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English Reviewer For DOST

English (Pasay City National Science High School)

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ENGLISH REVIEWER FOR DOST DOST

DOST NCR REVIEW 2023-2024

4. Mass Noun
LESSONS TO TACKLE ● a common noun that cannot be
counted individually
● Parts of Speech ○ Can be singular or plural
● Agreements ○ rice, water, salt
● Verb Usage ○ a kilogram of rice, a
● Reading Comprehension glass of water, a bag of
salt

5. Collective Noun
PARTS OF SPEECH ● group of individual count nouns
○ can be singular or plural
NOUN (depending on how it is
● a name of a person, a thing, an animal, used in a sentence)
an event, or a place. ○ jury, a pride of lions, a
● usually serve as subjects in a sentence, pack of wolves
as objects of verbs, and as complements
of verb and prepositions
FORMING THE PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS
Example: Elsa, snow, carrot, Tuesday, church
● Add ‘s’ to most nouns
TYPES OF NOUNS ○ pen / pens
1. Common Noun ○ card / cards
● any class of person, place, ● Add ‘es’ for nouns ending in s, x, z,
animal, thing, etc. ch, sh
○ general and non-specific ○ church / churches
○ pencil, laptop, woman ○ box / boxes
● For most nouns ending in ‘f’ or ‘fe’,
2. Proper Noun change these to ‘ves’
● name of a specific person, place, ○ leaf / leaves
animal, thing, etc. ○ wolf / wolves
○ specified noun NOTE: some words can have both forms
○ Pilot, Lenovo, Janella, accepted
Allanna ○ dwarf / dwarves / dwarfs
○ hoof-hoofs / hooves
3. Count Noun ● Add ‘s’ to most nouns that end in ‘o’ if
● a common noun that can be the preceding letter before it is a
counted individually VOWEL
○ can be singular or plural ○ zoo / zoos
○ a pencil, 33 laptops, few ○ stereo / steroes
women ● Add ‘es’ to nouns that end in ‘o’ if the
preceding letter before it is a
CONSTANT

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○ hero / heroes ● Some nouns change meaning when a

○ echo / echoes change in form
EXCEPTIONS:
○ avocados
○ photos PRONOUNS
○ pianos
○ zero (zeroes) ● words used to replace nouns and have
● For nouns that end in ‘y’, change it to the same use as nouns
‘i’ and add ‘es’
○ library / libraries ● Personal Pronouns
○ candy / candies ○ refer to specific people, places,
● Some nouns change forms or things
○ goose / geese 1. Subjective
○ focus / foci I. We, You, He, She. It.
● Some nouns have the same singular They
and plural forms 2. Objective
○ species Me. Us. You, Him Her It
○ sheep Them
○ salmon 3. Possessive
● Some nouns are always singular My, Mine. Our, Ours.
○ milk Your, Yours, His, Hers,
○ air its. Their, Theirs
○ meat
● Some nouns are always plural ● Reflexive Pronouns
○ scissors ○ refer back to the subject of the
○ pants sentence, may also act as
○ alms intensive pronouns
● Some nouns always have the plural ■ Ex. myself, yourself
form but singular in meaning
○ Mathematics ● Intensive Pronouns
○ politics ○ add emphasis to a noun or
○ measles pronoun antecedent
● For compound nouns, add ‘s’ to the ■ Ex. herself, ourselves,
word that function as a noun themselves
○ sisters-in-law
○ passersby ● Demonstrative Pronouns
● Add ‘s’ to single letters, symbols, and ○ direct attention to specific
single numerals. Add ‘s’ to acronyms person, place or thing
○ 7’s ■ Ex. this, that, these
○ D’s
○ GMOs
○ 1980s

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● Relative Pronouns ■ talking about

○ begin a subordinate clause and communications media
connect it to a word in the main ● AT
clause ○ used when:
■ Ex. who. whom, which, ■ it precedes an hour or
that an exact time of day
■ talking about a specific
● Interrogative Pronouns place or address
○ used to begin a question ■ one is in proximity to a
■ Ex. who, whom, what, structure
where, which
PREPOSITIONS
● Indefinite Pronouns
○ refer to a general person, place, ● are words that describe or modify a noun
or thing or pronoun
■ Ex. everybody, all, each,
some, none ● Adjective of number
○ a, an, the, many, few, little, much
● Adjective of Quality or Opinion
PREPOSITIONS ○ beautiful, sturdy, pleasant
● Adjective of Size, Shape, Length, or
● are used to show the relationships Width
between nouns, pronouns, and other ○ huge, short, small, round
words in a sentence, and often come ● Adjective of Age
before a noun or a pronoun ○ old, young, new
○ Example: on, at, in, from, for, to, ● Adjective of Color
into, about, of, with ○ yellow, pink, orange
● Adjective of Origin
● IN ○ Filipino, Japanese, Irish
○ used when: ● Adjective of Material
■ it precedes a long period ○ plastic, wooden, wool
of time ● Comparatives
■ Example: month, year, ○ used when comparing 2 things
etc. ○ Ex. faster, prettier, smaller
■ talking about a large ● Superlatives
area a thing is inside a ○ used when comparing 3 or more
closed space things
● ON ○ Ex. fastest, prettiest, smallest
○ used when:
■ it precedes a specific
day or date
■ talking about streets.
roads, and small islands

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ADVERBS
● Coordinating Conjunctions
➢ are words that modify a verb, adjective. ○ join 2 words, phrases, or clauses
or another adverb of equal importance
■ a comma is used before
● Adverbs of Place the conjunction
○ refer to the direction or place ■ for, and, nor, or, but, yet,
where an action takes place so
○ Ex. up, there, towards ● Subordinating Conjunctions
○ conjunctions that introduce a
● Adverbs of Time dependent clause
○ refer to the time when the action ■ Ex. after, although, if,
happened unless, so that
○ Ex. later, today, next week therefore, because

● Adverbs of Frequency
○ refer to how frequent the action
happens SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
○ Ex. seldom, sometimes. never
STEPS TO DETERMINE THE SVA
● Adverbs of Manner
○ describe the manner by which ● Split the sentences into clauses
the action is done ○ each clause has its own subject
○ Ex. slowly, hastily. carefully so make sure that the verb in
that clause agrees with the
● Adverbs of Degree subject
○ refer to the degree of action
○ Ex. very, so, extremely ● Search for the subject
○ the subject is usually either a
noun or a pronoun that does not
CONJUNCTIONS function as an adjective or as an
object of an action or preposition
➢ are words that connect parts of the
sentence or clauses ● Choose the correct verb
○ a singular verb is used for a
● Correlative Conjunctions singular subject while plural
○ conjunctions that are always verbs require plural subjects
used in pairs and join equal
elements
■ Ex. both-and, not
only-but also,
neither-nor, either-or

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SOME RULES ON SVA VERB USAGE

● RULE 3
○ If two subjects are connected by SIMPLE TENSE
'or' or 'nor', the verb agrees with
the nearer subject. ● PRESENT - base form of verbs/es
● RULE 6 ○ used for present, habitual
○ Words that indicate portions actions, generalizations constant
(fractions or percentages) and facts
words that may refer to count ○ usually, always, every never
and mass nouns such as all, ○ She listens to Taylor Swift
plenty, none take
○ singular verbs when referring to ● PAST - base form of verb d/ed or
mass nouns or singular count irregular form (change spelling)
noun ○ used for actions completed at a
○ plural verbs when referring to specified time in the past
plural count nouns ○ yesterday, ago, last
● RULE 11 ○ Cobe and I attended Komiket
○ In a relative clause whose last month
subject is who, which, or that,
look for the noun it refers to and ● FUTURE - will + base form of verb or
make the verb agree with it. am/is/are + going to + base
● RULE 14 ○ used for actions that will be done
○ A collective noun that is treated some time in the future
as a whole unit takes a singular ○ tomorrow, later, next
verb unless the noun is regarded ○ Ariana will eat at Olive Garden
as separate Individuals next week thirteen times a day.
● RULE 16
○ Adjectives used as nouns are
plural PROGRESSIVE TENSE
● RULE 18
○ Periods of time and expressions ● PRESENT PROGRESSIVE - am/is/are
of measurement take singular + present participle
verbs. ○ used for ongoing actions or
actions currently happening
○ I am eating while you are
ringing the doorbell

● PAST PROGRESSIVE - was/were +

present participle
○ describes a past action that was
happening at a specified time

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○ describes a past action that was ● FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE -

ongoing before another past will have been + present participle or
action am/is/are + going to have been +
○ describes 2 or more past actions present participle
that happened at the same time ○ used for an action that will be
○ I was eating when you rang the happening at a certain time in
doorbell the future or until another future
action
● FUTURE PROGRESSIVE - will be + ○ Penelope Garcia will have been
present participle or am/is/are + going working a the FBI for a decade
to be + present participle next week
○ describes a future action that will
be happening at a specified time
○ describes a future action that wit VOICE OF THE VERB
be interrupted by another future
action ● PASSIVE VOICE
○ describes 2 or more future ○ The subject receives the
actions that will happen at the action expressed in the verb.
same time ○ The subject is acted upon
○ I will be eating when you ring ○ This voice is formed with a
the doorbell be-verb and the past participle of
the main verb.
○ The writer sometimes does not
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE specify who is acting.
➔ The report was written
● PRESENT PERFECT - has/have + past yesterday.
participle ○ Or the agent performing the
○ used for actions that happened action may appear in a "by the
at an unspecified time in the past "phrase
○ already, just, before ➔ The report was written
○ Selena has already organized by the secretary.
events like these before
Example:
● PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE - had 1. The group was done by one member
+ past participle only.
○ used for a past action that took
place before another past action ● ACTIVE VOICE
(indicates first past action) ○ The subject performs the
○ The concert had started before action expressed by the verb/
Katy arrived ○ The subject acts.
○ The person acting is clear;
➔ The manager wrote the
report yesterday.

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slide presentation, and that questions

Example: would be asked by prospective
1. The DOST Scholars are helping the buyers (passive)
students review for their exams. - The salesman expected that he would
2. Eliza burned the letters because she was present his product at the meeting,
heartbroken. that there would be time to show his
slide presentation, and that
prospective buyers would ask him
PARALLELISM questions.

● WORDS AND PHRASES

○ With the -ing form (gerunds) of READING COMPREHENSION
words.
Example: ● TIPS AND TRICKS
➔ Mary likes hiking, swimming, and 1. Read the questions first.
bicycling 2. Scan the passage and look for
possible answers.
○ With infinitive phrases: 3. Read and really understand the
Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride passage.
a bicycle. 4. Answer the remaining questions
OR
Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a ★ Practice reading to build vocabulary and
bicycle speed!

★ DO NOT MIX FORMS ● FINDING THE MAIN IDEA AND THE

- The production manager was SUPPORTING DETAILS
asked to write his report quickly, ○ Main ideas are typically located
accurately, and in a detailed in the beginning of the passage,
manner. or at its end.
- The production manager was
asked to write his report quickly. ● VOCABULARY & CONTEXT CLUES
accurately, and thoroughly. ○ Vocabulary:
- The dictionary meaning
of the indicated word in
● CLAUSES a given word in a given
○ Changing to another pattern or passage.
changing the voice of the verb ○ Context Clues
(from active to passive or vice - The derived meaning of
versa) will break the parallelism. the indicated word,
Example: usually coming from the
- The salesman expected that he would context of the passage
present his product at the meeting, that
there would be time for him to show his

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ENGLISH REVIEWER FOR DOST DOST

DOST NCR REVIEW 2023-2024

● PURPOSE OF THE WRITER

○ To Inform
- Give information
○ To Entertain
- Amuse and delight,
appeal to senses and
imagination.
○ To Persuade
- Convince the reader to
agree with author’s point
of view

● TONE OF THE WRITER

○ Tone is the attitude of the writer
towards the topic.
○ Expressed through the use of
words in the passage.
○ Optimistic, bitter, tolerant,
sentimental, humorous, and
objective.

INDUCTIVE VS DEDUCTIVE REASONING

● INDUCTIVE REASONING
○ Act of making general
conclusions based on specific
scenarios
Example:
Central Intelligence and Jumanji
are both comedy films. Kevin Hart stars in both
these films. Kevin Hart only stars in comedy
films.

● DEDUCTIVE REASONING
○ Act of using general statements
to form specific scenarios
Example:
Red meat contains iron. Beef is
an example of red meat. Beef contains
iron.

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