web server.
• The web server recognizes that the HTTP request is for a JSP page and forwards it to a JSP
engine. This is done by using the URL or JSP page which ends with .jsp instead of .html.
• The JSP engine loads the JSP page from disk and converts it into a servlet content. This
conversion is very simple in which all template text is converted to println( ) statements and all JSP
elements are converted to Java code. This code implements the corresponding dynamic behavior of
the page.
• The JSP engine compiles the servlet into an executable class and forwards the original request to a
servlet engine.
• Apart of the web server called the servlet engine loads the Servlet class and executes it. During
execution, the servlet produces an output in HTML format. This output is further passed on to the
web server by the servlet engine inside an HTTP response.
• The web server forwards the HTTP response to our browser in terms of static HTML content.
• Finally, the web browser handles the dynamically-generated HTML page inside the HTTP
response exactly as if it were a static page.
14. Explain the key stages involved in the lifecycle of a Java Server Page (JSP).

JSP Compilation
When a browser asks for a JSP, the JSP engine first checks to see whether it needs to compile the
page. If the page has never been compiled, or if the JSP has been modified since it was last
compiled, the JSP engine compiles the page. The compilation process involves three steps:
• Parsing the JSP.
• Turning the JSP in to a servlet.
• Compiling the servlet.
JSP Initialization
When a container loads a JSP it invokes the jspInit() method before servicing any requests.
Typically, initialization is performed only once we generally initialize database connections, open
files, and create lookup tables in the jspInit method. If we need to perform JSP-specific
initialization, override the jspInit() method:
Public void jspInit(){ //Initializationcode... }
JSP Execution
This phase of the JSP life cycle represents all interactions with requests until the JSP is destroyed.
Whenever a browser requests a JSP and the page has been loaded and initialized, the JSP engine
invokes the _jspService() method in the JSP.
The _jspService() method of a JSP is invoked on request basis. This is responsible for generating
the response for that request and this method is also responsible for generating responses to all
seven of the HTTP methods, i.e., GET, POST, DELETE, etc.
JSP Cleanup
The destruction phase of the JSP lifecycle represents when a JSP is being removed from use by a
container. The jspDestroy() method is the destroy method. Override jspDestroy when you need to
perform any cleanup, such as releasing database connections or closing open files. The jspDestroy()
method has the following form:
public void jspDestroy() { //Yourcleanupcodegoeshere. }
15. Write short note on JSP directives and JSP Actions.
JSP Directives
A JSP directive affects the overall structure of the servlet class. It usually has the following form:
<%@directive attribute="value"%>
There are three types of directive tag:
Directive Description
<%@ page... %> Defines page-dependent attributes, such as scripting language, error
page and buffering requirements.
<%@ include... %> Includes a file during the translation phase.
<%@ taglib... %> Declares a tag library, containing custom actions, used in the page

JSP Actions
JSP actions use constructs in XML syntax to control the behavior of the servlet engine. You can
dynamically insert a file, reuse JavaBeans components, forward the user to another page, or
generate HTML for the Java plugin. There is only one syntax for the Action element, as it conforms
to the XML standard:
<jsp:action_name attribute="value"/>
Action elements are basically predefined functions. Following table lists out the JSP Actions:
Syntax Purpose
jsp:include Includes a file at the time the page is requested.
jsp:useBean Finds or instantiates a JavaBean.
jsp:setProperty Sets the property of a JavaBean.
jsp:getProperty Inserts the property of a JavaBean into the output.

16. Explain any four buffer attributes with examples.

The buffer attribute specifies the buffering characteristics for the server output response object.
You may code a value of "none" to specify no buffering so that the servlet output is immediately
directed to the response object or you may code a maximum buffer size in kilobytes, which directs
the servlet to write to the buffer before writing to the response object.
To direct the servlet to write the output directly to the response output object, use the following:
<%@ page buffer="none" %>
Use the following to direct the servlet to write the output to a buffer of size not less than 8
kilobytes:
<%@ page buffer="8kb" %>
17. Explain the steps in the JDBC process.
Step 1: Loading the JDBC Driver
The JDBC driver must be loaded before the J2EE component can connect to the DBMS.The
Class.forName() method is used to load the JDBC driver.
The developer must write a routine that loads the JDBC / ODBC Bridge driver called
sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver. The driver is loaded by calling the Class.forName() method and
passing it the name of the driver, as shown in the following code segment
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
Step 2: Connect to the DBMS
Once the driver is loaded, the J2EE component must connect to the DBMS using the
DriverManager.getConnection() method. This method is used to pass the URL of the database,
along with the user ID and password if required by the DBMS. It returns a Connection interface that
is used throughout the process to reference the database.
Eg: Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password);
Step 3: Create and Execute an SQL Statement
The Connect.createStatement() is used to create a Statement object. The Statement object is then
used to execute a query and return a ResultSet object that contains the response from the DBMS,
which is usually one or more rows of information requested by the J2EE application. Typically, the
query is assigned to a String object, which is passed to the Statement object’s executeQuery()
method.
Eg: Statement s = connection.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = s.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM employees");
Step 4: Process Data Returned by the DBMS
The java.sql.ResultSet object is assigned the results received from the DBMS after the query is
processed. The java.sql.ResultSet object consists of methods used to interact with data that is
returned by the DBMS to the J2EE application.
Step 5: Terminate the Connection to the DBMS
The connection to the DBMS is terminated by using the close() method of the Connection object
once the J2EE application is finished accessing the DBMS.It releases the databases and JDBC
resources immediately.
Eg: rs.close();
s.close();
con.close();
18. Write the steps to associate database with JDBC/ODBC bridge.
19. What is JDBC Driver? Explain different types.
JDBC Drivers: JDBC uses drivers to translate generalized JDBC calls into vendor-specific database
calls. Drivers exist for most popular databases. Four Classes of JDBC drivers exist.
Type 1 JDBC to ODBC Driver
A common Type 1 driver defines a JDBC to ODBC bridge. ODBC is the database connectivity for
databases. JDBC driver translates JDBC calls to corresponding ODBC calls.
Thus if ODBC driver exists for a database this bridge can be used to communicate with the database
from a Java application.
Type 2 Java/Native Code Driver
Type 2 driver communicates directly with native API. It is more efficient since there is one less
layer to contend with (i.e. no ODBC). It is dependent on the existence of a native API for a database
Type 3 JDBC Driver
The Type 3 JDBC driver, also referred to as the Java Protocol, is the most commonly used JDBC
driver. The Type 3 JDBC driver converts SQL queries into JDBC-formatted statements. The JDBC-
formatted statements are translated into the format required by the DBMS.
Type 4 JDBC Driver
The Type 4 JDBC driver is also known as the Type 4 Database Protocol. This driver is similar to the
Type 3 JDBC driver, except SQL queries are translated into the format required by the DBMS. SQL
queries do not need to be converted to JDBC-formatted systems. This is the fastest way to
communicate SQL queries to the DBMSJ
20. Explain the steps to connect to the database in java?
• Choose a Database: First, you need to choose the database you want to connect to. Common
options include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, SQLite, etc.
• Download the JDBC Driver: Download the appropriate JDBC driver for your chosen database and
include it in your project's classpath.
• Load the Driver: Use Class.forName() to load the JDBC driver class. This step is necessary to
register the drive with the DriverManager.
• Establish Connection: Use the DriverManager.getConnection() method to establish a connection
to the database. You need to provide the URL o the database, username, and password as
parameters.
• Create a Statement: Once the connection is established create a Statement object. Statements are
used to execute SQL queries.
• Execute SQL Queries: Use the executeQuery() method to execute SELECT queries or
executeUpdate() method for INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE queries.
• Process Results: If you've executed a SELECT query, you can process the results returned by the
database. Use methods like ResultSet.next() to iterate through the result set and retrieve data.
• Close Resources: After you're done with the database operations, make sure to close the ResultSet,
Statement, and Connection objects to release the database and JDBC resources.
21. What are the JDBC statements? Explain.
In JDBC (Java Database Connectivity), statements are objects used to execute SQL queries against
a database. There are mainly three types of statements in JDBC:
1. Statement: This interface is used to execute simple SQL queries without parameters. It can be
used for executing queries such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and DDL (Data
Definition Language) statements.
Statement s = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = s.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM my_table");
2. PreparedStatement: This interface extends Statement and provides additional methods for
executing parameterized SQL queries. PreparedStatement is precompiled, which can improve
performance when executing the same SQL statement multiple times with different parameters.
PreparedStatement p = con.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO table (col1, col2) VALUES (?, ?)");
s.setString(1, "value1");
s.setString(2, "value2");
int rowsAffected = p.executeUpdate();
3. CallableStatement: This interface is used to execute stored procedures or functions in the
database. Callable Statement allows you to call database stored procedures or functions with IN,
OUT, and INOUT parameters.
CallableStatement c = con.prepareCall("{call my_stored_procedure(?, ?);");
c.setInt(1, parameter1);
c.registerOutParameter(2, Types.INTEGER);
c.execute();
22. Describe the following i) Scrollable Resultset ii) Updatable ResultSet
i. Scrollable ResultSet: It is a type of ResultSet that allows you to move the cursor forward and
backward, as well as to move to a specific row or to a relative position from the current row. By
default, ResultSets in JDBC are forward-only, meaning you can only traverse them in one direction
forward from the first row to the last. However, if you need more flexibility in navigating the result
set, you can create a scrollable result set. Six methods of the ResultSet object are used to position
the virtual cursor, in addition to the next() method.
The first() method moves the virtual cursor to the first row in the ResultSet.
The last() method positions the virtual cursor at the last row in the ResultSet.
The previous() method moves the virtual cursor to the previous row.
The absolute() method positions the virtual cursor at the row number specified by the integer
passed as a parameter to The absolute() method.
The relative() method moves the virtual cursor the specified number of rows contained in the
parameter.
The getRow() method returns an integer that represents the number of the current row in the
ResultSet.
ii. Updatable ResultSet: An updatable ResultSet is a feature provided by JDBC that allows you to
update the rows retrieved from a database table through a ResultSet object.
ResultSet concurrency determines whether the ResultSet can be updated, or only read. Not all
databases ResultSet is updated and JDBC drivers support that the ResultSet is updated.
ResultSet can have one of two concurrency levels
CONCUR_READ_ONLY means the ResultSet can only be read
CONCUR_UPDATABLE means that the ResultSet canbe both read and updated
23. Write a note on DatabaseMetaData interface.
The DatabaseMetaData interface is used to retrieve information about databases, tables, columns,
and indexes among other information about the DBMS.
AJ2EE component retrieves metadata about the database by calling the getMetaData() method of
the Connection object. The getMetaData() method returns a DatabaseMetaData object that contains
information about the database and its components. Once the DatabaseMetaData object is obtained,
an assortment of methods contained in the DatabaseMetaData object are called to retrieve specific
metadata. Here are some of the more commonly used DatabaseMetaData object methods:
• getDatabaseProductName() Returns the product name of the database.
• getUserName() Returns the username.
• getURL() Returns the URL of the database
• getSchemas() Returns all the schema names available in this database.
• getPrirnaryKeys() Returns primary keys.
• getProcedures() Returns stored procedure names.
• getTables() Returns names of tables in the database.
24. Explain the types of Exceptions occur in JDBC.
There are three kinds of exceptions that are thrown by JDBC methods. These are SQLExceptions,
SQLWarnings, and DataTruncation.
• SQLExceptions commonly reflect a SQL syntax error in the query and are thrown by many of the
methods contained in the java.sql package. Hopefully, the syntax errors in your code get resolved
quickly.In production, this exception is most commonly caused by connectivity issues with the
database. It can also be caused by subtle coding errors like trying to access an object that's been
closed.
For example, you try to roll back a transaction in a catch clause and don't check first if the database
connection is still valid. The getNextException() method of the SQLExceptions object is used to
return details about the SQL error or a null if the last exception was retrieved. The getErrorCode()
method of the SQLException object is used to retrieve vendor-specific error codes.
• The SQLWarning throws warnings received by the Connection from the DBMS. The
getWarnings() method of the Connection object retrieves the warning and the getNextWarning()
method of the Connection object retrieves subsequent warnings.
• Whenever data is lost due to truncation of the data value, a DataTrunction exception is thrown.