NETWORKING

OSI

1.​ What is the total number of layers in the OSI model?​

○​ a) 7
○​ b) 5
○​ c) 8
○​ d) 9​
Answer: a) 7
2.​ Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for end-to-end communication?​

○​ a) Network Layer
○​ b) Transport Layer
○​ c) Data Link Layer
○​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: b) Transport Layer
3.​ Which OSI layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating
connections?​

○​ a) Session Layer
○​ b) Application Layer
○​ c) Data Link Layer
○​ d) Network Layer​
Answer: a) Session Layer
4.​ Which OSI layer is responsible for error detection and correction?​

○​ a) Network Layer
○​ b) Data Link Layer
○​ c) Application Layer
○​ d) Transport Layer​
Answer: b) Data Link Layer
5.​ At which layer of the OSI model does IP addressing occur?​

○​ a) Network Layer
○​ b) Transport Layer
○​ c) Data Link Layer
○​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: a) Network Layer
6.​ Which layer is responsible for data encryption and decryption in the OSI model?​

○​ a) Application Layer
 ○​ b) Presentation Layer
○​ c) Transport Layer
○​ d) Network Layer​
Answer: b) Presentation Layer
7.​ Which OSI layer manages network routing?​

○​ a) Data Link Layer

○​ b) Application Layer
○​ c) Network Layer
○​ d) Transport Layer​
Answer: c) Network Layer
8.​ Which of the following is the role of the Transport Layer in the OSI model?​

○​ a) To define physical connections

○​ b) To ensure reliable data delivery
○​ c) To route data packets across networks
○​ d) To present data in a format that can be understood by the application​
Answer: b) To ensure reliable data delivery
9.​ Which OSI layer is responsible for the actual transmission of data bits over the
physical medium?​

○​ a) Physical Layer
○​ b) Transport Layer
○​ c) Application Layer
○​ d) Data Link Layer​
Answer: a) Physical Layer
10.​Which OSI layer provides logical addressing and routing services?​

○​ a) Application Layer
○​ b) Network Layer
○​ c) Transport Layer
○​ d) Data Link Layer​
Answer: b) Network Layer

11.​Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for the logical addressing of devices?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: a) Network Layer
 12. which layer of the OSI model provides the services for end-to-end
communication between devices?

●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Transport Layer
●​ c) Network Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: b) Transport Layer
13.​Which layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating
communication between two devices?
●​ a) Session Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: a) Session Layer
14.​Which layer in the OSI model is primarily responsible for segmenting and
reassembling data?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Transport Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Network Layer​
Answer: b) Transport Layer
15.​Which layer in the OSI model is responsible for converting data into a format that
can be transmitted on the network?
●​ a) Physical Layer
●​ b) Application Layer
●​ c) Presentation Layer
●​ d) Network Layer​
Answer: c) Presentation Layer
16.​Which of the following layers does the Data Link Layer communicate with?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Transport Layer
●​ c) Physical Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: c) Physical Layer
17.​At which layer does IP address resolution take place?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Data Link Layer​
Answer: b) Network Layer
18.​Which layer is responsible for determining how data is physically transmitted on
the network?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Physical Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: c) Physical Layer
19.​Which layer of the OSI model provides services such as flow control and error
correction for data transmission?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: a) Transport Layer
20.​Which layer defines the electrical, mechanical, and functional aspects of the
physical medium for data transmission?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: d) Physical Layer
21.​Which of the following is the role of the Application Layer in the OSI model?
●​ a) Encrypts data
●​ b) Provides end-to-end communication
●​ c) Enables communication between network applications
●​ d) Transmits raw bits over the physical medium​
Answer: c) Enables communication between network applications
22.​Which layer is responsible for controlling access to the transmission medium?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Application Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: b) Data Link Layer
23.​Which of the following protocols operates at the OSI Application Layer?
●​ a) IP
●​ b) HTTP
●​ c) TCP
●​ d) Ethernet​
Answer: b) HTTP
24.​Which layer is responsible for managing data compression and encryption?
●​ a) Presentation Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: a) Presentation Layer
25.​Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for providing an interface for
applications to use network services?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Application Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: b) Application Layer
26.​Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for breaking down data into packets
for routing?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: b) Network Layer
27.​Which protocol is typically used at the OSI Transport Layer?
●​ a) HTTP
●​ b) DNS
●​ c) TCP
●​ d) IP​
Answer: c) TCP
28.​Which of the following services is provided by the Transport Layer of the OSI
model?
●​ a) Routing
●​ b) Segmentation
●​ c) Frame synchronization
●​ d) Physical addressing​
Answer: b) Segmentation
29.​Which of the following tasks is performed by the Data Link Layer in the OSI
model?
●​ a) Routing of data packets
●​ b) Error detection and correction
●​ c) Data segmentation
●​ d) Logical addressing​
Answer: b) Error detection and correction
30.​What type of addresses are used at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model?
●​ a) IP addresses
●​ b) MAC addresses
●​ c) Port numbers
●​ d) Domain names​
Answer: b) MAC addresses
31.​Which OSI layer is responsible for providing transparency to the upper layers in
terms of data transmission?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Session Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: a) Data Link Layer
32.​Which of the following is a function of the Session Layer?
●​ a) Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
●​ b) Ensures reliable data transfer
●​ c) Routes data packets
●​ d) Encrypts data​
Answer: a) Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions
33.​Which layer of the OSI model ensures that data is delivered in the correct order?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: c) Transport Layer
34.​Which protocol operates at the Transport Layer of the OSI model?
●​ a) TCP
●​ b) DNS
●​ c) ICMP
●​ d) ARP​
Answer: a) TCP
35.​Which of the following is the primary responsibility of the Network Layer in the
OSI model?
●​ a) Ensuring error-free data transfer
●​ b) Routing data packets across different networks
●​ c) Providing end-to-end communication
●​ d) Providing encryption services​
Answer: b) Routing data packets across different networks
36.​Which layer of the OSI model performs error detection and recovery in data
transmission?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: c) Data Link Layer
37.​What does the Physical Layer define?
●​ a) Error handling and flow control
●​ b) The process of breaking data into smaller units
●​ c) The physical means of data transmission such as cables, switches, and voltages
●​ d) The logical structure of addressing​
Answer: c) The physical means of data transmission such as cables, switches, and
voltages
38.​Which of the following protocols operates at the OSI Physical Layer?
●​ a) Ethernet
●​ b) HTTP
●​ c) Wi-Fi
●​ d) ARP​
Answer: c) Wi-Fi
39.​In which layer of the OSI model do routers operate?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: b) Network Layer
40.​Which of the following tasks is managed by the Data Link Layer?
●​ a) Transmission of data packets
●​ b) Logical addressing of devices
●​ c) Error detection and correction
●​ d) Routing data packets across the network​
Answer: c) Error detection and correction
41.​Which of the following describes a characteristic of the OSI Physical Layer?
●​ a) Defines how data is formatted for transmission
●​ b) Provides encryption and compression services
●​ c) Deals with the transmission of raw bit streams over a physical medium
●​ d) Provides segmentation and reassembly of data​
Answer: c) Deals with the transmission of raw bit streams over a physical medium
42.​Which OSI layer is responsible for breaking data into smaller packets for
transmission?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: a) Transport Layer
43.​At which OSI layer are IP addresses and subnet masks utilized?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: b) Network Layer
44.​Which of the following describes the responsibility of the Presentation Layer in
the OSI model?
●​ a) Manages end-to-end communication
●​ b) Provides data encryption and compression
●​ c) Routes data packets across networks
●​ d) Defines how data is transmitted on the physical medium​
Answer: b) Provides data encryption and compression
45.​Which OSI layer is responsible for routing packets based on IP addresses?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Session Layer
●​ d) Data Link Layer​
Answer: b) Network Layer
46.​Which layer in the OSI model is concerned with the encoding and decoding of
data for the network?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Presentation Layer
●​ c) Network Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: b) Presentation Layer
47.​Which of the following is true about the OSI model?
●​ a) It is a layered framework for network protocols and services
●​ b) It is a model used for designing hardware devices
●​ c) It defines the physical characteristics of network cables
●​ d) It is used to define IP addressing​
Answer: a) It is a layered framework for network protocols and services
48.​Which layer of the OSI model provides services to the application software?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Application Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Network Layer​
Answer: b) Application Layer
49.​Which OSI layer is responsible for the physical connection between two devices?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Physical Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: c) Physical Layer
50.​What function does the Transport Layer perform in the OSI model?
●​ a) Segments and reassembles data
●​ b) Provides error correction
●​ c) Establishes and maintains sessions
●​ d) Routes data packets​
Answer: a) Segments and reassembles data
51.​At which OSI layer do switches typically operate?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Physical Layer
●​ d) Transport Layer​
Answer: a) Data Link Layer
52.​Which layer handles the acknowledgment of successfully received data?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Application Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Network Layer​
Answer: c) Transport Layer
53.​Which of the following is the correct order of the OSI model layers from bottom to
top?
●​ a) Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical
●​ b) Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application
●​ c) Data Link, Network, Transport, Application, Presentation, Session
●​ d) Transport, Network, Data Link, Application, Presentation, Session​
Answer: b) Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, Application
54.​What does the Transport Layer use to manage data flow between devices?
●​ a) Routing tables
●​ b) Flow control mechanisms
●​ c) MAC addresses
●​ d) IP addresses​
Answer: b) Flow control mechanisms
55.​Which OSI layer is responsible for checking and maintaining the integrity of data
during transmission?
●​ a) Physical Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Network Layer
●​ d) Transport Layer​
Answer: d) Transport Layer
56.​Which of the following is a function of the Application Layer in the OSI model?
●​ a) Data encryption and compression
●​ b) Segmentation of data packets
●​ c) Routing of data packets
●​ d) Interaction with end-user software​
Answer: d) Interaction with end-user software
57.​Which layer defines the format, syntax, and semantics of the transmitted data?
●​ a) Presentation Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: a) Presentation Layer
58.​At which OSI layer does TCP perform error checking?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Transport Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: b) Transport Layer
59.​Which OSI layer manages the transmission of raw bits over a communication
medium?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Physical Layer
●​ d) Network Layer​
Answer: c) Physical Layer
60.​Which layer manages the logical communication between devices in a network?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: b) Network Layer
61.​Which protocol operates at the OSI Data Link Layer?
●​ a) IP
●​ b) HTTP
●​ c) Ethernet
●​ d) TCP​
Answer: c) Ethernet
62.​Which OSI layer is responsible for data encapsulation?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Application Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: b) Data Link Layer
63.​Which OSI layer provides end-to-end communication and flow control?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Application Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: a) Transport Layer
64.​Which OSI layer ensures that data is correctly formatted and presented to the
application?
●​ a) Presentation Layer
●​ b) Transport Layer
●​ c) Network Layer
●​ d) Data Link Layer​
Answer: a) Presentation Layer
65.​Which of the following is an example of a protocol that operates at the OSI
Network Layer?
●​ a) IP
●​ b) HTTP
●​ c) TCP
●​ d) Ethernet​
Answer: a) IP
66.​At which layer is data converted into packets for transmission across a network?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Network Layer
●​ d) Transport Layer​
Answer: c) Network Layer
67.​Which layer is responsible for determining if the physical link is functioning
correctly?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: b) Data Link Layer
68.​Which of the following protocols operates at the OSI Transport Layer?
●​ a) FTP
●​ b) HTTP
●​ c) UDP
●​ d) IP​
Answer: c) UDP
69.​Which layer is responsible for session establishment and maintenance?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Session Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Transport Layer​
Answer: b) Session Layer
70.​At which OSI layer do IP addresses exist?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Physical Layer
●​ d) Transport Layer​
Answer: a) Network Layer
71.​Which layer is responsible for the physical addressing of devices in a network?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Network Layer​
Answer: b) Data Link Layer
72.​Which OSI layer provides error detection, error correction, and flow control?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Transport Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: c) Data Link Layer
73.​Which of the following is a responsibility of the Data Link Layer in the OSI model?
●​ a) Routing data between different networks
●​ b) Converting data into electrical signals
●​ c) Formatting and framing data for transmission
●​ d) Encrypting the data​
Answer: c) Formatting and framing data for transmission
74.​At which layer does SSL/TLS operate?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Presentation Layer
●​ c) Session Layer
●​ d) Transport Layer​
Answer: b) Presentation Layer
75.​Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for determining the best physical path
for data?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Transport Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: a) Network Layer
76.​Which layer in the OSI model is responsible for routing data from the source to the
destination device across multiple networks?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: b) Network Layer
77.​Which of the following devices operates at the Data Link Layer?
●​ a) Router
●​ b) Switch
●​ c) Hub
●​ d) Gateway​
Answer: b) Switch
78.​Which layer in the OSI model deals with physical addresses (MAC addresses)?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Network Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: b) Data Link Layer
79.​Which of the following is NOT an OSI layer?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Session Layer
●​ c) Protocol Layer
●​ d) Transport Layer​
Answer: c) Protocol Layer
80.​At which layer does packet switching occur?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Transport Layer​
Answer: b) Network Layer
81.​What is the purpose of the Transport Layer in the OSI model?
●​ a) Provides a means for end-to-end communication
●​ b) Defines how bits are transmitted across the network
●​ c) Defines how data is formatted for the application
●​ d) Provides encryption and compression services​
Answer: a) Provides a means for end-to-end communication
82.​Which OSI layer is responsible for session establishment, management, and
termination?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Session Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: c) Session Layer
83.​Which layer of the OSI model uses IP addresses for logical addressing?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: b) Network Layer
84.​Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for translating data between different
application formats?
●​ a) Presentation Layer
●​ b) Transport Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Network Layer​
Answer: a) Presentation Layer
85.​What is the primary function of the Session Layer?
●​ a) Provides encryption and compression
●​ b) Provides a communication channel for applications
●​ c) Transmits data over the physical medium
●​ d) Ensures that data arrives in sequence and manages sessions​
Answer: d) Ensures that data arrives in sequence and manages sessions
86.​Which layer of the OSI model does the ARP protocol operate at?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: a) Data Link Layer
87.​Which of the following is the function of the Physical Layer in the OSI model?
●​ a) Defines the structure and meaning of data
●​ b) Encodes and decodes data into a format suitable for transmission
●​ c) Provides encryption and compression
●​ d) Determines how data is physically transmitted​
Answer: d) Determines how data is physically transmitted
88.​Which layer is responsible for the segmentation and reassembly of data?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: c) Transport Layer
89.​At which layer does IP packet forwarding occur?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Transport Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: a) Network Layer
90.​Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for ensuring data integrity during
transmission?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: a) Transport Layer
91.​Which OSI layer is responsible for managing logical addresses (e.g., IP
addresses)?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Application Layer
●​ c) Network Layer
●​ d) Data Link Layer​
Answer: c) Network Layer
92.​Which of the following devices operates at the OSI Physical Layer?
●​ a) Hub
●​ b) Switch
●​ c) Router
●​ d) Bridge​
Answer: a) Hub
93.​Which of the following is an example of a protocol operating at the Presentation
Layer?
●​ a) HTTP
●​ b) FTP
●​ c) SSL/TLS
●​ d) ARP​
Answer: c) SSL/TLS
94.​Which layer of the OSI model is responsible for the overall communication
between different applications?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Application Layer
●​ c) Network Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: b) Application Layer
95.​Which OSI layer is concerned with converting a stream of data into frames for
transmission?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: b) Data Link Layer
96.​Which layer manages the flow of data in case of congestion?
●​ a) Data Link Layer
●​ b) Application Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Network Layer​
Answer: c) Transport Layer
97.​Which layer of the OSI model provides a standard way of communicating between
devices in a network?
●​ a) Application Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Session Layer​
Answer: b) Data Link Layer
98.​Which layer of the OSI model defines the logical structure of addressing?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Data Link Layer
●​ c) Transport Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: a) Network Layer
99.​Which layer of the OSI model handles packet retransmission in case of error?
●​ a) Transport Layer
●​ b) Network Layer
●​ c) Data Link Layer
●​ d) Physical Layer​
Answer: a) Transport Layer
100.​ Which OSI layer is responsible for establishing and maintaining connections
between different networks?
●​ a) Network Layer
●​ b) Transport Layer
●​ c) Session Layer
●​ d) Data Link Layer​
Answer: a) Network Layer
TCP
1.​ What is the primary function of the TCP protocol?​

○​ a) Provides error detection and correction

○​ b) Routes packets across the network
○​ c) Ensures reliable, ordered delivery of data
○​ d) Manages the physical connection between devices Answer: c) Ensures
reliable, ordered delivery of data
2.​ TCP operates at which layer of the OSI model?​

○​ a) Data Link Layer

○​ b) Transport Layer
○​ c) Network Layer
○​ d) Application Layer​
Answer: b) Transport Layer
3.​ Which type of communication does TCP provide?​

○​ a) Unreliable, connectionless communication

○​ b) Reliable, connection-oriented communication
○​ c) Reliable, connectionless communication
○​ d) Unreliable, connection-oriented communication​
Answer: b) Reliable, connection-oriented communication
4.​ Which of the following is a key feature of TCP?​

○​ a) No error detection
○​ b) Connection-oriented communication
○​ c) No flow control
○​ d) Data is sent in a continuous stream​
Answer: b) Connection-oriented communication
5.​ What is the initial state of a TCP connection?​

○​ a) SYN_SENT
○​ b) LISTEN
○​ c) CLOSED
○​ d) ESTABLISHED​
Answer: c) CLOSED
6.​ Which TCP flag is used to initiate a connection?​

○​ a) FIN
 ○​ b) SYN
○​ c) RST
○​ d) ACK​
Answer: b) SYN
7.​ What is the purpose of the ACK flag in TCP?​

○​ a) To acknowledge the receipt of data

○​ b) To establish a connection
○​ c) To terminate a connection
○​ d) To request a retransmission​
Answer: a) To acknowledge the receipt of data
8.​ Which of the following is used by TCP for flow control?​

○​ a) Window size
○​ b) Sequence number
○​ c) Checksum
○​ d) Timeout interval​
Answer: a) Window size
9.​ In TCP, what does the term "Three-Way Handshake" refer to?​

○​ a) A process to terminate a connection

○​ b) A method for sending large amounts of data
○​ c) A technique for establishing a connection between two hosts
○​ d) A method to check data integrity​
Answer: c) A technique for establishing a connection between two hosts
10.​What is the purpose of the SYN and ACK flags during the Three-Way
Handshake?​

●​ a) To synchronize data between sender and receiver

●​ b) To terminate the connection
●​ c) To ensure the data is sent in the correct order
●​ d) To detect errors in the data​
Answer: a) To synchronize data between sender and receiver
11.​Which of the following does TCP use to ensure reliable delivery of data?
●​ a) Acknowledgments and retransmissions
●​ b) Data encryption
●​ c) Priority scheduling
●​ d) Data fragmentation​
Answer: a) Acknowledgments and retransmissions
12.​Which TCP segment field indicates the position of the first byte of data in
the segment?
●​ a) Sequence Number
●​ b) Acknowledgment Number
●​ c) Window Size
●​ d) Checksum​
Answer: a) Sequence Number
13.​In TCP, which value in the segment indicates the next expected byte?
●​ a) Acknowledgment Number
●​ b) Sequence Number
●​ c) Window Size
●​ d) Flags​
Answer: a) Acknowledgment Number
14.​How does TCP handle lost or corrupted packets?
●​ a) It discards the lost packet and waits for new data
●​ b) It uses acknowledgments to request retransmission
●​ c) It uses error correction codes to recover lost packets
●​ d) It automatically resends all previous packets​
Answer: b) It uses acknowledgments to request retransmission
15.​What is the maximum segment size (MSS) in TCP?
●​ a) The maximum number of packets that can be transmitted
●​ b) The maximum size of the TCP header
●​ c) The maximum size of data that can be sent in a TCP segment
●​ d) The maximum number of retransmissions allowed​
Answer: c) The maximum size of data that can be sent in a TCP segment
16.​Which of the following TCP states corresponds to a fully established
connection?
●​ a) SYN_SENT
●​ b) CLOSED
●​ c) ESTABLISHED
●​ d) LISTEN​
Answer: c) ESTABLISHED
17.​Which of the following describes the purpose of TCP's sliding window
mechanism?
●​ a) To reorder out-of-order packets
●​ b) To manage flow control and ensure data is sent at an appropriate rate
●​ c) To synchronize the sender and receiver
●​ d) To request retransmissions of lost data​
Answer: b) To manage flow control and ensure data is sent at an appropriate
rate
18.​In TCP, what happens if a sender does not receive an acknowledgment for a
transmitted segment within a certain time?
●​ a) The connection is closed
●​ b) The sender resends the segment
●​ c) The sender sends a RST (reset) flag
●​ d) The receiver closes the connection​
Answer: b) The sender resends the segment
19.​How does TCP achieve congestion control?
●​ a) By reducing the transmission rate if packet loss is detected
●​ b) By using a static transmission rate
●​ c) By implementing error correction
●​ d) By prioritizing critical data​
Answer: a) By reducing the transmission rate if packet loss is detected
20.​Which of the following TCP mechanisms is used to reduce congestion in a
network?
●​ a) Sliding window
●​ b) Slow start
●​ c) Retransmission timeout
●​ d) Error correction​
Answer: b) Slow start
21.​What is the role of the TCP FIN flag?
●​ a) To indicate the connection is being established
●​ b) To request the termination of the connection
●​ c) To acknowledge the receipt of data
●​ d) To request a retransmission of lost data​
Answer: b) To request the termination of the connection
22.​Which process does TCP use to gracefully close a connection?
●​ a) TCP Three-Way Handshake
●​ b) TCP Four-Way Handshake
●​ c) Resetting the connection
●​ d) Continuous retransmissions​
Answer: b) TCP Four-Way Handshake
23.​Which TCP flag is used to reset the connection?
●​ a) SYN
●​ b) FIN
●​ c) ACK
●​ d) RST​
Answer: d) RST
24.​What is a TCP segment’s "window size" used for?
●​ a) To limit the amount of data that can be transmitted before acknowledgment
●​ b) To specify the number of retransmissions allowed
●​ c) To store the connection state
●​ d) To determine the maximum size of the data field​
Answer: a) To limit the amount of data that can be transmitted before
acknowledgment
25.​In TCP, what is the purpose of the Sequence Number field?
●​ a) To identify the byte number of the first byte of the segment
●​ b) To specify the expected byte from the receiver
●​ c) To acknowledge the last byte received
●​ d) To provide error detection information​
Answer: a) To identify the byte number of the first byte of the segment
●​ Which of the following best describes the "two-way handshake" in TCP?
●​ a) Used to initiate a connection
●​ b) Used to terminate a connection
●​ c) Used to ensure that the connection is reliable
●​ d) Used to manage flow control​
Answer: b) Used to terminate a connection
27.​In TCP, what does the term "half-open connection" refer to?
●​ a) A connection that is actively being established
●​ b) A connection where only one side has terminated the connection
●​ c) A connection in the process of being initialized
●​ d) A connection waiting for a packet retransmission​
Answer: b) A connection where only one side has terminated the connection
28.​What is the function of the TCP Checksum?
●​ a) To determine the transmission speed
●​ b) To detect errors in the data segment
●​ c) To indicate the sequence of segments
●​ d) To acknowledge received data​
Answer: b) To detect errors in the data segment
29.​Which of the following is a key benefit of TCP's connection-oriented
communication?
●​ a) Faster transmission speeds
●​ b) Guaranteed delivery of data
●​ c) Less complexity in data transmission
●​ d) Lower overhead​
Answer: b) Guaranteed delivery of data
30.​What happens if a TCP segment is lost during transmission?
●​ a) The receiver ignores the loss and continues receiving data
●​ b) The sender assumes the data was delivered successfully
●​ c) The sender retransmits the segment after a timeout
●​ d) The connection is reset immediately​
Answer: c) The sender retransmits the segment after a timeout
31.​Which of the following terms is related to the number of segments a TCP
connection can handle at a given time?
●​ a) Window size
●​ b) Congestion control
●​ c) Sequence number
●​ d) Acknowledgment​
Answer: a) Window size
32.​TCP uses which of the following methods to ensure the correct order of
data?
●​ a) Data fragmentation
●​ b) Sequence numbers
●​ c) Error correction
●​ d) Packet routing​
Answer: b) Sequence numbers
33.​In which state is the TCP connection when it is in the process of being
closed?
●​ a) FIN_WAIT
●​ b) ESTABLISHED
●​ c) TIME_WAIT
●​ d) LISTEN​
Answer: a) FIN_WAIT
34.​Which of the following is an advantage of TCP over UDP?
●​ a) Lower latency
●​ b) Faster data transfer
●​ c) Reliable, ordered delivery of data
●​ d) No error checking​
Answer: c) Reliable, ordered delivery of data
35.​Which is a characteristic of a TCP segment's header?
●​ a) It is fixed in size
●​ b) It includes both a source and destination IP address
●​ c) It contains a checksum for error detection
●​ d) It only contains control flags​
Answer: c) It contains a checksum for error detection
36.​How does TCP handle network congestion?
●​ a) It increases the window size
●​ b) It reduces the window size and transmission rate
●​ c) It increases the sequence number
●​ d) It drops the connection​
Answer: b) It reduces the window size and transmission rate
37.​What does the RST flag in a TCP packet signify?
●​ a) Request for retransmission
●​ b) Acknowledgment of data received
●​ c) Reset of the connection
●​ d) Termination of the connection​
Answer: c) Reset of the connection
38.​Which of the following describes the TCP "slow start" mechanism?
●​ a) Starts the connection with a large window size
●​ b) Gradually increases the window size as packets are successfully delivered
●​ c) Begins with a zero window size
●​ d) Immediately sends the entire window of data​
Answer: b) Gradually increases the window size as packets are successfully
delivered
39.​In the TCP three-way handshake, which state is the server in when it
responds to the client's SYN?
●​ a) SYN_ACK
●​ b) ESTABLISHED
●​ c) SYN_SENT
●​ d) LISTEN​
Answer: a) SYN_ACK
40.​How does TCP ensure the integrity of transmitted data?
●​ a) By using error correction algorithms
●​ b) By using a checksum in each segment
●​ c) By encrypting data
●​ d) By acknowledging received data​
Answer: b) By using a checksum in each segment
41.​Which of the following is true about the window size in TCP?
●​ a) It is a fixed value
●​ b) It limits the number of segments the sender can transmit before receiving an
acknowledgment
●​ c) It increases automatically after each successful transmission
●​ d) It has no effect on the flow of data​
Answer: b) It limits the number of segments the sender can transmit before
receiving an acknowledgment
42.​In TCP, what does the term "round-trip time (RTT)" refer to?
●​ a) The time it takes for data to travel from the sender to the receiver
●​ b) The time it takes for a TCP acknowledgment to travel back to the sender
●​ c) The time to retransmit a lost segment
●​ d) The time for a connection to be established​
Answer: b) The time it takes for a TCP acknowledgment to travel back to the
sender
43.​What is the purpose of the TCP "Timeout" value?
●​ a) To define how long the receiver will wait for data
●​ b) To define how long a sender will wait for an acknowledgment
●​ c) To determine the retransmission interval
●​ d) To set the time for data transmission​
Answer: b) To define how long a sender will wait for an acknowledgment
44.​Which TCP flag is used to request the termination of a connection?
●​ a) SYN
●​ b) ACK
●​ c) FIN
●​ d) RST​
Answer: c) FIN
45.​In TCP, what does the term "flow control" refer to?
●​ a) The process of managing the transmission of data between sender and
receiver
●​ b) The method of ensuring that data is securely transmitted
●​ c) The adjustment of window size based on network congestion
●​ d) The management of retransmission timeouts​
Answer: a) The process of managing the transmission of data between sender
and receiver
46.​Which type of address does TCP use to identify the source and
destination?
●​ a) IP Address
●​ b) MAC Address
●​ c) Port Number
●​ d) IP and Port Number​
Answer: d) IP and Port Number
47.​Which of the following best describes TCP's congestion window?
●​ a) The amount of data the sender can transmit before waiting for an
acknowledgment
●​ b) The fixed number of segments that can be sent
●​ c) The number of packets waiting to be processed by the receiver
●​ d) The maximum packet size that can be transmitted​
Answer: a) The amount of data the sender can transmit before waiting for an
acknowledgment
48.​Which of the following TCP states indicates that the connection is waiting
for data to be acknowledged?
●​ a) ESTABLISHED
●​ b) SYN_SENT
●​ c) TIME_WAIT
●​ d) FIN_WAIT​
Answer: d) FIN_WAIT
49.​What does TCP’s flow control prevent?
●​ a) Data corruption
●​ b) Overwhelming the receiver with too much data
●​ c) Network congestion
●​ d) Segmentation of large data packets​
Answer: b) Overwhelming the receiver with too much data
50.​Which TCP mechanism is used to detect whether a segment is lost?
●​ a) Acknowledgments and timeouts
●​ b) Window size
●​ c) Checksum
●​ d) Sequence numbers​
Answer: a) Acknowledgments and timeouts
●​ Which of the following ensures reliable data delivery in TCP?
●​ a) Sequence numbers
●​ b) Window size
●​ c) Acknowledgments
●​ d) All of the above​
Answer: d) All of the above
52.​What happens if a TCP segment does not receive an acknowledgment
within the timeout period?
●​ a) The segment is discarded
●​ b) The segment is resent
●​ c) The connection is reset
●​ d) The connection is terminated​
Answer: b) The segment is resent
53.​What does the FIN flag in TCP indicate?
●​ a) The data in the segment is valid
●​ b) The sender wants to terminate the connection
●​ c) The sender wants to acknowledge the data
●​ d) The data is corrupted and needs to be retransmitted​
Answer: b) The sender wants to terminate the connection
54.​Which of the following statements about TCP’s three-way handshake is
correct?
●​ a) It involves one SYN and two ACK segments
●​ b) It involves two SYN and one ACK segment
●​ c) It involves two SYN and two ACK segments
●​ d) It involves only SYN segments​
Answer: b) It involves two SYN and one ACK segment
55.​What is the purpose of the TCP “Sliding Window” mechanism?
●​ a) To manage retransmissions
●​ b) To ensure flow control by limiting the amount of data sent
●​ c) To synchronize data transfer between the sender and receiver
●​ d) To prioritize certain segments for faster delivery​
Answer: b) To ensure flow control by limiting the amount of data sent
56.​Which of the following is the correct TCP state when the connection is
being actively terminated by one side?
●​ a) SYN_SENT
●​ b) TIME_WAIT
●​ c) FIN_WAIT_1
●​ d) ESTABLISHED​
Answer: c) FIN_WAIT_1
57.​What is the purpose of the "Window Size" field in a TCP header?
●​ a) To indicate how much data can be sent before requiring an acknowledgment
●​ b) To specify the maximum packet size allowed in a network
●​ c) To show the number of retransmissions allowed
●​ d) To identify the destination port number​
Answer: a) To indicate how much data can be sent before requiring an
acknowledgment
58.​Which of the following is a valid reason for using TCP over UDP?
●​ a) Faster transmission of large data
●​ b) Reliability and data integrity
●​ c) Simpler connection establishment
●​ d) Lower overhead​
Answer: b) Reliability and data integrity
59.​In TCP, what does the acronym "RTT" stand for?
●​ a) Round-Trip Time
●​ b) Real-Time Transmission
●​ c) Rapid Transport Timing
●​ d) Resilient Transfer Time​
Answer: a) Round-Trip Time
60.​Which of the following flags is used by TCP to acknowledge the receipt of data?
●​ a) FIN
●​ b) SYN
●​ c) ACK
●​ d) URG​
Answer: c) ACK
61.​Which of the following defines TCP’s congestion control mechanism?
●​ a) It increases the window size based on network conditions
●​ b) It avoids sending data altogether when congestion occurs
●​ c) It maintains a constant window size
●​ d) It uses priority queueing to transmit important packets​
Answer: a) It increases the window size based on network conditions
62.​What does the TCP RST (Reset) flag indicate?
●​ a) The connection is being initiated
●​ b) The connection is being reset due to an error or failure
●​ c) The sender is requesting retransmission
●​ d) The connection is established successfully​
Answer: b) The connection is being reset due to an error or failure
63.​Which of the following is an essential characteristic of TCP?
●​ a) It provides best-effort delivery
●​ b) It is a connectionless protocol
●​ c) It guarantees the order of delivery
●​ d) It does not implement flow control​
Answer: c) It guarantees the order of delivery
64.​In the TCP three-way handshake, what does the client do in the third step?
●​ a) Sends an ACK to the server
●​ b) Sends a SYN message to the server
●​ c) Acknowledges the receipt of data
●​ d) Sends a FIN message to terminate the connection​
Answer: a) Sends an ACK to the server
65.​What happens during TCP’s “Slow Start” phase?
●​ a) The sender immediately increases the transmission rate
●​ b) The sender begins with a small window size and increases it gradually
●​ c) The connection is terminated if congestion occurs
●​ d) The receiver sends a window size of zero​
Answer: b) The sender begins with a small window size and increases it gradually
66.​In which state is a TCP connection during the establishment of the connection?
●​ a) SYN_SENT
●​ b) CLOSED
●​ c) ESTABLISHED
●​ d) LISTEN​
Answer: a) SYN_SENT
67.​Which TCP state occurs when a connection is actively waiting for data
transmission?
●​ a) TIME_WAIT
●​ b) FIN_WAIT_2
●​ c) ESTABLISHED
●​ d) SYN_ACK​
Answer: c) ESTABLISHED
68.​Which of the following is a key difference between TCP and UDP?
●​ a) TCP guarantees the delivery of data, while UDP does not
●​ b) TCP is faster than UDP
●​ c) UDP has better error correction than TCP
●​ d) UDP uses a connection-oriented approach​
Answer: a) TCP guarantees the delivery of data, while UDP does not
69.​What is the purpose of a TCP "sequence number"?
●​ a) To uniquely identify a segment for retransmission
●​ b) To calculate the checksum for error detection
●​ c) To identify the segment’s position in the byte stream
●​ d) To indicate the acknowledgment number​
Answer: c) To identify the segment’s position in the byte stream
70.​In TCP, the sender uses the "initial sequence number" (ISN) for which purpose?
●​ a) To mark the starting point for the data transfer
●​ b) To check the integrity of the data
●​ c) To indicate the port number
●​ d) To set the connection timeout​
Answer: a) To mark the starting point for the data transfer
71.​Which state of TCP corresponds to waiting for the acknowledgment of a segment
after it has been sent?
●​ a) SYN_SENT
●​ b) LISTEN
●​ c) ESTABLISHED
●​ d) FIN_WAIT_1​
Answer: d) FIN_WAIT_1
72.​How does TCP detect packet loss in a connection?
●​ a) By calculating the checksum of the segment
●​ b) By detecting duplicate acknowledgments
●​ c) By monitoring the sequence number
●​ d) By comparing the time-to-live (TTL) values​
Answer: b) By detecting duplicate acknowledgments
73.​Which of the following is an advantage of TCP’s error detection mechanism?
●​ a) It provides quick retransmission of lost packets
●​ b) It eliminates the need for acknowledgments
●​ c) It speeds up the transmission process
●​ d) It guarantees the data is not corrupted​
Answer: a) It provides quick retransmission of lost packets
74.​When does TCP use the "time-out" value for retransmission?
●​ a) When the receiver has not received data
●​ b) When the sender has not received an acknowledgment for a segment
●​ c) When a segment is too large to fit in the buffer
●​ d) When there is a congestion in the network​
Answer: b) When the sender has not received an acknowledgment for a segment
75.​How does TCP improve data transfer reliability?
●​ a) By sending the data without checking for errors
●​ b) By ensuring that the data is sent in smaller chunks
●​ c) By acknowledging each data segment and retransmitting if needed
●​ d) By using static routing for packet delivery​
Answer: c) By acknowledging each data segment and retransmitting if needed
76.​Which of the following is true about the FIN_WAIT_2 state in TCP?
●​ a) It indicates the sender is waiting for a final acknowledgment after sending a FIN flag
●​ b) It is the initial state during connection establishment
●​ c) It indicates the sender is still actively transmitting data
●​ d) It is used during the Three-Way Handshake​
Answer: a) It indicates the sender is waiting for a final acknowledgment after sending a
FIN flag
77.​In TCP, what does a “duplicate acknowledgment” signal?
●​ a) The receiver has received the segment with no issues
●​ b) A packet was lost and needs to be retransmitted
●​ c) The sender needs to wait for additional data before continuing
●​ d) The connection is about to be closed​
Answer: b) A packet was lost and needs to be retransmitted
78.​What is the typical use case for TCP?
●​ a) Real-time video streaming
●​ b) File transfers and web browsing
●​ c) Sending small, time-sensitive messages
●​ d) Broadcast communication​
Answer: b) File transfers and web browsing
79.​How does TCP handle network congestion?
●​ a) By gradually increasing the transmission rate when no congestion is detected
●​ b) By halting transmission until the congestion clears
●​ c) By sending duplicate segments to force faster delivery
●​ d) By using an exclusive transmission path​
Answer: a) By gradually increasing the transmission rate when no congestion is
detected
80.​What is the relationship between TCP and IP in the OSI model?
●​ a) TCP operates at the Application layer, and IP operates at the Transport layer
●​ b) TCP operates at the Transport layer, and IP operates at the Network layer
●​ c) Both TCP and IP operate at the same layer (Network layer)
●​ d) Both TCP and IP operate at the Application layer​
Answer: b) TCP operates at the Transport layer, and IP operates at the Network layer
81.​What is the maximum segment size (MSS) in TCP?
●​ a) 128 KB
●​ b) 64 KB
●​ c) 1500 bytes
●​ d) 65535 bytes​
Answer: c) 1500 bytes
82.​What role does the TCP "Acknowledgment Number" play?
●​ a) It signifies the first byte of the next segment the receiver is expecting
●​ b) It shows the length of the data being sent
●​ c) It represents the number of retransmissions
●​ d) It identifies the type of data in the segment​
Answer: a) It signifies the first byte of the next segment the receiver is expecting
83.​Which of the following is a characteristic of TCP’s error recovery process?
●​ a) It allows the receiver to correct errors in the data
●​ b) It relies on acknowledgments and retransmissions of lost data
●​ c) It only works with smaller packets
●​ d) It performs automatic encryption of data during transmission​
Answer: b) It relies on acknowledgments and retransmissions of lost data
84.​When does TCP use the "TIME_WAIT" state?
●​ a) When the connection is being established
●​ b) When the connection is being actively used
●​ c) When the connection is waiting for acknowledgment of the termination
●​ d) When a packet has been corrupted and needs to be retransmitted​
Answer: c) When the connection is waiting for acknowledgment of the termination
85.​What is the main function of the TCP sequence number?
●​ a) To provide the window size for data transmission
●​ b) To track the byte number of data being sent
●​ c) To indicate the termination of the connection
●​ d) To control the flow of data between sender and receiver​
Answer: b) To track the byte number of data being sent
86.​What does TCP's sliding window mechanism primarily manage?
●​ a) The maximum segment size
●​ b) The retransmission of lost data
●​ c) The flow of data between sender and receiver
●​ d) The sequence numbers of segments​
Answer: c) The flow of data between sender and receiver
87.​Which TCP state involves the receiver waiting for a segment from the sender?
●​ a) LISTEN
●​ b) ESTABLISHED
●​ c) TIME_WAIT
●​ d) SYN_ACK​
Answer: b) ESTABLISHED
88.​In the TCP three-way handshake, when does the server acknowledge the client's
SYN?
●​ a) During the second step of the handshake
●​ b) After the connection is established
●​ c) During the first step of the handshake
●​ d) During the third step of the handshake​
Answer: a) During the second step of the handshake
89.​Which of the following happens when the receiver's buffer is full in TCP?
●​ a) The sender waits for the acknowledgment before sending more data
●​ b) The sender’s data transmission is paused until there is space available
●​ c) The connection is reset
●​ d) The sender sends data without considering the receiver's buffer​
Answer: b) The sender’s data transmission is paused until there is space available
90.​What is the purpose of TCP's "Urgent Pointer"?
●​ a) To mark high-priority data in a segment
●​ b) To indicate the urgent data that needs immediate transmission
●​ c) To detect congestion in the network
●​ d) To adjust the receiver's buffer size​
Answer: b) To indicate the urgent data that needs immediate transmission

91.​Which of the following is true about TCP’s "slow start" algorithm?

●​ a) It increases the congestion window exponentially until congestion is detected
●​ b) It starts with the largest window size possible and adjusts based on RTT
●​ c) It maintains a constant window size regardless of network conditions
●​ d) It does not use any congestion control techniques​
Answer: a) It increases the congestion window exponentially until congestion is
detected
92.​In TCP, what is the purpose of the "sequence number" field?
●​ a) To assign a unique identifier to each segment
●​ b) To track the order of data in the stream and detect lost or out-of-order segments
●​ c) To indicate the total amount of data sent in the connection
●​ d) To ensure that data is not duplicated​
Answer: b) To track the order of data in the stream and detect lost or out-of-order
segments
93.​Which of the following mechanisms does TCP use to manage congestion?
●​ a) Adjusting the time-to-live (TTL) of packets
●​ b) Reducing the window size based on the round-trip time
●​ c) Using the sliding window and slow start phases
●​ d) Increasing the number of retransmission attempts​
Answer: c) Using the sliding window and slow start phases
94.​Which of the following states is TCP in after a connection is successfully
established and data transmission can begin?
●​ a) TIME_WAIT
●​ b) SYN_SENT
●​ c) ESTABLISHED
●​ d) FIN_WAIT_1​
Answer: c) ESTABLISHED
95.​What is the maximum segment size (MSS) in TCP typically limited by?
●​ a) The buffer size of the sender
●​ b) The network path's maximum transmission unit (MTU)
●​ c) The TCP header size
●​ d) The speed of the sender’s connection​
Answer: b) The network path's maximum transmission unit (MTU)
96.​How does TCP ensure that data is received without errors?
 ●​ a) By using checksums and acknowledgment messages
●​ b) By retransmitting data until the receiver confirms receipt
●​ c) By using encryption for secure transmission
●​ d) By segmenting data into smaller pieces​
Answer: a) By using checksums and acknowledgment messages
97.​What is the role of the "URG" (Urgent) flag in TCP?
●​ a) To indicate that the data in the segment is urgent and should be processed
immediately
●​ b) To mark the beginning of a new data transfer session
●​ c) To indicate the end of the transmission
●​ d) To force the connection to be closed​
Answer: a) To indicate that the data in the segment is urgent and should be processed
immediately
98.​In TCP, which of the following happens after the termination of a connection?
●​ a) The sender continues sending data until the receiver acknowledges
●​ b) The connection is left in a TIME_WAIT state to ensure all segments are received
●​ c) The receiver is forced to acknowledge the last segment before closing
●​ d) The receiver automatically resets the connection​
Answer: b) The connection is left in a TIME_WAIT state to ensure all segments are
received
99.​Which TCP flag is used to indicate that the receiver is ready to accept data?
●​ a) SYN
●​ b) ACK
●​ c) RST
●​ d) FIN​
Answer: b) ACK
100.​ Which of the following is true about the relationship between TCP and UDP?
●​ a) TCP provides reliable data delivery while UDP does not
●​ b) UDP guarantees packet delivery, whereas TCP does not
●​ c) TCP is connectionless, and UDP is connection-oriented
●​ d) Both TCP and UDP are used interchangeably without differences in their functionality​
Answer: a) TCP provides reliable data delivery while UDP does not

IP address
1.​ What does IP stand for?​

●​ a) Internet Protocol
●​ b) Internet Process
●​ c) Internal Protocol
 ●​ d) Internet Program​
Answer: a) Internet Protocol

2.Which layer of the OSI model does the IP protocol operate at?​

●​ a) Transport
●​ b) Network
●​ c) Data Link
●​ d) Application​
Answer: b) Network

3.How many bits are there in an IPv4 address?​

●​ a) 32 bits
●​ b) 64 bits
●​ c) 128 bits
●​ d) 256 bits​
Answer: a) 32 bits

4.Which of the following is a valid IPv4 address?​

●​ a) 192.168.1.1
●​ b) 255.256.1.1
●​ c) 300.1.1.1
●​ d) 192.168.0.999​
Answer: a) 192.168.1.1

5.What is the total number of possible IP addresses in IPv4?​

●​ a) 2^32
●​ b) 2^16
●​ c) 2^128
●​ d) 2^64​
Answer: a) 2^32

What is an IPv4 subnet mask used for?​

●​ a) To identify the network part of an IP address

●​ b) To encrypt data
●​ c) To identify the host part of an IP address
 ●​ d) To provide security for a network​
Answer: a) To identify the network part of an IP address

Which IP class is used for large networks?​

●​ a) Class A
●​ b) Class B
●​ c) Class C
●​ d) Class D​
Answer: a) Class A

What is the default subnet mask for a Class A IP address?​

●​ a) 255.255.0.0
●​ b) 255.0.0.0
●​ c) 255.255.255.0
●​ d) 255.255.255.255​
Answer: b) 255.0.0.0

What does the term "private IP address" mean?​

●​ a) An IP address that can only be used within a local network

●​ b) An IP address that is used for secure communications
●​ c) An IP address that is not routed on the public internet
●​ d) Both a and c​
Answer: d) Both a and c

Which IP address range is used for private networks in IPv4?​

●​ a) 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
●​ b) 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
●​ c) 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
●​ d) All of the above​
Answer: d) All of the above

Which of the following is the loopback IP address in IPv4?​

●​ a) 127.0.0.1
●​ b) 0.0.0.0
●​ c) 255.255.255.255
 ●​ d) 192.168.1.1​
Answer: a) 127.0.0.1

What is the purpose of the loopback address (127.0.0.1)?​

●​ a) To test the local network connection

●​ b) To test the network card in a computer
●​ c) To verify the proper configuration of a router
●​ d) All of the above​
Answer: d) All of the above

What is the IP address range for a Class B network?​

●​ a) 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
●​ b) 0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
●​ c) 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
●​ d) 224.0.0.0 – 255.255.255.255​
Answer: a) 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255

What does CIDR stand for in IP addressing?​

●​ a) Classless Inter-Domain Routing

●​ b) Class Interval Domain Routing
●​ c) Class Inter-Domain Routing
●​ d) Classless Internet Data Routing​
Answer: a) Classless Inter-Domain Routing

In CIDR notation, what does the "/24" mean in the IP address 192.168.1.0/24?​

●​ a) 24 bits for the network part, and 8 bits for the host part
●​ b) 8 bits for the network part, and 24 bits for the host part
●​ c) It is the subnet mask
●​ d) Both a and c​
Answer: d) Both a and c

What is the broadcast address for the network 192.168.1.0/24?​

●​ a) 192.168.1.255
●​ b) 192.168.1.0
●​ c) 255.255.255.255
 ●​ d) 192.168.1.1​
Answer: a) 192.168.1.255

Which of the following IP addresses is a reserved IP address?​

●​ a) 192.168.5.255
●​ b) 10.255.255.255
●​ c) 255.255.255.255
●​ d) 172.16.1.1​
Answer: c) 255.255.255.255

Which of the following is an example of a valid public IP address?​

●​ a) 192.168.1.1
●​ b) 10.0.0.1
●​ c) 8.8.8.8
●​ d) 172.16.0.1​
Answer: c) 8.8.8.8

Which address is used by routers to communicate with each other on a network?​

●​ a) Broadcast address
●​ b) Network address
●​ c) Unicast address
●​ d) Multicast address​
Answer: b) Network address

Which of the following IP address classes has the smallest number of hosts?​

●​ a) Class A
●​ b) Class B
●​ c) Class C
●​ d) Class D​
Answer: c) Class C

What does the "subnet mask" 255.255.255.0 indicate?​

●​ a) The first 24 bits are used for the network, and the remaining 8 bits are used for hosts
●​ b) The first 8 bits are used for the network, and the remaining 24 bits are used for hosts
●​ c) The entire address is used for the network
 ●​ d) The address has no subnetting​
Answer: a) The first 24 bits are used for the network, and the remaining 8 bits are used
for hosts

Which address is used to send data to all hosts on a local network?​

●​ a) Unicast address
●​ b) Broadcast address
●​ c) Multicast address
●​ d) Anycast address​
Answer: b) Broadcast address

Which IP address class has a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0 by default?​

●​ a) Class A
●​ b) Class B
●​ c) Class C
●​ d) Class D​
Answer: c) Class C

How many hosts can be addressed by a Class C network with a subnet mask of
255.255.255.0?​

●​ a) 254 hosts
●​ b) 256 hosts
●​ c) 128 hosts
●​ d) 512 hosts​
Answer: a) 254 hosts

What is the primary function of a router in an IP network?​

●​ a) To assign IP addresses to hosts

●​ b) To route packets between different networks
●​ c) To encrypt data for secure transmission
●​ d) To divide a network into smaller subnets​
Answer: b) To route packets between different networks

Which IP address range is used for multicast communication in IPv4?​

●​ a) 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
●​ b) 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
 ●​ c) 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
●​ d) 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255​
Answer: a) 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255

Which of the following IP address is considered a Class A address?​

●​ a) 10.0.0.1
●​ b) 172.16.0.1
●​ c) 192.168.1.1
●​ d) 224.0.0.1​
Answer: a) 10.0.0.1

Which of the following addresses represents a reserved address in IPv4?​

●​ a) 192.168.100.1
●​ b) 255.255.255.255
●​ c) 128.0.0.1
●​ d) 0.0.0.0​
Answer: b) 255.255.255.255

What is the function of an IP address?​

●​ a) To uniquely identify a device on a network

●​ b) To provide network security
●​ c) To convert domain names into IP addresses
●​ d) To determine the bandwidth of the network​
Answer: a) To uniquely identify a device on a network

30. Which of the following is an example of an IPv6 address?​

○​ a) 192.168.1.1
○​ b) 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
○​ c) 10.0.0.1
○​ d) 172.16.0.1​
Answer: b) 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
2.​ Which of the following is true about IPv6?
●​ a) IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses
●​ b) IPv6 is not backward compatible with IPv4
●​ c) IPv6 does not support autoconfiguration
●​ d) IPv6 addresses are written in decimal​
Answer: a) IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses
32.​What is the main benefit of IPv6 over IPv4?
●​ a) It provides faster data transmission speeds
●​ b) It offers a larger address space
●​ c) It supports more secure data encryption
●​ d) It is backward compatible with IPv4​
Answer: b) It offers a larger address space
33.​Which of the following is the size of an IPv6 address?
●​ a) 32 bits
●​ b) 64 bits
●​ c) 128 bits
●​ d) 256 bits​
Answer: c) 128 bits
34.​How many hexadecimal digits are used to represent an IPv6 address?
●​ a) 6
●​ b) 8
●​ c) 4
●​ d) 16​
Answer: b) 8
35.​What does the "::" represent in an IPv6 address?
●​ a) It is used to separate network and host portions
●​ b) It indicates the beginning of the address
●​ c) It indicates one or more groups of consecutive 16-bit zeros
●​ d) It is the address for the local loopback​
Answer: c) It indicates one or more groups of consecutive 16-bit zeros
36.​Which of the following IPv6 addresses is used for local communication within a
network?
●​ a) 2001:0db8::
●​ b) fc00::/7
●​ c) 0::/8
●​ d) fe80::/10​
Answer: d) fe80::/10
37.​Which of the following represents a valid IPv6 address?
●​ a) 192.168.1.1
●​ b) 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
●​ c) 10.0.0.1
●​ d) 172.16.0.1​
Answer: b) 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
38.​Which part of an IPv6 address is used for routing?
●​ a) Network prefix
●​ b) Interface identifier
●​ c) Subnet mask
●​ d) Broadcast address​
Answer: a) Network prefix
39.​What is the purpose of the Link-local address in IPv6?
●​ a) To communicate with other devices in the local network
●​ b) To provide communication between different networks
●​ c) To route traffic globally
●​ d) To assign globally unique addresses​
Answer: a) To communicate with other devices in the local network
40.​Which of the following is an example of an IPv6 loopback address?
●​ a) 0.0.0.0
●​ b) ::1
●​ c) 127.0.0.1
●​ d) 192.168.1.1​
Answer: b) ::1
41.​Which of the following is the primary reason for the transition from IPv4 to IPv6?
●​ a) IPv4 address depletion
●​ b) IPv6 is faster than IPv4
●​ c) IPv6 supports more security features
●​ d) IPv6 is easier to configure​
Answer: a) IPv4 address depletion
42.​Which of the following is a key feature of IPv6?
●​ a) NAT (Network Address Translation)
●​ b) Simplified header format
●​ c) IPv6 addresses are backward compatible with IPv4
●​ d) IPv6 uses less bandwidth than IPv4​
Answer: b) Simplified header format
43.​Which of the following is NOT a reserved IP address range?
●​ a) 0.0.0.0 - 0.255.255.255
●​ b) 127.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
●​ c) 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255
●​ d) 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.255.255​
Answer: d) 192.168.1.0 - 192.168.255.255
44.​What is the primary purpose of NAT (Network Address Translation)?
●​ a) To provide encryption for data transmission
●​ b) To translate between private and public IP addresses
●​ c) To assign static IP addresses to all devices
●​ d) To assign IP addresses to devices dynamically​
Answer: b) To translate between private and public IP addresses
45.​Which of the following is true about the IPv4 address 0.0.0.0?
●​ a) It is used to represent the local loopback
●​ b) It is the network address for the default route
●​ c) It is a reserved address for broadcasting
●​ d) It is used to identify any host within a network​
Answer: b) It is the network address for the default route
46.​In an IPv4 address, what is the range of the first octet for a Class B network?
●​ a) 128-191
●​ b) 1-127
●​ c) 192-223
●​ d) 224-255​
Answer: a) 128-191
47.​What is the main purpose of a subnet mask?
●​ a) To encrypt IP address information
●​ b) To identify the network and host portions of an IP address
●​ c) To provide secure data transmission
●​ d) To specify the maximum number of hops allowed in a network​
Answer: b) To identify the network and host portions of an IP address
48.​Which of the following IP address ranges is used for Class C addresses?
●​ a) 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
●​ b) 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
●​ c) 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
●​ d) 224.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255​
Answer: b) 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
49.​What is the purpose of the IPv4 address 255.255.255.255?
●​ a) To broadcast a packet to all devices in the local network
●​ b) To assign a unique address to each device
●​ c) To assign a private address for NAT purposes
●​ d) To route packets globally​
Answer: a) To broadcast a packet to all devices in the local network
50.​What is the first step when configuring a device to use an IP address?
●​ a) Assigning a subnet mask
●​ b) Configuring DNS settings
●​ c) Assigning an IP address
●​ d) Setting up a gateway address​
Answer: c) Assigning an IP address
51.​Which type of address is used to identify a device in a large network and is
globally routable?
●​ a) Private IP address
●​ b) Local IP address
●​ c) Public IP address
●​ d) Loopback address​
Answer: c) Public IP address
52.​Which of the following is used to identify a subnet in IPv4?
●​ a) Subnet mask
●​ b) Default gateway
●​ c) Domain name
●​ d) Host ID​
Answer: a) Subnet mask
53.​Which of the following IP address ranges is used for private addresses in IPv6?
●​ a) 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
●​ b) fc00::/7
●​ c) 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
●​ d) 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255​
Answer: b) fc00::/7
54.​Which of the following IP addresses is used to identify the local loopback in IPv4?
●​ a) 192.168.1.1
●​ b) 127.0.0.1
●​ c) 0.0.0.0
●​ d) 255.255.255.255​
Answer: b) 127.0.0.1
55.​Which of the following is true about IPv6 addresses?
●​ a) They are written in hexadecimal notation
●​ b) They can be written in dotted-decimal notation
●​ c) They are backward compatible with IPv4
●​ d) They are 64-bit long​
Answer: a) They are written in hexadecimal notation
56.​How many bits are used to identify the host in a Class A IPv4 address?
●​ a) 8 bits
●​ b) 16 bits
●​ c) 24 bits
●​ d) 32 bits​
Answer: c) 24 bits
57.​Which address is used to send data to multiple destinations in a network in IPv4?
●​ a) Unicast
●​ b) Broadcast
●​ c) Multicast
●​ d) Anycast​
Answer: c) Multicast
58.​What is the subnet mask for the Class A address range?
●​ a) 255.0.0.0
●​ b) 255.255.0.0
●​ c) 255.255.255.0
●​ d) 255.255.255.255​
Answer: a) 255.0.0.0
59.​Which IPv6 address is used for communication within a single network segment?
●​ a) Link-local address
●​ b) Global address
●​ c) Multicast address
●​ d) Anycast address​
Answer: a) Link-local address
60.​What is the range of IPv4 addresses in a Class A network?
●​ a) 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0
●​ b) 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
●​ c) 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
●​ d) 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255​
Answer: a) 1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0
61.​What is the purpose of a default gateway in an IP network?
●​ a) To assign IP addresses dynamically
●​ b) To route packets between different networks
●​ c) To encrypt data
●​ d) To monitor network performance​
Answer: b) To route packets between different networks
62.​In an IPv4 network, how many bits are used for the network portion in a Class C IP
address?
●​ a) 24 bits
●​ b) 16 bits
●​ c) 8 bits
●​ d) 32 bits​
Answer: a) 24 bits
63.​What is the maximum number of hosts that can be addressed in a Class C
network?
●​ a) 254 hosts
●​ b) 128 hosts
●​ c) 256 hosts
●​ d) 512 hosts​
Answer: a) 254 hosts
64.​Which type of address in IPv6 is used for routing data to the nearest group of
destinations?
●​ a) Unicast
●​ b) Multicast
●​ c) Anycast
●​ d) Broadcast​
Answer: c) Anycast
65.​What is the primary purpose of the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)?
●​ a) To resolve domain names to IP addresses
●​ b) To map MAC addresses to IP addresses
●​ c) To route packets between different networks
●​ d) To assign IP addresses to hosts dynamically​
Answer: b) To map MAC addresses to IP addresses
66.​What is the default subnet mask for a Class B IP address?
●​ a) 255.255.255.0
●​ b) 255.255.0.0
●​ c) 255.255.255.255
●​ d) 255.0.0.0​
Answer: b) 255.255.0.0
67.​What does "CIDR" stand for in the context of IP addressing?
●​ a) Classless Inter-Domain Routing
●​ b) Classful Inter-Domain Routing
●​ c) Class Inter-Domain Routing
●​ d) Classless Internet Routing​
Answer: a) Classless Inter-Domain Routing
68.​What is the purpose of an IP address?
●​ a) To identify a network device on the internet
●​ b) To provide encryption for data
●​ c) To assign a MAC address to the device
●​ d) To provide the default gateway for the device​
Answer: a) To identify a network device on the internet
69.​Which of the following is a valid IPv4 address for a Class B network?
●​ a) 172.16.0.1
●​ b) 192.168.0.1
●​ c) 10.0.0.1
●​ d) 224.0.0.1​
Answer: a) 172.16.0.1
70.​Which of the following is NOT a valid method of assigning IP addresses to
devices?
●​ a) Static IP address assignment
●​ b) Dynamic IP address assignment (DHCP)
●​ c) Manual MAC address assignment
●​ d) Link-local address assignment​
Answer: c) Manual MAC address assignment

71.​What is the default subnet mask for a Class A IP address?

●​ a) 255.255.255.0
●​ b) 255.0.0.0
●​ c) 255.255.0.0
●​ d) 255.255.255.255​
Answer: b) 255.0.0.0
72.​In an IPv4 address, how many bits are used for the host portion in a Class C
network?
●​ a) 24 bits
●​ b) 8 bits
●​ c) 16 bits
●​ d) 32 bits​
Answer: b) 8 bits
73.​What is the range of the first octet of a Class A IPv4 address?
●​ a) 0-127
●​ b) 128-191
●​ c) 192-223
●​ d) 224-255​
Answer: a) 0-127
74.​Which of the following is used to divide a large network into smaller subnets?
●​ a) Subnet mask
●​ b) Default gateway
●​ c) DHCP
●​ d) Router​
Answer: a) Subnet mask
75.​What is the valid range for an IPv4 Class B address?
●​ a) 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
●​ b) 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
●​ c) 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
●​ d) 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255​
Answer: a) 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
76.​Which of the following is used for automatic IP address assignment in a network?
●​ a) ARP
●​ b) DNS
●​ c) DHCP
●​ d) ICMP​
Answer: c) DHCP
77.​What is the default subnet mask for a Class C address?
●​ a) 255.255.255.0
●​ b) 255.255.0.0
●​ c) 255.255.255.255
●​ d) 255.0.0.0​
Answer: a) 255.255.255.0
78.​Which of the following best describes the function of a subnet mask?
●​ a) It hides the IP address
●​ b) It identifies the network and host portions of the IP address
●​ c) It encrypts the IP address
●​ d) It defines the gateway address​
Answer: b) It identifies the network and host portions of the IP address
79.​Which of the following is NOT a valid IPv6 address format?
●​ a) 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
●​ b) 2001:0db8::8a2e:0370:7334
●​ c) 192.168.1.1
●​ d) 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1​
Answer: c) 192.168.1.1
80.​Which type of address does an IPv4 broadcast use?
●​ a) Unicast
●​ b) Broadcast
●​ c) Multicast
●​ d) Anycast​
Answer: b) Broadcast
81.​What is the main reason for using CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) in IP
addressing?
●​ a) To reduce the number of subnets needed
●​ b) To allow more flexible IP address allocation
●​ c) To increase the size of the IP address space
●​ d) To simplify IP address assignment​
Answer: b) To allow more flexible IP address allocation
82.​What is the purpose of the IPv6 global unicast address?
●​ a) To communicate with other devices in the local network
●​ b) To communicate across the internet with globally unique addresses
●​ c) To identify a specific device within a local network
●​ d) To provide privacy for network communication​
Answer: b) To communicate across the internet with globally unique addresses
83.​Which of the following IPv6 address types is used for communication with
multiple destinations?
●​ a) Unicast
●​ b) Multicast
●​ c) Anycast
●​ d) Broadcast​
Answer: b) Multicast
84.​Which of the following is a reserved IPv4 address for private networks?
●​ a) 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
●​ b) 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
●​ c) 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
●​ d) All of the above​
Answer: d) All of the above
85.​Which IPv6 address type is used to send data to one device only?
●​ a) Unicast
●​ b) Multicast
●​ c) Anycast
●​ d) Broadcast​
Answer: a) Unicast
86.​Which of the following is the primary reason for using private IP addresses in
networks?
●​ a) To save IPv4 address space
●​ b) To enable better network performance
●​ c) To prevent security breaches
●​ d) To provide faster routing​
Answer: a) To save IPv4 address space
87.​What is the role of a default gateway in a network?
●​ a) To route packets between devices on the same network
●​ b) To route packets between different networks
●​ c) To assign IP addresses dynamically
●​ d) To monitor network traffic​
Answer: b) To route packets between different networks
88.​Which of the following IP addresses is used as the default gateway in most home
networks?
●​ a) 192.168.0.1
●​ b) 127.0.0.1
●​ c) 0.0.0.0
●​ d) 10.0.0.1​
Answer: a) 192.168.0.1
89.​What is the maximum number of hosts that can be configured on a Class A
network?
●​ a) 65,536
●​ b) 16,777,216
●​ c) 2,097,152
●​ d) 256​
Answer: b) 16,777,216
90.​In an IPv6 address, how is the "::" notation used?
●​ a) To represent all bits set to 1
●​ b) To shorten a sequence of consecutive zero blocks
●​ c) To indicate an IPv6 loopback address
●​ d) To represent a multicast address​
Answer: b) To shorten a sequence of consecutive zero blocks
91.​What is the IPv4 Class D address range used for?
●​ a) Multicast addressing
●​ b) Private addressing
●​ c) Loopback addressing
●​ d) Unicast addressing​
Answer: a) Multicast addressing
92.​What is the main advantage of IPv6 over IPv4?
●​ a) Increased speed of data transfer
●​ b) Larger address space
●​ c) More secure connections
●​ d) Lower overhead​
Answer: b) Larger address space
93.​What is the main function of the Domain Name System (DNS)?
●​ a) To assign IP addresses dynamically
●​ b) To map domain names to IP addresses
●​ c) To assign IP addresses to devices
●​ d) To route packets between networks​
Answer: b) To map domain names to IP addresses
94.​What is the valid range for an IPv6 address?
●​ a) 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 - ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
●​ b) 0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
●​ c) 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
●​ d) 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255​
Answer: a) 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 - ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
95.​What is the IPv6 address used for the local loopback?
●​ a) 127.0.0.1
●​ b) ::1
●​ c) 2001:0db8::
●​ d) fe80::1​
Answer: b) ::1
96.​Which of the following is the primary purpose of a public IP address?
●​ a) To communicate across the internet
●​ b) To identify a specific device within a local network
●​ c) To identify devices in private networks
●​ d) To allow devices to connect to wireless networks​
Answer: a) To communicate across the internet
97.​What is the network portion of an IP address defined by?
●​ a) The subnet mask
●​ b) The default gateway
●​ c) The host portion
●​ d) The MAC address​
Answer: a) The subnet mask
98.​What type of address is the 0.0.0.0 address in IPv4?
●​ a) Broadcast address
●​ b) Default route address
●​ c) Private address
●​ d) Loopback address​
Answer: b) Default route address
99.​Which of the following IPv4 address classes is used for multicast?
●​ a) Class A
●​ b) Class B
●​ c) Class C
●​ d) Class D​
Answer: d) Class D
100.​ What is the role of an IPv4 private address?
●​ a) To provide a globally unique address
●​ b) To enable secure communication
●​ c) To be used only within private networks
●​ d) To allow public access from external networks​
Answer: c) To be used only within private networks