Learning Module

In
Executive Protection Management

Compiled by:
ANTONINO P. PERALTA JR. MSCA, CSP
KHARINE M. REYNO PhD, CSP

The computer does not own any of the contents of this learning module. Due
credits and acknowledgement are given to the authors, internet sources, and
researchers listed on the reference page. Such sources are reserved to further
explain concepts and cannot be credited to the compiler and the school. All
diagrams, charts, images are used for educational purposes only. The sole
objective of this instructional material is to facilitate independent learning and
not for monetary gains because this is NOT FOR SALE.

2021Edition

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 APPROVAL SHEET

This Instructional Material Executive Protection Management, authored by

Dale Introduction of executive Protection Manual, Filip Holder, The Executive
Protection Manual, Dale L.Jun Incedent Management, Benny Mares, Executive
Protection Professional Guide of Body Guard, UN Peacekeeping PDT Standard for
formed Police Unit 1st Edition 2015 Notes on Public Order Management Basic
Tactic on VIP Protection is recommended for the production and utilization by the
students and faculty members of the Occidental Mindoro State College.

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REFERENCE:
 Introduction Of Executive Protection Manual
( Dale L. Jun )
 The Executive of Protection Manual
( FILIP Holder )
 Incedent Management
( Dale L. June )
 Executive Protection Professional Guide of Body Guard
( Benny Mares )
 Notes on Public Order Management Basic Tactic On VIP Protection
( UN Peacekeeping PDT Standard for Formed Police
Unit 1st Edition

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writers sincerely and deeply appreciate the following for the realization
of this academic Endeavour.

 Kharine M. Reyno PhD Crim, Dean of Criminal Justice Education

 All those who in one way or the other inspired, helped and supported
this work in various ways; and most of all,

 God almighty for making this accomplishment possible.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

MODULE 1: EXECUTIVE PROTECTION MANAGEMENT

Lesson 1- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EXECUTIVE 6

Overview of executive MANAGEMET
PROTECTION protection management 6
Personal protection barriers 7
Personnel protection 8
Executive protection detail 8
Comprehensive protection 9
Let help mitigation problem and threats. 9
Assessment 11

Lesson 2 - ATTRIBUTES AND QUALITIES OF A GOOD EXECUTIVE 12

PROTECTION MANAGEMENT
10 attributes and qualities of a good executive protection 12
Types of principal for protection 13
Traits of an effective protection agent 14
Assessment 18

Lesson 3 - BASIC TACTICS ON VIP PROTECTION 21

Overview 21
Instructor preparation 22
Training program and basic tactics for VIP executive protection 23
Basic tactics on VIP protection
management 23
Direct Protection Planning 26
Mobile Protection Planning 27
Static Protection Planning 28
Point Car, Lear Car, Protectee Vehicle 44
Protection Escort Team (PET) Car, Pilot Vehile, Rear Vehicle, 45
Counter Assault Team (CAT) Vehicles
Sweep Car 46
Convoy Internal Communications, Communications with 47
Venues
Communications with other Areas, Radio Call Signs 48
Information Gathering 54
Liaison, Reconnaissance 55
Protection Escort
Maps Team, (PET)
& Plans Car Strategy
Protection 56
Planning & Tasking Meeting ,Composition ,Planning 57
Development, Site Meetings, Advance Planning, Briefing
Protection Escort Team (PET) Car
Assessment 64
Lesson 4 - DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUES FOR EXECUTIVE 65
PROTECTION
Protection Escort Team (PET) Car
Use of Close Protection Vehicle Techniques ( Basic Driving 65
Skills )
Close Protection
Protection Drivers,
Escort Team Driver
(PET) Car Training 66
General
USE OF Rule,
CLOSE Choice of Vehicles
PROTECTION VEHICLE TECHNIQUES (Basic 67
Risk assessment implications
Drivingwith regards to the use of vehicles
Skills) 68
The need for alternative transport plans 68
What is Tactical
CHOICE Driving 68
USE OFOF VEHICLE
CLOSE PROTECTION VEHICLE TECHNIQUES (Basic
Rules of tactical Driving 69
Driving Skills)
Vehicle Roadworthy Check 69
VIP Tactical Security Driving 70
Wearing of Seatbelts, One Car Drills 71
Two car drills 72
Vehicle Anti- ambush Drill 73
Summary 81
Assessment 82
.

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 LESSON 1

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EXECUTIVE PROTECTION

MANAGEMENT
Topics:
1. Overview of executive protection management
2. Personal protection barriers
4. Personnel protection
5. Executive protection detail
6. Comprehensive protection
7. Let help mitigation problem and threats.

Learning Outcome:
At the end of the course, the learner should be able;

1. Explain Briefly the development of executive protection management, and

2. Appreciate the importance of executive protection management

OVERVIEW:

Presented below is an overview of personal protection suggestion and

recommendations that should be followed during any period of heightened threats.

The purposed of this overview is not to:

 Elevate the risk beyond actuality
 Provide anyone with sufficient expertise to repel a direct criminal
or terrorist attack
 Produce and over reaction which may limit your ability to work of
function efficiently

The purposed is to;

 Acquaint you with some of the principles of personal protection ,
including those intended to raise the awareness
 Provide a few hints for emergency situation

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Below are some principle of personal protection
 Pay close the attention to the principle of personal protection which
are the needs to be aware and suspicious, to be methodical, to avoid
routine, to utilized good communication and to apply the requisite of
initiative and common sense to all activities which may be the subject.
 All members of your family should exercise the increased level of
awareness and suspicion and should be prepared to summon police
immediately in the event of free text telephone calls, visits, or other
suspicious circumstances, no matter how trivial.
 While maintaining a balance perspective geared to the current level of
threat, all your action and those of your family should be particularly
 You and your family should be particularly alert to the possibility of
surveillance, conducted either as a form of harassment or as a
precursor to further action, in such cases, you should summon police
assistance without hesitation. If driving, you should be prepared to
seek refuge at the nearest safe haven such as police station or other
public area. Under no circumstances should you permit your vehicle to
be followed into an area which may provide and advantage to and
assailant or circumstances conducive to physical assault.
 A precise, evidential log should be maintained dealing alnt should be
included, as well as the identity of those persons available to provide
evidence.

PERSONAL PROTECTION “BARRIERS”

 Used of initiative
 Be consistent
 Disrupt routine
 Used of common sense
 Improve awareness
 Maintain a low profile
 Individual responsibility
 Be aware of surveillance
 Used good communication

Personal Protection Barriers

Personal protection or barriers are procedural barriers used in much the same
ways as physical and technical barriers are employed to protect a house or
company facility. Every time a gate a parameter wall is lift ajar, or windows are
left unsecured, or the door to an inner safe haven is left open. The value and
benefit of that barriers is given away.
Personal protection barriers may not be made or bricks, mortar or solid
hardwood two inches thick, but they are barriers just the same. To carry analogy
further, relinquishing those barriers, so that threats posed to an individual is
increased.
So what are personal protection barriers? As an example consider the following
scenario;
A senior executive is enjoying an excellent meal at fashionable restaurant when
his dining partner looks ups with a strength expression on his or her face and he
feels a hard, metal object placed against the side of his head. He manages to looks
around momentarily and notices that the object is automatic pistol held by man
stancing to one side. Conversation in the restaurant is subdued.

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What could this incident mean in term of unnecessarily relinquishing barriers?
 The executive came to notice in the first place because he failed to maintain
a low profile.
 He lacked awareness because, although he obviously was the subject of
criminal planning including surveillance, he failed to notice it.
 He may have been aware of one or more threats, but as in the had decided
to ignore them
 He probably operated a fixed and predictable routine and stuck to
inadequate procedure
 He failed to notice the onset of the attack until the gun was place against
his head again lax procedures and lacks of awareness.
 Finally, he probably took no last ditch action when gun was pointing at
him, he failed to recover from surprise and maintain the initiative. When
fast aggressive action was called for, he sat there waiting for the inevitable.

So personal protection barriers can include:

 Maintaining a low profile
 Utilizing awareness training
 Selecting a dominant and all- seeing position in restaurant
 Avoiding fixed and predictable routine
 Using initiative and common sense
 Recovering from surprise and maintaining the initiative
 Life Saving tactics

Other barriers can be include using good communication, engineering a

positive attitudes toward the threats and security procedures being methodical,
consistent and so on.
Personnel Protection
In Personnel Protection: Security Personnel, the presenters discuss the
critically important task of selecting and training security personnel for executive
protection duties. Criteria for hiring security personnel will vary based on the
responsibilities of the position, and may also vary depending on whether the
position is contract or proprietary. For example, the requirements and training
for a security officer guarding a fixed post differ from that of a security officer
assigned as a driver. The training requirements for security personnel and the
need for proper training documentation are also discussed in detail. The main
messages of this presentation are that the selection criteria for individuals
assigned to executive security duties are justifiably high and must never be
compromised, and training must be ongoing.
Executive protection Detail
High profile clients depend on P4 Security Solutions for comprehensive
executive protection services and solutions. The experience of our management
team and executive protection specialists/bodyguards is unrivaled in providing
executive security to our specialized clientele. Our proven methodology sets us
apart from other executive protection companies, providing security in a broad
spectrum of situations and events. P4 Security Solutions delivers one-source
security solutions in areas affecting both human and other physical resources.
Executive security measures taken to ensure the safety of VIPs who may be
exposed to elevated personal risk because of their employment, celebrity status,
wealth, associations or geographical location is extremely specialized. Our
protective measures are broad: home security systems, executive protection
specialists/bodyguards, armored vehicles and vehicle scramble plans, mail
screening, private jet travel, background checks for other employees, as well as
other additional precautions to keep our clients safe.
Our client’s safety and peace of mind is our main objective. We provide executive
protective services to anyone in the public eye, including family members,

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partners, assistants and other companions. We perform advance work, detailed
intelligence gathering and deploy the most experienced specialized security
professionals in the industry. Close protection for executives is implemented in
public and private settings, whether stationary or in transit.
A primary focus is on planning routes, advance room sweeps in buildings
where our clients will be visiting, researching the backgrounds of people that will
have contact with the client, searching vehicles, and attentively escorting the
client on their day-to-day activities.
Comprehensive Executive Protection Services
Our core belief is that the best security is based upon advanced planning and
preparedness, working with local law enforcement and getting the most accurate
and up-to-date information available. Our company and staff have years of
experience guarding executives, celebrities, diplomats and VIPs – with a stellar
track record. Our bodyguard’s qualifications and credentials demonstrate both
specialized training in related military applications and law enforcement. We work
seamlessly in the background, we are always present and we blend in with every
event and situation, matching ourselves to the specific styles, needs and
schedules of the person or group that we are protecting.
P4 Security Solutions’ capabilities were developed to exceed our clients'
expectations by securing intellectual property and human assets. Our experience
in any category of asset protection is unparalleled. We maintain a team of subject
matter experts with accessibility to cutting edge tactics and resources, providing
either full-scale security management or seamlessly working alongside an existing
security team.
Our team’s experience covers a multitude of situations and protection for
clients that may be in the spotlight or require exceptional security.
WHY CHOOSE US?
We have successfully implemented security protocols in high-risk
environments maneuvering through all obstacles and complexities. Our staff has
received extensive specialty training for security strategies, threat assessments,
legal authority, defensive tactics and more. The extensive experience of our
management team and our executive protection specialists/bodyguards is
unrivaled by our competitors. We work closely together to provide a seamless and
unobtrusive hedge of protection for our executive clients. Our customer service
exceeds expectations and our costs are extremely competitive.

LET US HELP MITIGATE PROBLEMS AND THREATS

If you have been thinking about whether you need executive protection
services or have an upcoming situation or event.
We are a state certified security contractor and investigation agency.
Security Solutions clients depend on our consistent delivery of comprehensive
protective services for a broad spectrum of situations, events and investigations
that are needed in today’s corporate, social and political climate.
P4 Security Solutions (P4S) has developed comprehensive Executive Protection
services and solutions which can be implemented globally. The experience of or
management team and protection specialists is unrivaled in providing world-class
personal protective services to executive clientele.
We provide executive protection services to anyone in the public eye, including
family members, partners, assistants and other companions. Our process
includes: route planning, site advances of locations clients will be visiting,
researching the backgrounds of people that will have contact with the client,
vehicle searches, and seamless client escort throughout daily activities.

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 Our core belief is that the best security is based upon advanced planning and
preparedness, working with local law enforcement and getting the most accurate
and up-to-date information available. Our company and staff have years of
experience protecting executives, celebrities, diplomats, and VIPs – with a stellar
track record. Our protection specialists come from highly trained and
specialized units from both military and law enforcement communities. They are
all vetted and certified, credentialed, and maintain the highest training and
clearance standards.

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ASSESSMENT:

Discuss and explain the following questions (5 Points Each)

1. Explain what is Executive Protection?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. In the topic discussed in Personal Protection, why do we need to select expert

or well trained executive protection professional?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. What to do if a principal or VIP doesn’t want protection?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. As a future law enforcers, define and explain Personal Initiative.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
5. What are your personal barriers? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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 LESSON 2
ATTRIBUTES AND QUALITIES OF A GOOD EXECUTIVE PROTECTION
MANAGEMENT
Topics:
1. 10 attributes and qualities of a good executive protection
2. Types of principal for protection
3. Traits of an effective protection agent
Learning Outcome:
At the end of the lesson the student should be able to:
1. Familiarize on the attributes and qualities of a good executive protection
professional, and;
2. Maintain the high standard of professionalism.

TEN ATTRIBUTES AND QUALITIES OF A GOOD EXECUTIVE PROTECTION

MANAGEMENT

1. Military Training and Experience – Since you are hired as a body guard
mainly for protection, it is very necessary that your body guard as some military,
Police, or other security guard related experience will quickly adapt to working
with you and well easily perform his duties, which are majorly four -observed,
detect, deter and report.

2. Good Communication Skills- A good protection management professional

must have a very good communication skills-verbal gestural, and otherwise, he
must be able to communicate effectively, accurately, confidently, and eloquently.
Also, and executive protection professional must have a great listening skills
without these, chances are, he would misconstrue assignment and commit may
blunders.

3. Good Writing Skills- An executive protection professional must have a very

good in writing skills .This is because he well regularly deal with reports, memos
email, and other written materials throughout his career .he should be able to
write in simple, easy to understand and grammatically flawless in English.

4. Good Costumer service experience- Because your bodyguard will most of

the time pick your calls and attends to your guest, he is saddled with the task of
making of excellent first impression about you. So hire someone with courtesy.
Only professional with very good human relation skills well help you to establish
a good reputation. Of course, you don’t want to hire a bodyguard that no one likes
to communicate with due to his lack of courtesy.

5. Good judgement and decision making skills- An ideal protection professional

must know how to deal with a bad behavior, crisis and attack against your person
and assets. To be able to act fast and handle this situation Professional, the
executive protection professional must have as very good sense of judgement.
Hiring of bodyguard with weak sense of judgement could be dangerous such a
person may get confused and be too slow to act during crises.

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6. Good driving Skills- An executive professional must be legally authorized to
drive a vehicle. That is, he must hold a valid driver license. He must also have
defensive driving skills. In other words, he must know how to drive professionally
to save lives (for instance, during crises) money property, and time. The National
Safety Councils Defensive Driving Course is aimed at teaching individual strategic
and de3fensive driving skills. So, you may want to hire someone who undergone
this course.
7. Computer Literacy- It is a very importance that an executive protection
professional understands basic computer skills at least. He should be able to surf
the internet for search for any needed information. He should be able to create
and manage relevant files on a computers. And should be able to use various
software packages.
8. Fitness and sound health- although having huge muscle that could intimidate
people is not necessary, and executive protection professional should be a very
sound health. That is, he should rarely have health problem. Also, an executive
protection professional must be physically fit. Though he may not be very
muscular, he should not look flabby and should have a smart appearance.
9. Ability to handled Firearms- Sometime, some situations may warrant the use
of firearms to protect your life. And executive protection management must
understand this and must be skilled with the used of various firearms and other
self- defense device. Most of the time, professional who have undergone adequate
military training are very good at handling guns and other protective weapon.
10. Martial art skills- Sometimes, you may not need guns and other weapon to
save your life. In such cases, some martial arts skills will rescue you perfectly. So
it, is a very important that your bodyguard has these skills. Also in our country
laws may prohibit bodyguard and other civilians from carrying guns and similar
firearms. So it is advisable you check with your state policy before arming your
guard.

TYPES OF PRINCIPAL FOR PROTECTION

1. Political principal- Political principal primarily face danger from fanatic and
activist who differ in philosophical view from their own, The executive protection
job become doubly difficult if the principal himself is fanatical in his or her view.
Nevertheless, once you accept the job, it is your obligation to protect and care for
the safety and comport of you principal. You are often dealing with emotionally
charge issues. It is a much more volatile climate to work in. An intruder well often
be fanatical and irrational and have no regards to for the consequences of his or
her action for himself or herself or the consequences of other. Often the intruder
goals is to make a big scene in order to attack the press and bring as much
attention to his or her views as possible.
The threats in the political area of the executive protection may include attempt
to spit on and /or insult and demean you principal in other way, throwing paint
or bloods, with guns, knives, or clubs and bombs and other terrorist action. The
perpetrator may plan in attack in advance or it may be the result of emotional
outburst. This category usually houses the most unpredictable intruders. Their
desires are fueled by emotion rather than common sense.
2. Social Principal- The main threats against social principal is kidnapping. This
threats well be most often come from unknown source. Kidnapping is usually a
well -planned and organized attack. It is difficult to predict this type of attack
unless prior threats have been made. As executive protection professional you
must protect your principal from this threats without appearing paranoid to your
principal or causing your principal and his or her family to fearful.
3. Being Prepared- In order to respond effectively to any of the aforementioned
intruders. You must be properly train and properly train you principal. Of course,
it would not very tactful to till your principal that you plan to train him or her,
but the exactly what you must subtly do. Your principal must know the” Game

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Plan” for any given possibility. You might considered approaching your principal
in this way. Say excuse me sir or ma’am at your earliest convenience, could I
speak with you briefly, I would like to get some information from you for my
employer profile. The information well help me to better serve you with the
smallest amount intrusion into you daily routine. Then get your principal to
commit to a specific time.
The following are some question that you might ask when you have you
executive protection professional interview. All knowledge gathered about your
principal well help you better prepare for his or her well being.
. Ask for the names of all immediate family members, their contact numbers,
addresses and other relevant information.
2. Ask for more information about extended family members living outside the
principals primary residence, parents, grandparent, aunts, uncles, and so on.
3. Assure confidentiality and ask about mistresses’ interest, and so on. This
become even more significant if the principal is married.
4. Find out which car the principal are normally ride in.
5. Ask to what clubs and association the principal are belong.
6. Ask for a list of enemies, possible enemies, business competitors and key
employees
7. Find out any medical problems or medication that the principal take. This
includes foods or drugs allergies.
8. Ask about house -keeping both home and business location, laundry, auto
repair, and other maintenance people. In other words, find out all you can
about peripherial activities.
9. Ask if the principal has or carries of firearms
10. Find out if the principal are used of alcohol or other drugs.
11. Ask about any fetishes the principal they have. Again, assure confidentiality.
12. Find out the principal recreational activities and other interest sports hobbies
and so on.
Note: “LEARN AS MUCH AS U CAN ABOUT YOUR PRINCIPAL:
10 TRAITS OF AN EFFECTIVE EXECUTIVE PROTECTION AGENT
A successful Executive Protection Agent should possess a number of
characteristics that can be broadly described as soft skills or personality traits.
We will identify 10 traits that set apart high-performing executive protection
agents from the “less-great”. Many are interrelated; all are important. When an
individual agent displays most or all of these traits strongly, he or she would make
a highly successful executive protection agent – and would also do well in many
other fields.
The first five traits are particularly significant for the special demands of the
protective service industry. Because our overarching goals are to keep our
principals safe, happy and productive no matter where their jobs and other
interests take them, we must consistently come up with solutions to new
challenges, and we spend a lot of time with principals without being their friends.
It requires a certain kind of person to thrive in this context.
The second five traits focus on emotional intelligence, which is also essential
for success in corporate executive protection. We believe these traits apply just as
well to EP agents as they do to CEOs.
1. Resourcefulness
A good executive protection agent needs a special mix of smarts and moxie.
We call it resourcefulness.

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 Executive protection teams are often in situations that are completely new.
Changes of venue, tasks, expectations and many other aspects of the job are
commonplace. Even the best Standard Operating Procedure are tested by non-
standard situations. If there is confusion, the executive protection agent is the
one everyone looks to make it all good again.
Resourceful executive protection agents make do with what they’ve got, and
always try to get the best outcome out of any situation. They’re creative problem
solvers, adaptive and quick to think on their feet. They ask for what they need –
and aren’t too shy to ask loudly if that’s what’s required to get the job done. They
always have a Plan B and C. And they never act as if there is anything but Plan
A.
The mental habit of thinking ahead is another characteristic of a resourceful
executive protection agent, for as Seneca pointed out several thousand years ago,
“Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.” Good executive
protection agents make their own luck – and deliver superior results – through
forward thinking. Their approach resembles that of a chess player more than a
checkers fan: They are used to thinking several moves ahead so that they can
shape outcomes proactively rather than deal reactively with adverse situations.
We believe forward thinking is so important to quality executive protection that
we have made it one of our guiding principles – and even part of our logo.
2. Resilience
Life is full of stress, and bad things happen – also to good executive protection
agents. Resilient executive protection agents aren’t the ones who never get into
tough situations. We all do that. They’re the ones who cope with adversity and
keep the mission on track no matter what. Helplessness is never an option.
Psychologically, resilient executive protection agents are able to navigate
through emotional turmoil without turning into a shipwreck. They exude a calm
sense of urgency whether everything is business as usual or the situation has
leapt into emergency mode. They have the skills and the mindset to
counterbalance negative emotions with positive ones. Even when others are
succumbing to negativity and pessimism, resilient agents know how and where
to dig deep to find more optimism.
3. Professional commitment
Commitment to the task of serving the principal is an essential part of
executive protection profession.
Good executive protection agents realize that the security, privacy and
productivity of the principal come first, and that the needs of the principal
supersede their own needs. They are able to put their personal preferences aside
and stand by the client no matter what – before, during and after the detail. The
same extends toward the rest of the executive protection team.
Successful executive protection agents also realize that this form of
professional commitment has nothing to do with the interpersonal commitment
that couples promise each other. Professional commitment is a one-way street.
It’s not reciprocal, and it’s not about being the friend of the principal. It’s about
doing the job we are tasked to do in the most professional way possible.
4. Discretion
Executive protection agents doing close protection of a principal are, well, close
to the principal. That closeness extends to all kinds of situations that never can
be taught at an executive protection school. In addition to protecting principals
as they conduct business, agents will often be there when the principal is
traveling, enjoying time with family and friends, and just get on with his or her
life. Complete confidentiality is expected in all matters.

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 Through it all, good executive protection professionals must maintain their
integrity and know their place. Sometimes it’s in the foreground and the principal
wants to talk; often it’s in the background, and the principals has no need to be
reminded of their board-mandated 24-7 protection services.
5. Service minded
Executive protection is a service industry. It’s about helping other people
(notably: the paying client who has other options) to meet their needs. It’s not
about you meeting your needs.
If executive protection agents are not comfortable working in a job where the
needs of the client take precedence over their own, then they should start looking
for other work. Because 85% of what we do in corporate executive protection is
directly related to taking care of the client’s requirements for protection,
productivity, comfort and overall well-being. The other 15% of the time is spent
writing up after-action reviews and expense reports.
While executive protection agents might sometimes stay at five-star hotels and
eat at three-star restaurants, they are also the ones who clean up before the
principal arrives and make sure there’s plenty of the principal’s favorite water in
the car. They may have even washed the car between bites of a plastic sandwich.
Some people get the service mentality, others don’t. It’s not so much about
being servile as it is taking ownership of the job and consistently adapting to the
Client’s needs.
Successful executive protection agents do their jobs, and they help others in
the corporate ecosystem to do theirs, too. Because they are service minded, they
know that if they make the principal’s executive assistant, chief of staff, speech
manager or others look good, they too will look good – and the principal will be
more likely to be safe, happy and productive.
6. Self-aware
Executive protection professionals must know their strengths as well as their
weaknesses. In addition to being clear on their own goals and motivation, they
must be able to recognize how their own moods and emotions impact others.
People with a well-developed sense of self-awareness exude self-confidence.
They’re also able to laugh at themselves, and feel no need to over- or
underestimate their own abilities.
7. Self-regulating
Executive protection agents need a high degree of self-regulation in order to
stay open to change and deal with new or ambiguous situations. Good self-
regulation helps them choose their words carefully – and gives them the option of
thinking before reacting.
Great executive protection agents also master another, very particular form of
self-regulation. They are able to remain vigilant for hours on end when absolutely
nothing is happening. Moment by moment situational awareness is key to
protection.
8. Socially skilled
Executive protection agents must be able to work with people and build
relationships in order to make things happen. The best agents are born
networkers who lay the groundwork of solid connections everywhere from the C-
Suite to the hotel kitchen. They find common ground where others find barriers,
and they build good rapport wherever they can.
They’re also excellent communicators who get their message across and have
the persuasiveness to get their way more often than not. They can read a principal
and a situation; they know when it’s time to fade into the background, when it’s
time to engage in conversation; and they understand the difference between
assertiveness and aggression.

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9. Empathetic
Empathy starts with being aware of other people’s feelings, then considering
their feelings when we take action. For the executive protection agent, these “other
people” include not only the principal, but everyone else in his or her orbit – also
other folks on the executive protection team.
Empathetic executive protection agents thrive in international corporate
settings. They pick up on verbal and nonverbal cues that express an individual
personality, a corporate culture or an entire nation’s way of relating and doing
business. They recognize the needs of others. And they act accordingly.
But the empathy of good executive protection agents is controlled, not
unrestrained. Controlled empathy enables the successful executive protection
agent to temper warm compassion with cool calculation. We don’t drop protocols
to please the principal. We recognize how people are feeling, and we acknowledge
those feelings through our actions without losing site of the overall program
objectives.
Here, too, good executive protection agents understand that empathy is not
always a two-way street. It’s not about us, or our feelings; it’s about doing the job
in the best way possible.
10. Self-motivated
It is variously called drive, initiative, perseverance and being proactive. Highly
motivated executive protection agents don’t do the job for the money or the
recognition. They achieve for the sake of achievement.
A self-motivated executive protection agent is a good executive protection agent.
He or she maintains an optimistic outlook even when the chips are down. A high
degree of motivation means the performance bar is always on the way up, and
continual improvement is a way of life for the professional executive protection
team.

17
ASSESSMENT:
Test I
A. Identify the attribute or quality of a good executive protection and traits of an
effective executive protection agent in the following statements.
____________1. One of the best and example of attributes of good executive
protection agents.
____________2. An executive protection needs a special protection mix and smarts
and moxie.
____________3. An executive protection needs a high degree of self -regulation in
order to stay open to change deal with new ambiguous situation.
____________4. It is a wise and used personal judgement at all time.
____________5. Executive protection agents might sometimes stay at five-star
hotels and eat at three-star restaurants, they are also the ones who
clean up before the principal arrives and make sure there’s plenty
of the principal’s favorite water in the car.
____________6. Executive protection professionals must know their strengths as
well as their weaknesses.
____________7. Highly motivated executive protection agents don’t do the job for
the money or the recognition. They achieve for the sake of
achievement.
____________8. Executive protection agents must be able to work with people and
build relationships in order to make things happen
____________9. Executive protection agents doing close protection of a principal
are, well, close to the principal.
____________10.They are able to remain vigilant for hours on end when absolutely
nothing is happening. Moment by moment situational awareness
is key to protection.
TEST II

Match Column A to Column B by writing the corresponding letters of your answer.

Column A Column B

1.An executive protection agents must a. Being Prepared

understand and skilled with the used
of various firearms and other self
defense device.

1. One of the best knowledge of b. Professional Commitment

executive protection professional must
know to gathered information about
your principal that well help for better
prepare for his and her well -being.
2. One of the best principle of executive c. Ask for list of enemies,
protection professional is “Learn as business competitor and
Much as u can about your principal”.

3. An agents be able to put their d. Self -Motivated

personal preferences aside and stand
by client no matter what, before and
after the detail.

4. This is an example of threats that e. Social Principal

closeness extends to all kinds of
situation that never can be taught at an
executive protection school .

5. It is called drive, initiative f. Resourcefulness

perseverance and being proactive.

6. An ideal executive protection g. Martial Skills

professional must know to deal with

18
 deferent behaviors, crisis and attack
against your persons and asset.
7. One of the qualities of good executive h. Ability to Handled Firearm
protection professional is oriented of
hand combat skills, because laws
prohibit bodyguard and other civilian
from carrying guns and other similar
firearms.
8. Kidnaping is a primary threats of i. Discretion
this kind of person’s because usually a
well- planned an organizational attack
and difficult to predict this type of
attack unless prior threats have been
made.
10.This is kind of person’s thinking j.Good Judgement and
several moves ahead so that they can decision Skills
shape outcome proactively rather than
deal reactively with adverse situation.

Test III. ESSAY

Answer the following questions. Write your answer on the space provided
below. .(5 points each.)
1. What are the distinction between attributes, skills and treats?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What do you think your quality or attributes that will best contribute to your
profession someday? Explain.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. What is your greatest strength as a future executive professional someday?
Why?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. As B.S.ISM Student, what is your most challenging experience to this
Pandemic? And how did you handle it?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

5. As B.S ISM Students, what are the most major decisions you have made over
the past month of Pandemic for the safety of the community?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

20
 LESSON 3
BASIC TACTICS ON VIP PROTECTION
Topics:
1. Overview
2. Instructor preparation
3. Training program and basic tactics for VIP executive protection management

Learning Outcome:
At the end of the lesson the students should be able to:
1. Identify the different phases of a close protection operation
2. Define the role of close protection team
3. Demonstrate the techniques and tactics to be applied in support of close
protection team for the general security purposed
4. Prevent and addressing security threats that affects that affect the client’s well
–being, prioritizing core executive program needs, and
5. Identify, assess and control risks to accomplish by categorizing threats for risk
management planing and execution of the executive operation.

OVERVIEW

Protection of Government official and facilities is one of the three core tasks for
the VIPs. This main task can include protection of convoys, relocation or
evacuation of staff and intervention where necessary for the protection of staff
and in accordance with VIP capabilities.

Close protection and VIP escorts for the benefit of the United Nations,
international or national officials have been and are currently provided in several
peacekeeping missions.
It appeared that very often, the units were not prepared for this type of mission
and were directly involved in operations without any previous experience or
competence. Members directly tasked with VIP protection should act according to
the UN Manual of Guidance on Protective Services and in close cooperation with
UN security/UNDSS representatives. This manual is intended to be a resource
for protection officers and to provide standard terminology and doctrine for such
deployments, to ensure a consistently high standard of protective services,
including close protection operations, within the United Nations.
This module contains a PowerPoint theory presentation to explain and show
the various techniques. However, the majority of this module should be taught
in a practical manner using the following format:

- Explanation by the instructor

- Demonstration by the instructor

- Imitation by the students (with instructor correcting where necessary)

- Practice by the students until the technique is perfected

21
 At the end of the final stage, the instructor will be able to assess if the
student is competent in the techniques and tactics having carried out
continuous assessment throughout the preceding lessons.

The instructor should inform participants of the content, format and timing.
Knowing what to expect, participants can improve their ability to focus on the
subject and benefit better from the session.
Basic tactics on VIP protection (two hours) = lesson 1

Practice (11 hours and half of practical lessons) = lesson 2

The practice should be carried out over a number of days and the instructors
should be aware that the physically demanding nature of deploying the VIP
protection techniques must be carefully managed so that the students do not
get fatigued as this is likely to lead to injury. The training will also focus on
the drivers, as they play a crucial role during the escort of a VIP.

A number of the practical periods should be conducted in the form of

exercises which should be carried out in as realistic situation as possible with
the use of other officers acting at ‘Mob crowd’
When training a full VIP it is recommended that this module is taught to
individual Platoons/sections. Then a common assessment is scheduled to
check that the whole VIP executed the training in a similar manner.

Instructors are encouraged to add practical examples and mission specific

information related to the specific deployment of participants, if known.

Instructor Preparation
General Preparations

Equipment:

1. Computer and PowerPoint slides for lesson 1

2. Projector and Screen for lessons 1

3. Vehicles for the practical section of the training lesson 2

Training Area:

The initial lesson should be carried out in the classroom; however

subsequent lessons will need a large open area where students can work as
an VIP section and platoon. Once the ‘open ground’ tactics have been grasped
by the students, the VIP will need to practice their tactics in a more urban
situation. For this purpose, a public order village is ideal. If not available, the
exercises will be carried out in town.

22
TRAINING PROGRAM FOR VIP SECURITY EXECUTIVE PROTECTION
MANAGEMENT
Basic tactics on VIP protection

23
 It is important to understand how Close Protection Operations within the
United Nations should be conducted and how VIPs can support the Protection
teams. The goal is to minimize any exposure to threats through appropriate
planning, situation awareness and reaction.

Planning has to be carried out according to the type of mission. The support of
a VIP to a close protection team can be operated during static, mobile or direct
protection. In any case, VIP members have to be familiar with this vocabulary and
should be able to define clearly the operational principles of each situation and
establish clear coordination mechanisms between the different security actors.
Planning factors are developed.

Planners, and participating units to ensure that:

• Effective coordination can take place

• Resources are allocated and deployed appropriately
• The command structure is defined and understood
• Effective communications are arranged
• All participants are briefed effectively
During the planning phase, it is important to take in consideration the
equipment of the VIP. Operations where risks are confirmed must be carried out
with the appropriate means and vehicles. Firearms and vehicles should also be in
accordance with the Protection team expectations.

Wherever there is a need to support a Close protection team, the assessment,

design and delivery of the operation must be achieved with the maximum efficiency
and to the highest standards. Where threats are manifested, the officers will
focused.

Minimizing the impact on the Protectee by way of extraction from the threat
environment. Where the only option to achieve this is to negate the threat, this
must be done with minimal appropriate use of force and with the purpose of
facilitating the successful extraction of the Protectee from the threat
environment.When the use of firearms is unavoidable, this should be executed
with the highest degree of speed, accuracy and discipline, in accordance with the
Directives of Use of Force of the mission and the VIPs policy.
24
 Close protection tactics and technics are based on roles, schemas, methodology,
procedures that have to be known by all officers involved in operations. Training
should be delivered to all VIPs before deployment. The role of the drivers has to be
highlighted and should be the focus of the trainers.

The primary responsibility for the security and protection of staff members
rests with the host country. Senior United Nations officials can face an increased
risk of security incidents due to their potentially higher visibility and the fact that
they are often required to issue statements which may make them a focus for
hostile entities. Close protection is a viable tool to mitigate risk to the security and
dignity of United Nations officials.
The deployment of close protection except in the case of the President of the
General Assembly, the Secretary-General and the deputy Secretary-General will
be based upon a specific Security Risk Assessment (SRA) and for travel on official
business only.

25
 The Protection Officers will therefore not engage in any activity which will
compromise their ability to achieve these aims or which could indeed contribute
towards successful attacks against the Protectee.

The Designated Official in the location to be visited or assigned to remains

accountable for ensuring that the senior DSS personnel in the field, normally the
Chief Security Adviser (CSA) produces the following documents;

• The Security Risk Assessment,

• The Concept of Security
• The Operational Plan
The Concept of Security is a broad overview of the security requirements for the
operation, including arrival and departure protocols, during movement,
Accommodation and office or event location, and medical support. It includes the
division of responsibility between the Host Country and United Nations, the chain
of command for the operation and the intended providers for each requirement. It
also outlines any additional assets not available in country which DSS must
source.

The Operational Plan is a detailed schedule of the implementation of the

Concept of Security, with timings and contingencies for each phase of the
operation and emergency actions, communications schedules and contact details
and linkage with host country. The Plan is to be kept strictly confidential and
would not normally be shared beyond the Designated Official, CSA and
implementing partners.

Direct Protection Planning

The planning cycle should involve consideration of the following:

• Communication and negotiation with the member state or host nation,
• Ensuring that the threat and risk to a Protectee are correctly identified by
the member state or host nation,
26
 • Utilizing threat assessments and intelligence to inform the program
undertaken,
• Leveraging the necessary security measures appropriate to the threat and
risks to the Protectee,
• Liaison between the Protectee and the member state or host nation to help
in minimizing the risk, and
• Briefing the Protectee on the threat and risk, and any change in the
intelligence picture.

Mobile Protection Planning

Current threat levels and any relevant intelligence or circumstances that may
affect arrangements for the escort:

• The proposed number and type of vehicles in the convoy

• The standard of the drivers employed
• Departure and arrival times for the venue(s), and whether timings are
critical
• Any special requirements, e.g. escort to within 1 mile of venue and then
allow for unescorted covert arrival
• Details of any specific hospital to be used in relation to a Protectee ’s medical
condition (if relevant)
• Suitable hospitals, places of safety and rest areas
The Team Leader will then assess the risk for the escort and consider:
• The number of motorcycles required and experience level of escorting
officers
• The deployment of a marked Lead Car and/or Rear Car or four wheel drive
vehicle
• Routes to be used between venues, including alternatives
• Timings
• Traffic conditions anticipated
• Known hazards that may affect the smooth running or security of the escort
• Any tactical considerations at the points of departure or arrival
• Anticipated weather conditions
• Public order issues
• Other environmental factors that may require further control measures
• Relevant reporting lines and codes that will be provided by the convoy to the
Watch Officer or command element.

27
 Static Protection Planning
•
• The Operational Phase may be further separated into three Phases
described and commented in the following slides.

1- Direct Protection
The aim of Direct Protection is to:

 Eliminate or reduce the opportunity to attack during

movement by foot, by using individual skills, team skills
and formations to place human barriers between the
protected asset and a potential attacker or, the means
by which an attack may be delivered and the effect
immediate extraction should it be required to prevent
additional attacks from taking place.

The Direct Protection phase specifically relates to movement of the Protection

Officers by foot. Protection is provided to the Protectee by the direct intervention
of the Officers rather than by the vehicle or physical security mitigating measures.
Direct Protection highlights individual skills as well as team skills. Moving in
various foot formations will assist in mitigating the various types of threat and
environments encountered. However all formations rely on the individual skills
and professionalism of the Officers to work as a cohesive mitigation measure.

Threats to the Protectee during the Direct Protection phase have an increased
impact. Without the mitigation of armored vehicles, perimeter walls etc., attacks

28
such as explosive devises or shots fired have fewer defensive mechanisms to
penetrate before causing the Protectee harm.

Direct Protection is also where Protection Officers are most visible to the public.
Their conduct must therefore be beyond reproach to the general public, and
immediate, appropriate and proportionate to an attacker.
Movement by foot will be required in various circumstances including arrival
and departures at airports or train stations, movement within specific venues, and
during all embus and debus drills.

Direct protection is a custom made service which depends upon and is

sensitive to the full spectrum of factors considered in the risk management process.
In its smallest deployment, a Close Protection Unit comprises:

 One PPO assigned to the Protectee (BG).

 At least three Protection Officers acting in the Personal Escort Team
(in most of the formations developed below, the number of Protection
officers is four)

These officers will require two vehicles, one for the Protectee and PPO and one
for the PET. The drivers for these vehicles must be provided in addition to the
Close Protection Unit in this configuration.
From this basic package, the operational command will determine what type
and number of additional assets are required, particularly in the roles to be
fulfilled by the Protection Support Team.
The choice of foot formation will depend on the threat, the number of officers
assigned, and also the visual impact desired. Each formation has positive and
negative aspects, however all formations should include a ‘layered’ defense of
concentric rings with the PPO forming the most inner ring of security and Officers
of the Personal Escort Team providing at least one additional layer of in depth
security: Box, Diamond and V formations.

29
 The position of each officer of the close Protection Unit is defined.
The Body Guard (PPO) is assigned directly of the protectee (VIP). In the event of
an attack or other serious incident, the immediate tactical response of the PPO
will be to take control of and extract the Protectee from the area of danger. The
PPO has the specific role of acting as bodyguard and should not be distracted from
this duty by also having the responsibility for delivering orders and coordinating
the actions of the Close Protection Unit. The Personal Protection Officer (PPO)
assigned to the Protectee will remain with the Protectee at all times and acts as
the last line of defence.

In the box formation, the 4 protection officers in the PET are taking position at
the corner of an “imaginary” box and have their own area of responsibility. The
Personal Escort Team (PET) provides a second layer of protection in close proximity
to the Protectee. When operating on foot, these officers will maintain visual and
verbal communication with the PPO at distances dictated by the environment.
When conducting a vehicle move, these officers will travel in an additional vehicle
to the convoy. In the event of incident on foot, the PET will respond to a threat
where necessary and provide cover during the extraction of the Protectee. In
vehicle moves where the Protectee Vehicle is mobilized and cannot self-extract, the
PET will provide all round tactical defense of the Protectee Vehicle, and thereby
the Protectee, whilst the threat and medical status are determined, and the
extraction is planned.

The box formation offers to the protectee a clear view in front of him.

30
 The position of each officer of the close Protection Unit is defined.
In the diamond formation, the 4 protection officers in the PET are taking
position at the corner of an “imaginary” lozenge and have their own area of
responsibility. The Body Guard (PPO) is assigned directly of the protectee (VIP).
The diamond formation looks more aggressive to the crowd.

The position of each officer of the close Protection Unit is defined.

In the box formation, the 4 protection officers in the PET are taking position
following the lines of an “imaginary” V and have their own area of responsibility.
The Body Guard (PPO) is assigned directly of the protectee (VIP).

The V formation is very often used when the team and the protectee is passing
through a crowd.

31
 Slide 15
Slide 15 low profile formation with two close protection officers. In some
countries, police officers don’t speak about close protection when the protection
team is composed by less than three members.

Slide 16

Slide 16 low profile formation with three close protection officers. This schema
is the most common system used by the French protection team.

32
 slide 17
Slide 17 illustrates a low profile formation with four close protection officers.
In this case, one officer is fully dedicated to the Protectee and is in charge of his
extraction and evacuation

slide 18
It is important to note that the host country has jurisdiction in the event of an
attack and therefore assumes responsibility for any response. However, the
protection package must fulfil their responsibility in removing the Protectee from
the threat in accordance with relevant UN policies and procedures.
The primary role of Protection Officers during an incident is to extract the
Protectee to a safe haven. Safe rooms, hardened rooms or exits leading back to the
Protectee Vehicle must be located and reconnaissance made to determine their
suitability. Escape routes must be identified to each safe location.

33
 For extended movement on foot, rally points must be identified along the route
That in the event of incident and the resulting confusion, the Protection Officers
can extract the Protectee, re-organise at clearly understood locations and
consolidate the team before moving on.
The close protection unit can be supported by a Quick Reaction Force or police
officers in case of visit in a sensitive area or presenting risks of incidents. The
positions of these support elements are described in the following slides from 19
to 22.

slide 19

slide 20

34
 Slide 21
Slides 19 to 21 show the position of FPU members in case of support to foot
formations.

Slide 22

Slide 22 shows FPU members moving on the sides of a foot formation. This
tactic is principally used while escorting a delegation and when the public is
positioned on both sides of the road.

35
 Slide 23

The communication in close protection is crucial and present at all steps of

direct protection, starting from the exit of the Protectee ’s office or house till his
return. Particular attention has to be paid during the phases of movement, by
foot, while embarking or disembarking, or in case of aggression.

As during public order operation, all means are used to broadcast information,
namely by radio, verbal, signs or eyes contacts. Communication should be
discreet, except in case of attack, when it is necessary to catch immediately the
attention of the whole protection team.

In this case, the officer who first faces any type of danger is in charge of
announcing it.

Slide 24

36
The announce aims to inform on :
• The nature of the danger
• The direction where it is coming from

In most of the countries, the direction is defined clockwise.

• 12h = danger coming from the front
• 3h = danger coming from the right
• 6h = danger coming from the back
• 9h = danger coming from the left

Slide 25

When the danger is announced, the protection team splits into two modules.
The first module “Fixation module” is in charge to response to the threat by
neutralizing the aggressor when necessary and possible. The second module
called “Evacuation module” is in charge of the extraction/evacuation of the
Principal.

It is obvious that the two modules have to act/react in coordination, and that
one cannot achieve his task without the support/action of the other.

37
 Slide 26 – 30
Slides 26 to 30 illustrate the role of these two modules.

Slide 31
In case of contact/aggression, a report is immediately made through the “LIAR”
frame.

Essential information need to be broadcasted to the command post in order to

facilitate the decision making. LIAR means that information has to be given on:
• Where the aggression is taking place
• Who are the attackers
• What is the reaction of the protection team
• What the team needs

38
 Slide 32

Mobile protection refers to an extensive range of available counter-measures,

applied during movement by vehicle of the Protectee between venues, to mitigate
a perceived or actual threat. The threat may be from terrorists, criminals,
politically disruptive groups, fixated persons, self-publicists and lone adventurers.

FPUs are more and more requested to support close protection teams and to
provide with mobile protection. The role of these vehicles is not always well
understood and known by FPUs commanders and members. FPUs should be
trained accordingly prior their deployment within the mission area.

At the same time, FPU coordination should also be familiar with this type of
recurrent tasks. Massive arrival of VIPs occurred several times in the past in
peacekeeping missions. FPUs have to be able to fully integrate and sustain a close
protection operational plan developed by UN security without any problem.

Slide 33
Slide 33 is summarizing the different definitions in order to clarify the
terminology used in connection with the Mobile Protection Phase.

39
 Slide 34

In addition to any terrorist or criminal threat to which a Protectee or other

protected asset is subject, mobile protection operations are also vulnerable to the
normal hazards of travelling by road.
The drivers of vehicles used in Mobile Protection, whether overt or covert, must
at all times drive according to the type and level of training they have received, and
remain responsible for the driving decisions they make.
Although speed of transit may be desirable in some operations, priority must
be given to ensuring the transit is completed safely for the Protectee, the general
public and for the Protection Officers themselves.
It is an appropriate requirement for all escort drivers to be properly trained in
“Defensive Driving Techniques” and only those properly authorized should be
used for this purpose.
Please refer to the FPU policy and the gradation of use of force to explain that
vehicles may constitute lethal force and that drivers are accountable for their
actions.
Responsibility for the manner in which vehicles are used rests with the drivers
who may have to justify their actions in legal proceedings.

40
 Slide 35

Officers in charge of UN Mobile Protection should assess the specific

circumstances of each operation and decide upon a relevant protection strategy,
using the risk management process. This will enable other component elements,
including direct and static protection, to support the package in the most
appropriate and cost effective way and thereafter for the appropriate level of
resourcing to be deployed.
The movement by road of Protectee s need not always entail a formal escort. It
may often be more appropriate, subject to the risk management decision, for the
Personal Protection Officer (PPO) accompanying the Protectee to use a low profile,
covert approach with unannounced movements and discreet points of arrival and
departure. For example, for a Protectee at high threat but on private engagements,
it may be appropriate to provide a high security but low profile operation. In such
cases, if an Escort is required, the use of armed motorcyclists to facilitate progress,
without road closures or other high profile activities may be the most effective
measure. Alternatively, an entirely covert mobile operation may be preferable.
For a high security and high profile operation, a carefully managed and
coordinated
Escort including motorcyclists, supported by more heavily armed officers in
cars, together with an overt or covert counter assault capability and other tactics,
including decoys, may be required.
It is important that all officers engaged in the component parts of the protection
package are aware of the protection strategy and the risks giving rise to it. This
enables managers, event planners, and participating units to ensure that:
• Effective coordination can take place
• Resources are allocated and deployed appropriately
• The command structure is defined and understood
• Effective communications are arranged
• All participants are briefed effectively

41
 Slide 36

In principle a convoy (which does not form part of a military convoy) should not
contain more than five vehicles otherwise it becomes unwieldy. Non-essential
vehicles not performing a specific task must be excluded. The practice of forming
a second, separate convoy with its own escort arrangements may be considered if
required.
Most convoys will consist of no more than four vehicles. Four is an ideal number;
fewer vehicles make it easier to identify the Protectee ’s car and thus contribute to
compromising the occupant. All vehicles should conform to the same performance
standard where possible.
All vehicles used should have four doors and depending on the threat should
be ballistically protected, including the windows, door panels and undercarriage.
All convoy vehicles should be fitted with front passenger rear view mirrors. Vehicle
engines should be kept running until a Protectee is secure inside a building and
should be started in plenty of time before the Protectee returns to allow it to reach
its normal working temperature.
Convoy vehicles should always be kept fully fuelled and in any case never be
allowed to fall below half half full exclusive of any reserve tanks.

42
 Slides 37 and 38

Slides 37 and 38 are listed the different types of vehicles to be used during a
convoy (VIP escort/movement).

The role of each of them is developed in the slides 39 and 40.

Slides 39 and 40

43
Point Car

The Point Car driver is for responsible ensuring the route selected remains
clear and travels at a distance in advance of the main convoy so that if a route is
no longer suitable the Protectee Vehicle can take an alternate route without
being forced to slow or stop. Traffic control if required is managed by the local
police and the Pilot Car should maintain communication with these authorities.
The driver of the Point Car alone is responsible for negotiating the selected route.
The Point Car travels well ahead of the convoy, controlling and managing the
traffic in front of it to ensure a non-stop journey or to notify the Convoy
Commander of any obstructions or blockages.
The Point Car officer is responsible for relaying the instructions of the Point Car
driver by radio to the Lead Car and for maintaining an accurate location of the
Point Car to both the Convoy Commander and the Watch Officer. The exact
location of the convoy in transit is of crucial importance, particularly in the event
of an incident.

By being remote from the immediate vicinity of an attack on the convoy, the
Point Car will be best able to radio for assistance.

Lead Car
The Lead Car driver is responsible for the speed and position of the convoy on
the road. It is important that the speed of the convoy is such that it enables the
Point Car to manage the traffic safely and efficiently.
The Lead Car driver should follow the instructions of the Point Car and, by
watching the situation ahead and judging speed and distance, maintain a sterile
area around the convoy wherever possible.
The Lead Car officer is responsible for relaying the instructions of the Point Car
to the Lead Car driver. The officer must also remain tactically aware and alert to
any vehicles that may be attempting to interfere with or threaten the integrity of
the convoy.
The Lead Car is responsible for ensuring that there is enough room for the
convoy to move as one.
The Lead Vehicle will also carry national staff used for translation, coordination
with host country escort, vehicles and navigational support.

Protectee Vehicle
The Protectee vehicle is used to transport the Protectee and is driven by the
Protectee Driver. He should follow the instructions of the Lead Car and, by
watching the situation ahead and judging speed and distance, maintain a sterile
area around the convoy as required in accordance with the Operational Plan.
The Protectee Driver is also responsible for ensuring the smoothest ride
possible for the Protectee in normal circumstances, as well as the highest level of
defensive driving skills in the event of incident.

44
 The Personal Protection Officer will travel in the Protectee Vehicle and is
responsible for providing cover to the Protectee, communication with the convoy
and preparing for the use of firearms and transfer to an alternate vehicle if the
Principal Vehicle is immobilised.

Protection Escort Team (PET) Car

The Protection Escort Team Car is used to transport Protection Officers only.
Of the convoy vehicles, the PET Car may drive the most abruptly, using blocking
tactics to prevent following vehicles from intercepting the convoy.
In the case of low profile convoy operations, the PET vehicle may opt to
increase the distance between the Protectee Vehicle and the PET vehicle in order
to reduce the profile of the convoy however, at no time should the PET vehicle be
unable to observe the Protectee vehicle nor be at a distance that exceeds to effective
range of the firearms carried in the PET vehicle.
In the event of incident the vehicle may be used as a shield for the Protectee
Vehicle and deploy Protection officers to engage with the threat as required. The
PET Car will be used to transport the Protectee in the event of the Principal Vehicle
becoming immobilized.

Pilot Vehicle
Where a convoy travels across unfamiliar boundaries a Pilot Car may be
provided subject to an appropriate threat assessment. The Pilot car provides:
• Enhanced communication within that area, and
• Detailed working knowledge of local routes and conditions.

Rear Vehicle
Rear Vehicles will be utilized only in high profile mobile security operations.
The driver of the Rear Car should maintain a sterile area to the rear of the
convoy in order to prevent encroachment on the convoy from that direction and
alert the PET Car to anyone attempting to do so.

Counter Assault Team (CAT) Vehicles

The inclusion of a CAT should be considered only for particularly high threat
escorts. CAT is deployed to oppose an attack, either to protect the Protectee directly
or to cover the withdrawal of the Protectee.
A CAT may be deployed in uniform or covertly, depending on the decision to
adopt a high or low profile escort.
Where movement of a Protectee is part of a wider operation, a CAT should only
be deployed after consultation between the Protection Coordinator and the other
interested agencies.
Under some circumstances, additional CPOs assigned the role of Counter
Assault Officers may travel in the PET or Rear Vehicle in order to further reduce
the profile of the convoy while maintaining an enhanced support capability.

45
Sweep Car
The sweep car is normally staffed by three officers, each armed with handguns
and two with enhanced firearms capability. Although part of the overall convoy
deployment, the Sweep Car operates as a detached component, shadowing the
convoy from a discreet distance so that it is not likely to be caught up immediately
in an attack on the convoy.
However, it should be well placed to respond to other vehicles that pose a threat
to the integrity of the convoy or to an ambush. Should an incident occur, officers
would provide contingent tactical support to the main convoy, and the driver will
assume responsibility for communications and coordinate external assistance to
the convoy.

The Sweep Car will also assist the main convoy by:
• Stopping to deal with any incident where immediate action is required such as
another convoy vehicle being involved in a minor traffic accident.
• Where a convoy vehicle is disabled or breaks down, the Sweep Car will provide
immediate replacement, thus preserving the integrity of the convoy structure and
function

Slide 41

FPUs may be involved in the security of several VIPs, provide UN security with
additional armoured vehicles for the escort and play a key role in securing the road
(advanced car, junctions…). The image of FPUs may also be seen more “less”
aggressive than an escort composed of military vehicles. The FPUs are taking part
of the convoy as PC or LC and RC or SC in most of the cases.

46
 Slide 42

Effective communications within, from and to the convoy and with any Host
Country Escort are vital and need careful consideration as a key operational
feature of the protection plan. An effective solution to the communication structure
is potentially complex.
Standard radio channels may be heavily monitored by enthusiasts and others and
are therefore unsuitable for the transmission of confidential information. Where
communications depend on such systems, the maintenance of radio silence
should be observed, except in emergencies.
For operations where high security is required, the use of robust, reliable
encrypted systems is highly recommended.
In all communications, whether encrypted or not, it is important that venue
and road names are not given in plain language. Coded alternatives are
recommended.
Where possible, all vehicles in an escorted convoy should have direct car-to-car
communications. The need is increased during high threat/risk operations where
ancillary vehicles may need to be excluded during the movement if intelligence is
received en route of a raised or imminent threat of attack.
Convoy Internal Communications
The benefit of a dedicated car-to-car radio channel within the convoy has been
clearly identified. It allows for the continuous flow of information required for
convoy cohesion and control as well as the ability to respond immediately to a
dynamic situation.
Communications with Venues
Radio communication with venues or points of arrival should be established
wherever possible. When a convoy stops at, or is in the final approach to, the point
of arrival, its vulnerability is greatly increased.
Real-time information or situation reports from the venue to the convoy will enable
the escort to manage the arrival efficiently and safely, hold off or abort the
approach if circumstances require and re-route to an alternative point of arrival.

47
Communications with other Areas
Where cross border movement occurs, links should be maintained with the
original communications centre until they are firmly established with the new area.
This may require the newly receiving monitoring station to communicate receipt of
convoy communications back to the original monitoring station after potential
periods of radio
‘dead spots’.

Radio Call Signs

Notwithstanding the global UN radio communications protocols, it is good practice
for radio call signs to be changed regularly, particularly for on-going or repeat
escort operations. The repeated use of the same call signs introduces avoidable
operational vulnerability to hostile.

Slides 43 to 58

FPUs may be tasked to provide a VIP with an escort. In this case, FPU drivers
have to be aware of and familiar with the driving tactics used in order to prevent
any attack and provide the principal with adequate security.

Slides 43 to 58 show the movement of a convoy constituted by the Protectee

vehicle and the Protection Escort Team vehicle (FPU vehicle or not) in case of
overtaking by a third vehicle. In anticipation of an overtaking by an unknown
vehicle, the PET starts moving toward the middle of the road in order to protect
the PV.

At the same time, the driver of the PV moves to his right in order to facilitate
the manoeuvre of the driver of the PET vehicle. The movements have to be
coordinated and initiated upon order of the PET leader. The PET vehicle places
itself between the PV and the unknown vehicle in order to prevent from any attack.

The two vehicles return to their initial position after the overtaking.
After showing several times the movements of the vehicles, practical exercises have
to be proposed and executed.

48
 Slides 59 to 74

After the case of mobile protection with one vehicle, slides 59 to 74 show the
movement of a convoy constituted by the Protectee vehicle and the Protection
Escort Team vehicle (FPU vehicle or not) in case of overtaking by a third vehicle.
In this situation, the LC and PET car move toward the middle of the road in order
to protect the PV. The driver of the PV initiates his movement to the right side of
the road upon order of the PET leader.

The vehicles in charge of the Protectee protection return to their initial position
after the overtaking.

After showing several times the movements of the vehicles, practical exercises
have to be proposed and executed.

Slide 75

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 Slide 76

Since it is likely that an attack will focus on the core of the convoy, i.e. Lead Car,
Protectee Vehicle or PET Car, the immediate radio alert will enable those not
directly involved to inform the relevant command centre, provide an exact location,
give a situation report and summon assistance.
This function will usually fall to the Point Car, but in the potentially confused
circumstances of a sudden attack, if not immediately undertaken by the Point Car,
by any officer able to make the broadcast.
Where an attempt is made by an attacker to halt the convoy, e.g. by a vehicle
driven across the route, this should wherever possible be skirted, allowing the
convoy to move on. If this cannot be achieved, ramming to remove the obstruction
is a further option provided:
• The circumstances can be fully justified
• The probability of removing the obstruction outweighs that of disabling the
ramming vehicle
• The Protectee Vehicle should not engage in ramming unless completely
unavoidable

During operations conducted in remote environments or in circumstances

where definitive care is expected to be further than sixty minutes from the convoy
position at any time, medical assets should be assigned to the convoy or staged at
predesignated points along the route. This may include host country or United
Nations medical assets.

50
 Slide 77 - 85

Slides 77 to 85 illustrate the tactic to be used by the PET vehicle in case of

attack on the left side of the road.

The main objective is to protect the PV by placing the PET vehicle between the
PV and the place from where shooters are in action.

86 to 94 Slides

Same comments as per slides 77 to 85

51
 Slides 95 to 117

Slides 95 to117 illustrate the tactic to be used by the PET vehicle in case of
attack coming from the front of the convoy. The main objective is to protect the PV
by placing the PET vehicle between the PV and the place from where shooters are
in action. In this case, the PET vehicle overtakes the PV and stops its progression.
Use of firearms is done according to the principles of self-defence. Following this
manoeuvre, the two vehicles start moving backward. The PV is always under the
protection of the PET vehicle during the whole process.

Slide 18 -121

Slides 118 to121 illustrate the tactic to be used by the PET vehicle in case of
attack coming from the back of the convoy. The PET vehicle is already in position
to protect the PV. It keeps moving forward, and using force according to the
principles of self-defence.

52
 Slide 122-125

Slides 122 to125 illustrate the tactic to be used by the PET vehicle or the Point
Car in case of roadblocks placed on the road. In this case, when feasible, the
convoy makes a U turn and moves in the opposite direction. Roadblocks may be
used to ambush the convoy. In case of presence of removable objects, the PET
vehicle or PC can be used as a hammer in order to remove the objects. The priority
is here to keep the convoy moving, without any stop that may put the Principal in
danger.

Slide 126

Recent world events have demonstrated graphically the capability and intent of
terrorist groups to pursue their ends against static targets. While these
horrendous acts may be foremost in our minds it should also be recognized that
other incidents of criminal activity and events of public disorder can also have a
serious impact on United Nations security.
This reality has lead security professionals to increase awareness and introduce
effective counter-measures, such as personal protection, armed security guards,
restricted access and routine search regimes by properly trained staff at United

53
Nations premises and many other locations and buildings to which UN staff travel
or access.
What is required for all static protection operations is the proper application of
risk management together with sound, well thought out and effective protection
methods and principles.
Many of the static protection measures currently used by the United Nations
have been established and developed within the system over a long period of time;
in the current security climate however as the threat against its staff has become
more widespread and frequent so the United Nations is increasingly basing its
future security systems on knowledge gained from member states and their
contemporaneous experiences with international terrorism.
Methods to counter new threats from terrorism continue to be developed and
the United Nations must ensure that it always stays ahead of this challenge, or
suffer the inevitable consequences.
Static protection refers to an extensive range of available counter-measures,
applied at, outside or within perimeters to protect a person, activity or place from
a perceived threat. The threat may be from terrorists, criminals, politically
disruptive groups, fixated persons, self-publicists and lone adventurers.

Slide 127

Information Gathering
The foundation of any risk management process is the availability of
information. Information is made available to the United Nations through a
variety of means. It is essential that security practitioners have a complete
understanding of the need to collect or gather information, the recognition that
not all information has value, and that the collection of information within the
UN context is strictly for the safety and security of UN personnel and assets.
Information gathering is the key prerequisite for the risk management
process, effective operational planning and decisions on the command structure
and resourcing.

54
 It is unlikely that first intimation of an event will provide enough information
to do anything but enable initial scoping for the event and indicate the type of
information which is likely to be required.
Effective information gathering will depend primarily on two main activities:
• Liaison
• Reconnaissance

Liaison
The importance of the role of liaison in planning for static protection
operations cannot be overstated. Virtually all static protection operations are
conducted in partnership with other organisations and groups whose active co-
operation is vital however, not always forthcoming.
The range of issues is potentially vast, but it should include anything which
provides and exchanges essential knowledge, establishes co-operation, promotes
clarity of aims and mutual expectations, such as:
• Identification of all stakeholders, their roles and responsibilities
• Details of organisational structures, and links between respective functional
levels i.e. policy, executive and service delivery levels of an organisation,
• Conditions that any stakeholders may impose,
• The circumstances under which an event will be discontinued and the
method and ownership for such decisions, and means by which this will be
communicated,
• The conditions under which a venue will be evacuated,
• Clarification of the role, powers (including armed response and the use of
force) and capability of security staff, either permanent or temporarily
contracted for the specific event,
• Copy lists of invited and confirmed guests, chronology of events, copies of
invitations, car passes and any other relevant materials, such as plans,
maps and contact lists, etc.
• Specimen copies of all staff passes and badges, etc Liaison with organisers
and partners should be seen as ongoing rather than as a one-time only
process and a suitable officer should be appointed to undertake the role.
Effective liaison ensures that each operation is flexibly tailored to its specific
needs and avoids the dangers which may stem from insensitive application
of an illfitting standard package.

Reconnaissance
The aim of reconnaissance is to gain a thorough tactical appreciation of the area
of operations, its inherent strengths and vulnerabilities. Maps and plans, no
matter how detailed, will not reveal the extent to which a venue is overlooked by
surrounding buildings, or trees that obstruct the view into or from a venue in
different seasons. During periods of conducting reconnaissance, as with all other
operational phases, Officers should carry out hostile surveillance detection
strategies, being aware that reconnaissance in itself may compromise operational
intent and planning strategies.

55
 Urban street plans give no indication of topography, lines of sight or ambient
lighting, etc. Temporary environmental factors, such as the presence of scaffolding
or road work, can only be ascertained by recent reconnaissance.
Where possible, reconnaissance should be carried out on the same day of the
week and time of day as the proposed event to gauge the volume of normal
pedestrian and vehicular movement and assess the extent to which they are likely
to be affected or interfered with by static protection measures.
The use of a digital or video camera is recommended during reconnaissance to
assist in both planning and later briefing. These should be supplemented by aerial
photographs taken from relevant perspectives particularly in ‘High Risk’ locations.
An officer conducting reconnaissance of premises should, whenever possible, be
accompanied by a person intimately familiar with them, their access and through
routes, normal functions, occupants and contingencies, and the extent of existing
security arrangements.
Knowledge of works recently carried out in a building, or visits by external
contractors, should be sought in relevant cases. Local intelligence units should
not be overlooked as a potentially valuable source of information about factors
affecting a venue’s security.

Slide 128

Maps & Plans

Maps and detailed floor plans of a venue and its surroundings must be of good
quality, an appropriate scale and as up to date as possible. Inaccurate or illegible
plans are a potential liability.
Specialised maps and plans of subterranean structures of sewers, drainage
systems, service conduits, etc. if available, should be obtained where appropriate.
Protection Strategy
The protection strategy meeting will normally be chaired by the UN security and
the Host Country authorities, together with any other specialists who may be
identified. Whether protection is the primary strategic aim, or is embedded in a
larger operation as one of several aims, a separate static protection plan should
be developed. The protection strategy meeting will assist all those involved to
56
identify the aims of the operation and lay the groundwork for planning and
operational coordination. Although developed separately, the protection plan must
integrate with (or at least take account of) any other strategic intentions to avoid
a conflict of aims.
Protection planning should make full use of the risk management process
which focuses clearly on relevant issues.
Planning & Tasking Meeting
The senior Security Advisor will normally chair the protection planning and
tasking meeting. Where a Protection Coordinator is appointed, it will normally be
for that officer to develop the protection plan and task the contributing units to
meet the tactical plans and strategic aims.
The Protection Coordinator, who is extensively briefed on the Protectees involved,
should also take part where an operation is complex or involves the coordination
of the protection teams for a number of Principals.
Composition
The composition of the protection planning group should reflect the range of
protection and support specialist units involved. Representatives of other
strategic aims should also attend to ensure that protection planning does not
develop in isolation.
Planning Development
Where appointed, Protection Coordinators will normally act as the liaison
between the participating or contributing protection units, develop the protection
plan in consultation with them, and submit it for approval. Protection
Coordinators will usually remain responsible for ongoing review of the plan to
ensure its continued relevance to changing circumstances.
Site Meetings
In addition to any formal planning and tasking meetings, it is good practice to
hold a site meeting with event organisers and representatives of relevant groups.
Each will have perspectives, needs and interests relevant to their own
specialization which need to be rationalised and coordinated towards the common
strategic aim. Mutual expectations should be clarified.
Advance Planning
Many large-scale events require planning to begin well in advance. It is
important that the risk management process is revisited periodically to ensure that
the original planning assumptions, decisions on counter-measures and rationale
for them remain relevant. Risk assessment is a dynamic process requiring
constant revision.

Briefing
Briefing provides the vital link between those who planned the protection
package and those who will deliver it. Whilst general or joint briefings provide
necessary understanding of the context and structure of an operation, a specific
briefing on protection issues for those involved in delivering it must always be
carried out.

57
 They should include the threat assessment in as much detail as the sensitivity
of the intelligence on which it is based allows. Full understanding of the threat will
enable individual officers to deal more effectively and appropriately with the
circumstances they encounter than information limited to a neutral statement of
the threat level.
Where the threat assessment is credibly supported by intelligence, the
commitment of those providing protection is likely to be enhanced if the
intelligence can be shared with them.
Where circumstances permit, briefing in situ should be considered. This will
improve tactical appreciation of the operating environment and the relevance of
the protection plan for those delivering it. Where this cannot be done, the use of
good quality photographs (including aerial), and clear accurate maps will serve as
acceptable alternatives.
A reminder of relevant legal powers may be appropriate during briefing.
Contingencies, and the circumstances which will initiate them, should be
explained fully.

Slide 129

Planning for defence in depth requires consideration and definition of the

location and function of each of several possible perimeters. It allows for the
possible compromise of an outer perimeter without significant increase in
vulnerability of the protected person, place or activity, i.e. an outer perimeter
providing and early warning indicator and delaying factor to any hostile approach.
Defence in depth relies on presenting an attacker with a series of perimeters,
each of which increases the risk to them of:
• Detection • Delay, or
• Defeat.
Defence in depth buys time during which inner perimeters may be alerted to a
breach or emerging threat, and to institute dynamic counter-measures or the
initiation of contingencies.
The term perimeter obviously includes hard or physical structures such as
fences and walls, but also includes other means such as human perimeters
consisting of uniform security on cordons, fixed posts or foot patrols and
58
plainclothes officers deployed to-surveillance detection, mobile units on random,
short, or targeted patrols along perimeters or in defined perimeter areas.

There are no hard and fast rules about the siting and function of any particular
perimeter. These issues must be considered and determined in relation to:
• Each specific static protection operation,
• The environment within which it is taking place, and
• The threat or threats to which it is subject.

Slide 130

The range of options is broad, but may include any combination of the following:
• Armed security, vehicle screening, patrols, providing deterrent high visibility
and capable of providing immediate armed intervention or support;
• Surveying, identifying and monitoring potential weapons launch sites for
mortar base plates (MBP) rocket propelled grenades (RPG) and man portable
air defence system missiles (MANPADS), according to the launch site profile
for each weapon type;
• Searches of car and truck parks for VBIEDs on or near an intended
approach route;
• Searches and vehicle checks in streets leading to the protected event;
• Host Country traffic patrol points to regulate, segregate and control
movement of vehicles towards a protected event;
• Discreet identification and research (ownership and occupancy, etc) of
buildings and other structures overlooking approach routes, venues or
points of arrival;
• Overt or covert observation of vehicles and pedestrians moving towards an
event

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 Slide 131

Intermediate perimeter may include:

• Use of uniform security officers, road signs or concrete anti-ram blocks
where necessary, admission ticket, points of entry and other vulnerable
locations
• Establishment of a continuous visible line of demarcation, with tape,
barriers or fencing, to distinguish clearly to those approaching a change of
status between controlled and uncontrolled space. Where instituted, a
demarcation line must be staffed appropriately to maintain its integrity and
deal as necessary with infractions;
• Use of appropriate signs and information boards should be considered
where this will assist individuals to know what is expected of them and to
reinforce a perimeter.

In the inner perimeter, search of an appropriate type or combination of types

before the event should be carried out in order to detect, remove or disable a
device, weapon or harmful substance concealed in advance for use during the
event. Once searched, the area must be kept sterile.
• Take control of the perimeter and place personnel to keep the area secure.
• Escort the Protectee
• Secure and control all escape routes from the venue
• Secure all areas that the Protectee might move to be placing covert personnel
there
• Set up and secure a safe haven or holding room within the venue

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 Slide 132

Slide 132 illustrates an example of the different perimeters described above.

Slide 133
The overall security of a protection operation depends largely on how well
the advance team searches the venue during the operational advance phase.
The team must allow enough time for a through unrushed search, with consent
from the owner of the premises or a designated representative.
The advance team must know what they are searching for. They must be
able to locate and recognize anything that may pose a threat to the Protectee,
for example explosives or electronic devices. Once the advance team has
searche an area, the area must be secured.

61
 Slide 134

The three basic rules for searching the venue are as follows:

• Search from outside to the inside

• Search from the bottom to the top
• Investigate all possible hiding places and articles

Slide 135

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 Slide 136

The officers should be given a summary of the key points of the lesson before
being asked if they have any questions.

63
ASSESSMENT:

1. Simulation and Modeling

2. Scenario Identification
a. Direct Protection crowd control

b. Closed Protection

c. Mobile Protection

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 LESSON 4
DEFENSIVE DRIVING TECHNIQUES FOR EXECUTIVE
PROTECTION
Learning Outcome:
At the end of the course the studenst will be able to:
1. Explain the need for vehicle security and precautions taken to
maintain this security
2. Describe the risk assessment implications with regards to the use of
vehicles.
3. Explain the need for alternative transport plans
4. Describe the variety of vehicle and driving arrangements and how this
impacts on the role of the close protection operative and team;
5. Demonstrate how to embark and disembark from a vehicle in a variety
of scenarios, and
6. Explain the legal obligations close protection must undertake
regarding the use.

USE OF CLOSE PROTECTION VEHICLE TECHNIQUES (Basic Driving

Skills)
Most drivers think they are better drivers than everyone else, but if that was
the case where did all those bad drivers come from? Almost all accidents are
caused by human error and in particular due to unsafe driving practices or
negligence
Almost a third of all accidents are rear end shunts, and you wouldn’t be the
first PES driver to shunt the Principal’s vehicle during a moment’s loss of
concentration. Many accidents are the result of simply driving too close to the
vehicle in front, which is a problem for us because very often while escorting
a Principal a driver will remain quite close so that no other vehicle can jump
in between the convoy.
What makes a good driver?
CONFIDENCE! That’s what... He handles the vehicle efficiently and
effectively with the ride being smooth, with the car and driver operating as
one whilst practicing skilful and effortless use of the controls. The driver will
have excellent observation skills, with the ability to remain alert throughout
even the longest of drives (Condition YELLOW). He will be actively scanning
through 360 degrees, matching his vehicle’s speed to the road conditions and
the situation on the ground. He will have a highly developed sense of hazard
awareness and display an excellent attitude to other road users AT ALL TIMES
Contrary to what we all like to believe, we are not all good drivers. Some
people are drawn into this aspect of CP and they excel in it. However, ALL
CPO’s SHOULD BE ABLE TO DRIVE, and CPO’s without a licence should
obtain one as soon as possible. All CPO’s need to know the basics of defensive
and evasive driving as you never know when you may be asked to take charge
of a vehicle in an emergency!.
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 Close Protection Drivers
Very good CP drivers are a rare breed. They need to have all the skills and
attributes of a good CPO, whilst also being highly skilled drivers, capable of
handling their vehicle right to the very limits of its performance and be safe
and reliable, even when under extreme pressure. They need to make instant
decisions under duress, and be cool and calm with ability to escalate into
controlled aggression should it become necessary.
That being the case, there is no place in CP for a reckless or cavalier driver
as the job is just too important to the overall success of the mission in
protecting the Principal. What makes these superb CP drivers so rare is the
fact that a CPO with all those attributes generally does not want to be stuck
behind the wheel of a car as they want to be out there with the Principal on
the ground at the ‘tip of the spear’ so to speak.
Because the driving aspect of CP is often ignored by the more experienced
CPO’s, this job is usually taken up by the ‘new boy’ or less capable individuals.
In fact, it is quite common for some Principals to have drivers who are not CP
trained at all and are employed purely on their navigational of the city in
which they are employed and look quite dashing in a grey peaked cap!
Because of this, many might look at a CP driver and see a glorified taxi
driver; this is especially so when the driver is overweight and always appears
to be eating. Many only remain in place because they have become personal
friends with the Principal or his family which is fine if there is no threat, but
not too useful if the client is being targeted by a determined aggressor or
hostile surveillance team such as the Paparazzi.
Driver Training
Driver training is vitally important as in all aspects of CP training and
should be carried out whenever possible in the regular vehicle, except of
course, when this is impractical such as when ramming practice is taking
place using the Principal beautiful Bentley!
However, it cannot be stressed enough that a slick manouever that you can
do in an old Ford with manual gearbox and bald tyres will be a harder to do
in your regular car with tyres designed to holf the road and on regular car
types designed to hold road and on regular road widths rather than airfield
size training areas. Good CP driver training instructors are extremely hard to
find as there are not too many specialist instructors with operational
experience in both civilian and hostle environments saying that , courses ran
by the institute of advanced motorists are an ecxcellent grounding for the
Close Protection driver, as this will help you greatly when it comes to the
evasive during manoeuvers, ramming and high speed driving.

66
GENERAL RULES
Before setting off on a journey and whilst en- route, due attendance must
be piad to some standard procedures and the usual list do’s and don’ts .
Drivers must be trained Close Protection officers who enjoy a high standard
of driving skills and should ghave attend an offensive and defensive evasive
driving course. Some general rules follow;
1. Know your vehicle
2. Choice of vehicle
3. Brief all passengers
4. Accurate timings.

It is essential that you do your best to insist on accurate timings Establish

the time your Principal needs to arrive at a specific location. Work backwards
from your time on route from your Recce and advice as to the time you have
to leave . Be firm leaving to late could put everyone in flat spin, cause tension
resulting in poor convoy drills and endanger the principal if speed becomes
excessive to the point of unsafe if asked how long the journey will take and
what time to leave always give yourself a margin and give them a soonest and
latest . The soonest is when you would like to leave the latest is that time
which could cause being late for an appointment and require and
unacceptable speed on route . Given that information it is then there decision
when they leave knowing consequences.
CHOICE OF VEHICLE
1. Often we as operations cannot influence choice but ideally we would like to
see the following:
2. auto box, power steering
3. Central locking doors
4. Air conditioning
5. Run flat tyres
6. Reliabilty
7. Not overly ostentatious

Depending on the theat level and available resources , you should also
consider:
1. Engine run on protection
2. Armouring
3. Self – repairing fuel tanks
4. Full air filtering system.

Ensure You Have the Correct and Most Appropriate Vehicle for the Journey
Vehicle security
Vehicles use by Close Protection Terms must kept in a secure lock up when
not in use by the driver . If the vehicle is left unattended at any time the driver
must conduct a full search of the vehicle before setting off. When arriving at
a venue the driver must stay with vehicle to ensure that no device can

67
attached to the vehicle to ensure that no device can be attached to the vehicle .
If possible an IED Detector should be placed under vehicle.
1. Searching of the vehicle must be one of the teams SOP’s and must be
conducted at the start of every day by two team members following a set
serching routine
2. When parking the vehicle at a venue you must not nosy park. The vehicle
must be ready to move at all times.
3. The driver must remain alert at all times when travelling or parked at a
venue and must always lock the doors when travelling in the vehicle
4. Also consider extreme weather condtions and weather or not a 4 wheel
drive vehicle would be most appropriate?
Risk assessment implications with regards to the use of vehicles
With every for, of transfort the risks such as speed, unforeseen traffic jams
and breakdown vehicles can become a large target and where possible driven
at speed however all drivers must stay within the law and abide by the
Highway Code. You must remember you are not the police and you cannot
run red lights
The need for alternative transport plans
When considering the use of vehicle you must ensure you have a backup
in case there are problems with travailing by board, it may be safer and quiker
to fly and have vehicle at the destination airport to get your principal to his
meeting . Consider the use of hire vehicles and the use of a chauffeur when
considering the use of hire vehicles book three vehicles and only use two this
gives you some from of security.
WHAT IS TACTICAL DRIVING?
Tactical driving can be described as a:
“Two-car Close Protection Team applying road craft, safe driving and tactical
positioning to safety convey their Principal between locations.”
Principals of Tactical Driving: C.O.A.T.S
Communications
Observation
Awareness
Teamwork
Safe driving practice

Reasons for having a PES: T.R.A.M.E.D

Threat to come between lead car and potencial threat
Room to create room in heavy traffic
Anti Surveillance drills
Manpower to provide additional resources and man power
Protection To give protection to rear of convoy

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Emergency transport to become VIP vehicle in the event of
breakdown/collision
Decoy- to act as a decoy vehicle

Rules of tactical Driving

1. Both vehicles should have visual contact at all times. Good procedures and
communications are vital in maintaining this
2. The PPO is in control of the doors which should be locked immediately on
embus
3. Windows closed at all times ( may open windows whist moving but no
more than two inches)
4. There must be efficient communications between vehicles by use of code
words for procedures.
5. Correct spacing between vehicle for reaction procedures to be initiated
6. Both vehicle shouldbe aware of any vehicle overtaking the convoy
7. Surveillance awareness and the principal car park can be used
8. Surveillance awareness and anti- surveillance should be practiced at all
time
9. The VIP vehicle to be gurded at all time unless a secure car park can be
used
10.Maximum distance between VIP vehicle should be more than 30m but
depends upon threats levelroads, speed and weather condition.

VEHICLE ROADWORTHY CHECK

1. Ensure you don’t suit when you xcarry out the checks
2. Visual examination for any damages
3. Check tools, jack , spare type
4. First-Aid/ traumapack(individual Vehicle)
5. Type preasure, refer to manual, check tread depth and sidewall
damage
6. Check fuel,oil, water, widescreen, wash,break fluid.
7. Light inducators , hazards, foglight,break light, reverse light
8. Widescreen wipers
9. Horn
10. Fire estinguisher
11. Cleanliness
12. Locate and inspect vehiche jacking point

REMEMBER P,O,W,E,R
P- Petrol
O- Oil
W- Water
E- Electrics
R- Rubber

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 VIP TACTICAL SECURITY DRIVING
It is a set of techniques employed by trained personnel using appropriate
vehicle to afford a VIP the best protection and smoothest possible journey
Safe driving essentials
1. Conscentrate all the time
2. Take your time
3. Scan by keeping eyes moving
4. Anticipate what if?
5. Always drive at such a speed that you can stop you vehicle in the
distance to can see to bee clear
6. Apply the two second rule(following Distance)
2 Car Escort Drills
Principles:
1. Mobile security principle
2. Maximum legal, safe and smooth speed
3. Safety bubble and scape routes

Speeding:
“Police tolirance for Speed- 10%+ 2mph but this can vary, so beware of
average speed cameras.”
Remember that you are not immune from the laws of the road and will be
prosecuted for speeding or reckless driving just like any other road used.

VIP Car Driving

1. Safe ssecure and smooth ride for principal

2. Actively positioning away from precieved danger
3. Hold off vehicle ahead ( 2Seconds)
4. Space for 2 vehicle whenever emerging

PES Car Driving

1. Fend of threat
2. Anti- Surveillance
3. Veting of all traffic approaching from the rear
4. Blocking percieved thgreats
5. Tactical contact/ lane for VIP car

Where should the principal sit in the car?

Some might nsay that he si at liberty to sit anywhere he likes, and some
principals do, ignoring sensible advice. Some Principles may insist on
driving themselves, and this is more common than you might think! While
this is not the best situation you may well have to run with it and compromise,
Ideally when being driven, the principal should sit the rear seat behind the
front passenger seat which will ideally be occupied by his background.
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Though sometime the BG is forced to travel in the backup car, all he can do
then is to stay close as is safe to be in a following vehicle,
All doors should be looked immediately after the Principal is in vehicle and
stirct observance of the ‘230’ rule should be observed with regard to windows.

Rule 203 states

“ No windows will be open more than two inches when the vehicle is
travelling under 30mph”
NB: if you are working with a threat the demands an armoured car, then
opening windows IS NOT AN OPTION.

Even if the AC is not workingyour windows should remain closed at all times
due to the obvious raised threat that requires an armoured car in the first
instance. If you were stopped suddenly in an ambush, even a window open
one inch would render all that armour useless when the muzzle of a weapon
is pushed through it, fires a shot and that bullet then does an impression of
a Pin-Ball machine, bouncing off all the armour inside killing
everyone…..TWICE!.
Wearing of Seatbelts
Dead simple; The principal, his BG and driver should ALL WEAR
SEATBELTS. There are still two schools of thought on this that persist, to
which I answer with one high profile example where failing to wear a seatbelt
resulted in a huge failure in Close Protection;
“PARIS 1997, PRINCESS DIANNA”
The only exceptions to this rule, is if you are;
1. In static or very slow moving traffic with the chance of being ambushed
2. Slowing down for the drop off.

One Car Drills

The CPO will frequently he is on his own, sometimes even driving the
vehicle. Having no backupto rely on means that your route planning,
navigation and timings must be meticulous. It is extremely important that the
driver is extra vigilant at all times, as he can except no assistanceshould be
have a puncture, traffic accident or drive into an ambush. He should always
observe the speed limit and never violate the local traffic laws. He should use
the rear view mirror extensively and always look for any escape routes when
approaching junctions or traffic lights

Convoy driving

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 Some convoys are seemingly ridiculous such as the President of the United
States or POTUS as he is referred to by his protection team of 2000! When he
was President, GW Bush visited the UK and was collected by a twenty five
vehicle convoy…… and that was not counting the outsiders!
I very much doubt many CPO’s will get to ride in protective convoys that
big. The convoy, even if it only consists of two vehiclesis the preferred way to
travel on the civilian circuit,with three, four and five vehicle formations
preferred I Iraq and Afghanistan.
Where should the Principal be in the convoy?
If the Principal is employing a PES and they have a backup car they should
always travel behind the Principal’s vehicle, as this is the best position to take
Defensive measures should the convoy come under attack. If attacked from
the rear they are already there. If attacked from flanks they can quickly
overtake or undertake to place themselves between the threat and the
Principal’s car (Blocking).
If the attack comes from the front then they can overtake and take the threat
on from the front. So, in a two vehicle convoy the Principal will always be in
the front vehicle. Some might argue that he should travel in the rear every
now and then to keep the bad guys guessing, but this is wrong. The escort
vehicle is severely hampered in its responses to attacks should they come
from anywhere other that the front.
In a three car convoy, the Principal can be in the middle vehicle which
affords him all round defensive cover and in a 4 vehicle convoy the Principal
can be in either the second or third vehicles
Some may now argue that in a three of four vehicle formation that the
Principal can be in the front vehicle, which would unnecessarily reduce the
protective capabilities of the team by optioning out of all round protection.
Two car drills
The most common protection convoy consists of just two vehicles. For the
reasons stated earlier, the Principal will be in the lead car with the PES behind,
with the Principal driver always being aware of the PES’s position. He will
never pull into a line of trafficif thereis not room for both him and the PES
car.
Likewise, he will never pass through traffic lightsif it is on amber or about
to change cutting him off from the PES. The need for awarenesss and
concentration is paramount for the lead driver!
When a PES driver trusts the lead driver, he will always follow; i.e. if the
Principal’s vehicle is turning right then the PES will always go with him, often
only looking at the offside traffi c, knowing that the other driver wouldn’t have
gone without it being clear on the nearside
The lead vehicle must ensure that he positions himself with regard to giving
the PES good visibility of the road instead ahead. This means that he will be
at a different positions on bends and junctions to if he were a single vehicle
with no PES. At junctions he will position himself so as to make it easier for

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the PES to provide cover for them. This cover is both from live traffic or an
attack of some kind.
NB:
Even if the lead vehicle takes different turn to that of the pre-agreed route,
then the PES must still follow and offer protection. There may be a very good
reason for this ‘wrong’ turn, and even if it just an error, the BG can always
pass this off to the Principal as Anti-Surveillance’ manoeuvers !
Obviously, if the driver has turned down a dead end, the use your common
sense and hold the junction for himto turn around.
VEHICLE ANTI AMBUSH DRILLS
Although the most vulnerable part of a journey is the start and finish, many
incidents have occurred when the VIP is travelling between these two points.
These incidents were possible to plan because of weaknesses in drills. This
chances of being ambushed can be greatly reduced by the careful selection,
planning and security of routes and things before the journey
“ Remember to present a “HARD TARGET” at all times by maintaining
concentration and professionalism whilst practicing slick well
rehearsed drills”.
Whenever you are giving this subject on a team task or advisory, or you’re
receiving it to practice drills as part of an operaational team, it is the
culmination of a large amount of time on the training area
It is important to look objectively at the makeup and layout of the convoy,
the threat and the VIP in order to practice realistic and viable drills
Inevitable training area limitations make these drills the hardest to practice
realistically so there must be some preconceived role play to determine the
situation after the ambush is sprung
AIM:
The aim of this lesson is to instil the principles of anti ambush, discuss the
main options and outline basic vehicle anti ambush drills.
VEHICLE ANTI AMBUSH DRILLS- CASE STUDY
THE MOVING ATTACK
In order to discuss offensive driving techniques associated with protection
of public figures, it is first necessary to become acquanted with the modus
operandi (MO) of the attackers. A cross-section of vehicle assassination
attacks, ranging from the gangland kilings to South American terrorist group
assassinations, was studied to determine the pattern of the typical attack and
the specific vehicle tactics employed. A summary of key points identified in
these case studies appears below:

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 In most cases studied, the attack was carried out by employing two
vehicles. One vehicle was employed to impede or cut off the target vehicle; the
other vehicle was employed to launch the attack itself. For example, in one
instance an attractive girl in a Volkswagen passed the target vehicle’s progress.
As the second attack car moved into position alonside the target vehicle and
the firing began, the girl accelerated away and turned into a side street. In
general, the attack vehicle held three persons; a driver, a man infront with
the driver, and a man in the right rear seat. Both passengers usually brought
weapons to bear on the target vehicle during the attack. The impeding vehicle
frequently held only the driver.

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