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Art App Midterm

The document outlines the fundamental elements of art, including line, color, shape, space, value, texture, and time/motion, detailing their characteristics and significance in visual composition. It also discusses principles of design such as balance, harmony, proportion, emphasis, variety, movement, and rhythm, which organize these elements for effective artistic expression. Additionally, it touches on elements of music, including rhythm, melody, harmony, texture, dynamics, timbre, and form, alongside the classification of musical instruments.

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SK Patacbo
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12 views7 pages

Art App Midterm

The document outlines the fundamental elements of art, including line, color, shape, space, value, texture, and time/motion, detailing their characteristics and significance in visual composition. It also discusses principles of design such as balance, harmony, proportion, emphasis, variety, movement, and rhythm, which organize these elements for effective artistic expression. Additionally, it touches on elements of music, including rhythm, melody, harmony, texture, dynamics, timbre, and form, alongside the classification of musical instruments.

Uploaded by

SK Patacbo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Elements of Art

-​ Elements of art are the building blocks of visual composition.

1. Line

-​ Lines are everywhere and play a crucial role in art.


-​ Lines can express emotions, movement, and structure in a composition.

Types of Lines:

1.​ Horizontal Lines – Parallel to the horizon, indicate calmness and rest.
2.​ Vertical Lines – Stand upright, symbolize strength, stability, and nobility.
3.​ Diagonal Lines – Show movement, action, or stress.
4.​ Zigzag Lines – A mix of diagonals, create chaos, energy, and conflict.
5.​ Curved Lines – Soft, organic, and fluid, often linked to grace and flexibility.
6.​ Actual Lines vs. Implied Lines
○​ Actual Lines – Clearly drawn by the artist.
○​ Implied Lines – Suggested through the composition, guiding the viewer’s eye.

2. Color

●​ Color is expressive and emotional.


●​ Colors are visible only when light is present.

Physical Properties of Color:

1.​ Hue – The name of a color (e.g., red, blue, green).


2.​ Value – Lightness or darkness of a color.
○​ Tint = Hue + White (lighter).
○​ Shade = Hue + Black (darker).
3.​ Intensity (Saturation) – Purity of color.
○​ High saturation = Bright colors.
○​ Low saturation = Dull colors.

3. The Color Wheel

-​ Conceptualized by Sir Isaac Newton to show relationships between colors.

Types of Colors:

1.​ Primary Colors – Cannot be made by mixing other colors.


○​ Pigments: Red, Yellow, Blue.
○​ Light Colors: Red, Green, Blue.
2.​ Secondary Colors – Made by mixing two primaries.
○​ Pigments: Orange (Red + Yellow), Green (Yellow + Blue), Violet (Red + Blue).
○​ Light: Yellow, Cyan, Magenta.
3.​ Intermediate (Tertiary) Colors – Made by mixing a primary and a secondary color.
○​ Examples: Red-Orange, Yellow-Orange, Yellow-Green, Blue-Green, Blue-Violet,
Red-Violet.

Principles of Design
-​ Principles organize elements in an artwork for balance and harmony.

1.​ Balance – Distribution of elements.


○​ Symmetrical – Equal on both sides.
○​ Asymmetrical – Unequal but visually balanced.
2.​ Harmony – Combination of elements that create aesthetic unity.
3.​ Proportion – Size relationships between parts of an artwork.
4.​ Emphasis – The focal point of an artwork.
5.​ Variety – Using different elements to create interest.
6.​ Movement – Directs the viewer’s eye through an artwork.
7.​ Rhythm – Repetition of elements to create visual flow.

The Elements of Art


1. Color

The color wheel consists of:

●​ Primary Colors (3): Red, Blue, Yellow


●​ Secondary Colors (3): Green, Orange, Violet (created by mixing two primary colors)
●​ Intermediate (Tertiary) Colors (6): Created by mixing a primary color with a secondary
color.

Tertiary Colors vs. Intermediate Colors

-​ Many sources consider these the same, but Art Fundamentals by Ocvirk (2002) suggests
they are different.
●​ Tertiary Colors are made by mixing two secondary colors or neutralizing a color by
adding its complement (e.g., browns, olive greens).

Neutrals - These are not part of the color spectrum because they do not show color qualities:

●​ White = Reflects all colors (presence of all light wavelengths).


●​ Black = Absorbs all colors (absence of light).
●​ Gray = Partial reflection of all wavelengths (impure white).

Warm and Cool Colors

●​ Warm Colors (Red, Orange, Yellow) → Associated with the sun and fire → Advance in a
composition.
●​ Cool Colors (Blue, Green, Violet) → Associated with air, sky, earth, water → Recede in a
composition.

Colors and Emotion


●​ Warm, bright colors (Red, Pink, Yellow): Create excitement and passion.
●​ Cool colors (Blue, Green): Create a sense of calm and peace.
●​ Color meanings are culture-specific. Example: White = weddings in some cultures,
mourning in others.

2. Shape

A shape is formed when lines enclose an area. Artists use shape to express ideas rather than simply
represent reality.

Types of Shapes

●​ Geometric Shapes: Regular, precise (e.g., squares, triangles). Often industrial and structured.
●​ Organic Shapes: Found in nature, irregular, curvilinear.
●​ Biomorphic Shapes: Resemble living things.
●​ Amorphous Shapes: Do not follow natural or geometric rules.

Symbolism of Shapes (Ocvirk, 2002):

●​ Square: Stability, monotony, independence.


●​ Circle: Confinement, self-reliance.
●​ Oval: Creativity.
●​ Star: Reaching out.

3. Space

Two Ways of Perceiving Space

1.​ Physiological Perception


○​ Stereoscopic Vision: Depth perception from both eyes.
○​ Kinesthetic Vision: The eye moves more when looking at closer objects.
2.​ Illusion of Space in Art
○​ Overlapping: Near objects appear whole, far objects are partially hidden.
○​ Relative Size & Linear Perspective:
■​ Far objects appear smaller.
■​ Parallel lines meet at a vanishing point (horizon).
○​ Atmospheric Perspective (Aerial Perspective):
■​ Foreground: Larger, detailed, bright.
■​ Middle Ground: Smaller, less detailed, muted colors.
■​ Background: Smallest, hazy, little detail.

Effect of Space in Art

-​ Artists manipulate space to create the illusion of depth, making two-dimensional artworks feel
"endless" (Ocvirk, 2002).

4. Value (Light and Shadow)


-​ Value refers to the gradual change from light to dark, creating depth and form.
Achromatic Value

●​ Black → Gray → White: Shows light reflection differences.


●​ Cast Shadows: Appear where light is blocked.

Techniques in Using Value

●​ Chiaroscuro (Light-Dark Contrast):


○​ Used by Leonardo da Vinci for realistic depth.
○​ Sfumato: Soft blending of light and shadow (e.g., Mona Lisa).
●​ Tenebrism (Exaggerated Shadows):
○​ Popular in the Baroque period, perfected by Rembrandt.

5. Texture
-​ Texture appeals to both sight and touch.

Types of Texture

●​ Actual Texture: Real feel (e.g., rough stone, smooth silk).


●​ Simulated Texture: Looks real but isn’t (e.g., painted wood grain).
●​ Abstract Texture: Emphasizes one aspect for decorative effect.
●​ Invented Texture: Purely imaginative, seen in abstract art.

Techniques in Texture

●​ Impasto: Thick layers of paint for a raised surface (Van Gogh).


●​ Collage: Sticking real objects onto an artwork (Picasso, Braque).

6. Time and Motion


-​ Art can imply movement or actually move.

Types of Motion in Art

1.​ Actual Movement (Kinetic Art)


○​ Example: Alexander Calder’s Mobiles move with air currents.
2.​ Implied Movement
○​ Lines, repetition, and scale create a sense of movement.
○​ Example: Marcel Duchamp’s Nude Descending a Staircase.
○​ Op Art (Optical Art): Uses patterns to create visual motion.

Analyzing Artworks

1. Semiotic Analysis (Basic Information)

-​ Artist Name
-​ Title of Work
-​ Year Created
-​ Dimensions
-​ Medium/Technique
-​ Location (Gallery or Collection)

2. Iconic Analysis (Symbols & Representation)

-​ What the artwork represents


-​ Symbolism used by the artist

3. Contextual Analysis (Meaning & Interpretation)

-​ Historical references
-​ Cultural/religious/literary/philosophical meanings

The Rule of Thirds

-​ The Rule of Thirds is a basic composition technique in photography. It involves mentally


dividing your image using two horizontal and two vertical lines, forming a tic-tac-toe grid.
The key elements of your scene should be positioned where these lines intersect.

Principles of Art & Design

1. Balance

Balance refers to how different visual elements are arranged in relation to each other. It can be:

●​ Symmetrical (Formal Balance): Equal parts mirror each other.


●​ Asymmetrical (Informal Balance): Different elements create visual equilibrium.
●​ Radial Symmetry: Elements radiate from a central point in a circular pattern.

2. Harmony

●​ Creates a sense of unity and interconnectedness in a composition.

3. Proportion

●​ Refers to the size and scale of elements in a composition.

4. Dominance/Emphasis

●​ An area in the composition that commands attention.


●​ Achieved through contrast and element placement.

5. Variety
●​ Using different elements to create visual interest.

6. Movement

●​ Guides the viewer’s eye through the artwork.


●​ Created by diagonal or curved lines, repetition, and space.

7. Rhythm

●​ Achieved by repeating visual patterns to create flow.

Elements of Music
1. Rhythm

●​ Tempo: Speed of music (fast or slow).


●​ Meter: Pattern of beats (e.g., triple meter).

2. Melody

●​ A sequence of tones and pitches forming a tune.

3. Harmony

●​ The combination of different tones played together.

4. Texture

●​ Monophonic: Single melody line.


●​ Homophonic: Melody with chords.
●​ Polyphonic: Multiple independent melodies.

5. Dynamics

●​ The softness or loudness of the music.

6. Timbre (Tone Color)

●​ The unique sound quality of an instrument or voice.

7. Form

●​ The structure of a musical piece.


●​ Examples: Binary (AB), Ternary (ABA), Rondo (ABACADA), Theme & Variation
(A-A1-A2-A3).

Classification of Musical Instruments

1.​ Idiophones – Sound produced by the vibration of the instrument itself.


2.​ Membranophones – Sound produced by a stretched membrane (e.g., drums).
3.​ Chordophones – Sound produced by stretched strings (e.g., guitar, violin).
4.​ Aerophones – Sound produced by vibrating air columns (e.g., flute, saxophone).
5.​ Electrophones – Sound generated electronically (e.g., synthesizers).

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