Online Job Profile 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE SYSTEM

1.3 PROBLEMS IN EXISTING SYSTEM

1.4 SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLEMS

1.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM

1.6 ADVANTAGES

2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 6

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 ANALYSIS MODEL

2.3 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM

2.4 SYSTEM REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS

2.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM

2.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT

2.7 PROCESS MODULES USED WITH JUSTIFICATION

3. FEASIBILITY REPORT 17

3.1 TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

3.2 OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

3.3 ECONOMICAL FEASIBILTY

4. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATIONS

19

4.1 FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

4.2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

5. SELECTED SOFTWARE 26

5.1 INTRODUCTION TO .NET FRAME WORK

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5.2 ASP.NET

5.3 C#.NET

5.4 SQL SERVER

6. SYSTEM DESIGN 47

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 NORMALIZATION

6.3 E-R DIAGRAM

6.4 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

6.5 DATA DICTIONARY

6.6 UML DIAGRAMS

7. OUTPUT SCREENS 63

8. SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION 85

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 STRATEGIC APPROACH OF SOFTWARE TESTING

8.3 UNIT TESTING

9. SYSTEM SECURITY 89

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 SECURITY IN SOFTWARE

10. CONCLUSION 91

11. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS 93

12. BIBLOGRAPHY 94

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ABSTRACT

Computer technology is the leading information technology.

Now a day’s there is no such place left where the computer is not used.
Computer technology is essential for all to do work easy, quickly and
perfectly.

Here is website “Online Job Portal”. This website provides the user to know
about the jobs available to his field. And it also helps the user to submit his
or her resume

and also gives the information about the on goings in the markets. Through
this website one can come to know about the jobs available in the markets.
Apart from that it is also helpful for the company people to get the right
person where they are in need of them.

In making of Job Portal Management web site emphasis was laid on

integration of data as well as to make the website give the clean and clear
information for the end user.

To build this website ASP>NET, SQL SERVER 2005, are used.

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1.INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

To get a job, it is very difficult, that’s why we developed a web site called
online Job Portal. This portal having a lot options through this you can search
jobs very easily according to your qualification, today’s world facing lots of
unemployment, this web application will help the UN employed persons.

This web application computerizes the whole transaction carried out in

the carriage providing the user a great friendly face with graphical user
interfaces.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The basic purpose of this system is to search jobs online, and get the job
on their respective places. In this application we provided online Job
Searching all over India with one click. In this application you can check the
available jobs of different qualified persons, as well as you can get the job
online just providing just personal details. It is a user friendly application.

1.3 PROBLEM IN EXISTING SYSTEM

Generally to get a job is very tedious thing, because you have to be

spending lot of time to choose a perfect job as per your qualification. So in
existing system, to get a job is very difficult because of paper work. To do a
paper work we need lot of man power.

To get a job as per your qualification, it is totally difficult, if we

depended on the paper work, there is a chance of loosing a job.

1.4 SOLUTION OF THESE PROBLES

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The development of this new system contains the following activities,

which try to automate the entire process keeping in the view of database
integration approach. User Friendliness is provided in the application with
various controls provided by system Rich User Interface. The system makes
the overall project management much easier and flexible. It can be
accessed over the Intranet. Various classes have been used for online job
Portal. The user information files can be stored in centralized database which
can be maintained by the system. This can give the good security for user
information because data is not in client machine. Authentication is provided
for this application only registered users can access. There is no risk of data
management at any level while the project development is under process.
Report generation features is provided using Data reports to generate
different kind of reports.

1.5 PROPOSED SYSTEM

Here is website “Online Job Portal”. This website provides the user to know
about the jobs available to his field. And it also helps the user to submit his
or her personal Details.

And also gives the information about the on goings in the markets. Through
this website one can come to know about the jobs available in the markets.
Apart from that it is also helpful for the company people to get the right
person where they are in need of them.

In making of Job Portal Management web site emphasis was laid on

integration of data as well as to make the website give the clean and clear
information for the end user.

Visual Studio 20008 (C#) is chosen as the language to accomplish the

above task. On the database side SQL Server 2005 is chosen.

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1.6 ADVANTAGES

Increased compliance with strategic procurement contracts. Reduced

eccentric spend. It will provide efficient search of Jobs and alternative
choices. Control over requisition approval. Application will help you ito
maintain a time to get a good job. Shorter time to get a good job. Monitoring
of each job Information. Improved job process automation and control.
Lowered cost of job seeker participation.

2.SYSTEM ANALYSIS
2.1 INTRODUCTION

After analyzing the requirements of the task to be performed, the next

step is to analyze the problem and understand its context. The first activity
in the phase is studying the existing system and other is to understand the
requirements and domain of the new system. Both the activities are equally
important, but the first activity serves as a basis of giving the functional
specifications and then successful design of the proposed system.
Understanding the properties and requirements of a new system is more
difficult and requires creative thinking and understanding of existing running
system is also difficult, improper understanding of present system can lead
diversion from solution.

2.2 ANALYSIS MODEL

1. System/Information Engineering and Modeling

As software is always of a large system (or business), work begins by
establishing the requirements for all system elements and then
allocating some subset of these requirements to software. This system view
is essential when the software must interface with other elements such as
hardware, people and other resources. System is the basic and very critical
requirement for the existence of software in any entity. So if the system is
not in place, the system should be engineered and put in place. In
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some cases, to extract the maximum output, the system should be re-
engineered and spruced up. Once the ideal system is engineered or tuned,
the development team studies the software requirement for the system.

2. Software Requirement Analysis

This process is also known as feasibility study. In this phase, the

development team visits the customer and studies their system. They
investigate the need for possible software automation in the given system.
By the end of the feasibility study, the team furnishes a document that holds
the different specific recommendations for the candidate system. It
also includes the personnel assignments, costs, project schedule, target
dates etc.... The requirement gathering process is intensified and focused
specially on software. To understand the nature of the program(s) to be built,
the system engineer or “Analyst” must understand the information domain
for the software, as well as required function, behavior, performance and
interfacing. The essential purpose of this phase is to find the need and to
define the problem that needs to be solved.
3. System Analysis and Design
In this phase, the software development process, the software’s overall
structure and its nuances are defined. In terms of the client/server
technology, the number of tiers needed for the package architecture, the
database design, the data structure design etc... are all defined in this
phase. A software development model is thus created. Analysis and
Design are very crucial in the whole development cycle. Any glitch in the
design phase could be very expensive to solve in the later stage of the
software development. Much care is taken during this phase. The logical
system of the product is developed in this phase.

4. Code Generation

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The design must be translated into a machine-readable form. The code

generation step performs this task. If the design is performed in a detailed
manner, code generation can be accomplished without much complication.
Programming tools like compilers, interpreters, debuggers etc... are
used to generate the code. Different high level programming languages like
C, C++, Pascal, Java are used for coding. With respect to the type of
application, the right programming language is chosen.

5. Testing
Once the code is generated, the software program testing begins.
Different testing methodologies are available to unravel the bugs that were
committed during the previous phases. Different testing tools and
methodologies are already available. Some companies build their own
testing tools that are tailor made for their own development operations.

6. Maintenance
The software will definitely undergo change once it is delivered to the
customer. There can be many reasons for this change to occur. Change
could happen because of some unexpected input values into the system. In
addition, the changes in the system could directly affect the software
operations. The software should be developed to accommodate changes that
could happen during the post implementation period Waterfall model
tends to consume a lot more time compared to other software development
models though it is able to pinpoint definite starting and ending points for a
given project.This model assumes the requirements to remain static during
the life of the project, so there is little or no chance of incorporating new
changes to the software once work begins. If changes are tried to be
incorporated it leads to more confusion and further delays.
In our Project we are using Spiral Model

SPIRAL MODEL was defined by Barry Boehm in his 1988 article, “A spiral
Model of Software Development and Enhancement. This model was not

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the first model to discuss iterative development, but it was the first model
to explain why the iteration models.

As originally envisioned, the iterations were typically 6 months to 2

years long. Each phase starts with a design goal and ends with a client
reviewing the progress thus far. Analysis and engineering efforts are
applied at each phase of the project, with an eye toward the end goal of
the project.

The steps for Spiral Model can be generalized as follows:

 The new system requirements are defined in as much details as

possible. This usually involves interviewing a number of users
representing all the external or internal users and other aspects of
the existing system.

 A preliminary design is created for the new system.

 A first prototype of the new system is constructed from the

preliminary design. This is usually a scaled-down system, and
represents an approximation of the characteristics of the final
product.

 A second prototype is evolved by a fourfold procedure:

1. Evaluating the first prototype in terms of its strengths,

weakness, and risks.

2. Defining the requirements of the second prototype.

3. Planning an designing the second prototype.

4. Constructing and testing the second prototype.

 At the customer option, the entire project can be aborted if the risk
is deemed too great. Risk factors might involve development cost
overruns, operating-cost miscalculation, or any other factor that
could, in the customer’s judgment, result in a less-than-satisfactory
final product.

 The existing prototype is evaluated in the same manner as was the

previous prototype, and if necessary, another prototype is
developed from it according to the fourfold procedure outlined
above.

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 The preceding steps are iterated until the customer is satisfied that
the refined prototype represents the final product desired.

 The final system is constructed, based on the refined prototype.

 The final system is thoroughly evaluated and tested. Routine

maintenance is carried on a continuing basis to prevent large scale
failures and to minimize down time.

The following diagram shows how a spiral model acts like:

Fig 1.0-Spiral Model

ADVANTAGES:

 Estimates(i.e. budget, schedule etc .) become more relistic as work

progresses, because important issues discoved earlier.

 It is more able to cope with the changes that are software

development generally entails.

 Software engineers can get their hands in and start woring on the
core of a project earlier.

2.3 STUDY OF THE SYSTEM

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In the flexibility of the uses the interface has been developed a

graphics concept in mind, associated through a browser interface. The GUI’S
at the top level have been categorized as

1. Administrative user interface

2. The operational or generic user interface

The administrative user interface concentrates on the consistent
information that is practically, part of the organizational activities and which
needs proper authentication for the data collection. The interfaces help the
administrations with all the transactional states like Data insertion, Data
deletion and Data updating along with the extensive data search capabilities.

The operational or generic user interface helps the users upon the
system in transactions through the existing data and required services. The
operational user interface also helps the ordinary users in managing their
own information helps the ordinary users in managing their own information
in a customized manner as per the assisted flexibilities

NUMBER OF MODULES

The system after careful analysis has been identified to be presented with
the following modules:

The Modules involved are

 Registration
 Administration
 Job Application
 Authentication
 Search
 Reports
 Feedback

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Registration Process:
As the job process requires security aspects, the primary
function is to register the user who wants to see his applied job
information. Proper validations will be provided to keep only
authenticated users i.e. those users who will provide correct
information. All the data supplied by the user will be stored in database
and it will be used for further validation and authentication. During
registration, user has to give login and password of their choice. Login
names and passwords will be stored in the database so that the user
can directly login without registering again and again. The login name
can be numeric or characters or both and the password. User can also
give is feedback to administrator for his satisfaction messages with
correct Email Address.

Administration Process:
In this process Administrator will enter the job details like local
jobs and Oversea Jobs database. In admin model is the super model
because he as the full authorization over all details which can view by
user but he can’t change or modify but admin have the authorization.

Authentication

Authentication is nothing but providing security to the system.

Here every must enter into the system throw login page. The login
page will restrict the UN authorized users. A user must provide his
credential like user Id and password for log into the system. For that
the system maintains data for all users. Whenever a user enters his
user id and password, it checks in the database for user existence. If
the user is exists he can be treated as a valid user. Otherwise the
request will throw back.

Job Application
After the user has given a valid login name and password he
can view the available job Information. To view the details of a
particular job he has to click on that link so that he can view the job
document details, so that he can get full information about the jobs. If
the customer is fully satisfied with that job and he is interested in
downloading, he has to register first. After registration he can search

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the job according to his qualification, and then he can fill the
application.
Search

Different search facilities are provided to user in this system.

Normally search can be done on different criteria. For that purpose the
system is having search capabilities like

Job Search: By using the system interface user/Visitors can able

to find results by selecting some options and get valuable information
from the database.

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Reports

This module is used to view various online reports. This module

will be enabled only to the admin type of users. Reports contains
various information about the job Details and applicant Details.

Feedback Process
Proper Feedback will be handled through user’s input. Feedback
will be required for the proper functioning of the utilities as supplied by
the project. The feedback given by the customer will be stored on the
main database of the system. The user will be asked to give his user
id, user id number, email and his comments or suggestions to the
system. Any system need feedback in order to estimate
performance of the system .If the customer feedback is not
satisfactory then modifications are done. The feedback given by the
customer is considered in order to improve the efficiency of the
system. If the customer gives a justified suggestion his suggestion will
be considered in developing the system.

2.4 System Requirement Specifications

Hardware Requirements:

 PIV 2.8 GHz Processor and Above

 RAM 512MB and Above
 HDD 40 GB Hard Disk Space and Above
Software Requirements:

 WINDOWS OS (XP / 2000 / 200 Server / 2003 Server)

 Visual Studio .Net 2008 Enterprise Edition
 Internet Information Server 5.0 (IIS)
 Visual Studio .Net Framework (Minimal for Deployment) version 3.5
 SQL Server 2005 Enterprise Edition

2.5 PRAPOSED SYSTEM

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The development of this new system contains the following

activities, which try to automate the entire process keeping in the view of
database integration approach. User Friendliness is provided in the
application with various controls provided by system Rich User Interface. The
system makes the overall project management much easier and flexible. It
can be accessed over the Intranet. Various classes have been used for file
uploading and down loading. The user information files can be stored in
centralized database which can be maintained by the system. This can give
the good security for user information because data is not in client machine.
Authentication is provided for this application only registered users can
access. User can share is data to others, and also he can get data from
others. There is no risk of data management at any level while the project
development is under process. Report generation features is provided using
Data reports to generate different kind of reports.

NEED FOR COMPUTERIZATION

We all know the importance of computerization. The world is

moving ahead at lightning speed and everyone is running short of time. One
always wants to get the information and perform a task he/she/they desire(s)
within a short period of time and too with amount of efficiency and accuracy.
The application areas for the computerization have been selected on the
basis of following factors:

 Minimizing the manual records kept at different locations.

 There will be more data integrity.
 Facilitating desired information display, very quickly, by retrieving
information from users.
 Facilitating various statistical information which helps in decision-making?
 To reduce manual efforts in activities that involved repetitive work.
Updating and deletion of such a huge amount of data will become easier.

FUNCTIONAL FEATURES OF THE MODEL

As far as the project is developed the functionality is simple, the

objective of the proposal is to strengthen the functioning of Audit Status

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Monitoring and make them effective and better. The entire scope has been
classified into five streams knows as Coordinator Level, management Level,
Auditor Level, User Level and State Web Coordinator Level. The proposed
software will cover the information needs with respect to each request of the
user group viz. accepting the request, providing vulnerability document
report and the current status of the audit.

2.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT

The major inputs and outputs and major functions of the system are
follows:

Inputs:

Admin enter his user id and password for login. User enters his user id
and password for login. User Create new folder for personnel usage. Admin
enter user id or date for track the user login information. New user gives his
completed personnel, address and phone details for registration. Admin
gives different kind of user information for search the user data. User gives
his user id, hint question, answer for getting the forgotten password. User
gives the folder permission for sharing the folder to other users.

Outputs:

Admin can have his own home page. Users enter their own home page.
The user defined folders can store in the centralized database. Admin will get
the login information of a particular user. The new user’s data will be stored
in the centralized database. Admin get the search details of different criteria.
User can get his forgot password. The user folder having permission for
private or public purpose.

2.7 PROCESS MODEL USED WITH JUSTIFICATION

ACCESS CONTROL FOR DATA WHICH REQUIRE USER AUTHENTICAION

The following commands specify access control identifiers and they are
typically used to authorize and authenticate the user (command codes are
shown in parentheses)

USER NAME (USER)

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The user identification is that which is required by the server for access
to its file system. This command will normally be the first command
transmitted by the user after the control connections are made (some
servers may require this).

PASSWORD (PASS)

This command must be immediately preceded by the user name

command, and, for some sites, completes the user's identification for access
control. Since password information is quite sensitive, it is desirable in
general to "mask" it or suppress type out.

CONTEXT DIAGRAM:

All the above processes together are decomposed and represented in

CONTEXT DIAGRAM. The sources in context diagram for this system are
user and ADMINISTRATOR SOFTWARE and these are linked to the ONLINE job
portal. The Context Diagram is shown in fig (1):

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3. FEASUBILITY STUDY
Preliminary investigation examine project feasibility, the likelihood the
system will be useful to the organization. The main objective of the feasibility
study is to test the Technical, Operational and Economical feasibility for
adding new modules and debugging old running system. All system is
feasible if they are unlimited resources and infinite time. There are aspects
in the feasibility study portion of the preliminary investigation:

 Technical Feasibility
 Operational Feasibility
 Economical Feasibility
3.1. TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

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Technical Feasibility centers on the existing computer system hardware,

software, etc. and to some extent how it can support the proposed addition.
This involves financial considerations to accommodate technical
enhancements. Technical support is also a reason for the success of the
project. The techniques needed for the system should be available and it
must be reasonable to use. Technical Feasibility is mainly concerned with the
study of function, performance, and constraints that may affect the ability to
achieve the system. By conducting an efficient technical feasibility we need
to ensure that the project works to solve the existing problem area.

Since the project is designed with ASP.NET with C# as Front end and
SQL Server 2000 as Back end, it is easy to install in all the systems wherever
needed. It is more efficient, easy and user-friendly to understand by almost
everyone. Huge amount of data can be handled efficiently using SQL Server
as back end. Hence this project has good technical feasibility

3.2. OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

People are inherently instant to change and computers have been

known to facilitate change. An estimate should be made to how strong a
reaction the user staff is likely to have towards the development of the
computerized system.

The staff is accustomed to computerized systems. These kinds of

systems are becoming more common day by day for evaluation of the
software engineers. Hence, this system is operationally feasible. As this
system is technically, economically and operationally feasible, this system is
judged feasible.

3.3. ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY

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The role of interface design is to reconcile the differences that

prevail among the software engineer’s design model, the designed system
meet the end user requirement with economical way at minimal cost with in
the affordable price by encouraging more of proposed system. Economic
feasibility is concerned with comparing the development cost with the
income/benefit derived from the developed system. In this we need to derive
how this project will help the management to take effective decisions.

Economic Feasibility is mainly concerned with the cost incurred in the

implementation of the software. Since this project is developed using
ASP.NET with C# and SQL Server which is more commonly available and
even the cost involved in the installation process is not high.

Similarly it is easy to recruit persons for operating the software since

almost all the people are aware of ASP.NET with C# and SQL Server. Even if
we want to train the persons in these area the cost involved in training is
also very less. Hence this project has good economic feasibility.

The system once developed must be used efficiently. Otherwise there

is no meaning for developing the system. For this a careful study of the
existing system and its drawbacks are needed. The user should be able to
distinguish the existing one and proposed one, so that one must be able to
appreciate the characteristics of the proposed system, the manual one is not
highly reliable and also is considerably fast. The proposed system is efficient,
reliable and also quickly responding.

4.SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION

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The software, Site Explorer is designed for management of web sites

from a remote location.

INTRODUCTION

Purpose: The main purpose for preparing this document is to give a general
insight into the analysis and requirements of the existing system or situation
and for determining the operating characteristics of the system.

Scope: This Document plays a vital role in the development life cycle (SDLC)
and it describes the complete requirement of the system. It is meant for use
by the developers and will be the basic during testing phase. Any changes
made to the requirements in the future will have to go through formal
change approval process.

DEVELOPERS RESPONSIBILITIES OVERVIEW:

The developer is responsible for:

 Developing the system, which meets the SRS and solving all the
requirements of the system?
 Demonstrating the system and installing the system at client's location
after the acceptance testing is successful.
 Submitting the required user manual describing the system interfaces to
work on it and also the documents of the system.
 Conducting any user training that might be needed for using the system.
 Maintaining the system for a period of one year after installation.

4.1. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS

OUTPUT DESIGN

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Outputs from computer systems are required primarily to

communicate the results of processing to users. They are also used to
provides a permanent copy of the results for later consultation. The various
types of outputs in general are:

 External Outputs, whose destination is outside the organization.

 Internal Outputs whose destination is within organization and they are the
 User’s main interface with the computer.
 Operational outputs whose use is purely within the computer department.
 Interface outputs, which involve the user in communicating directly.
OUTPUT DEFINITION

The outputs should be defined in terms of the following points:

 Type of the output

 Content of the output
 Format of the output
 Location of the output
 Frequency of the output
 Volume of the output
 Sequence of the output
It is not always desirable to print or display data as it is held on a
computer. It should be decided as which form of the output is the most
suitable.

For Example

 Will decimal points need to be inserted

 Should leading zeros be suppressed.
Output Media:

In the next stage it is to be decided that which medium is the most

appropriate for the output. The main considerations when deciding about the
output media are:

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 The suitability for the device to the particular application.

 The need for a hard copy.
 The response time required.
 The location of the users
 The software and hardware available.
Keeping in view the above description the project is to have outputs mainly
coming under the category of internal outputs. The main outputs desired
according to the requirement specification are:

The outputs were needed to be generated as a hot copy and as well as

queries to be viewed on the screen. Keeping in view these outputs, the
format for the output is taken from the outputs, which are currently being
obtained after manual processing. The standard printer is to be used as
output media for hard copies.

INPUT DESIGN

Input design is a part of overall system design. The main objective

during the input design is as given below:

 To produce a cost-effective method of input.

 To achive the highest possible level of accuracy.
 To ensure that the input is acceptable and understood by the user.
INPUT STAGES:

The main input stages can be listed as below:

 Data recording
 Data transcription
 Data conversion
 Data verification
 Data control
 Data transmission
 Data validation

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 Data correction
INPUT TYPES:

It is necessary to determine the various types of inputs. Inputs can be

categorized as follows:

 External inputs, which are prime inputs for the system.

 Internal inputs, which are user communications with the system.
 Operational, which are computer department’s communications to the
system?
 Interactive, which are inputs entered during a dialogue.
INPUT MEDIA:

At this stage choice has to be made about the input media. To

conclude about the input media consideration has to be given to;

 Type of input
 Flexibility of format
 Speed
 Accuracy
 Verification methods
 Rejection rates
 Ease of correction
 Storage and handling requirements
 Security
 Easy to use
 Portability
Keeping in view the above description of the input types and input
media, it can be said that most of the inputs are of the form of internal and
interactive. As

Input data is to be the directly keyed in by the user, the keyboard can be
considered to be the most suitable input device.

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ERROR AVOIDANCE

At this stage care is to be taken to ensure that input data remains

accurate form the stage at which it is recorded up to the stage in which the
data is accepted by the system. This can be achieved only by means of
careful control each time the data is handled.

ERROR DETECTION

Even though every effort is make to avoid the occurrence of errors, still
a small proportion of errors is always likely to occur, these types of errors
can be discovered by using validations to check the input data.

DATA VALIDATION

Procedures are designed to detect errors in data at a lower level of

detail. Data validations have been included in the system in almost every
area where there is a possibility for the user to commit errors. The system
will not accept invalid data. Whenever an invalid data is keyed in, the
system immediately prompts the user and the user has to again key in the
data and the system will accept the data only if the data is correct.
Validations have been included where necessary.

The system is designed to be a user friendly one. In other words the

system has been designed to communicate effectively with the user. The
system has been designed with popup menus.

USER INTERFACE DESIGN

It is essential to consult the system users and discuss their needs while
designing the user interface:

USER INTERFACE SYSTEMS CAN BE BROADLY CLASIFIED AS:

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1. User initiated interface the user is in charge, controlling the progress of

the user/computer dialogue. In the computer-initiated interface, the
computer selects the next stage in the interaction.
2. Computer initiated interfaces
In the computer initiated interfaces the computer guides the progress
of the user/computer dialogue. Information is displayed and the user
response of the computer takes action or displays further information.

USER_INITIATED INTERGFACES

User initiated interfaces fall into tow approximate classes:

1. Command driven interfaces: In this type of interface the user inputs

commands or queries which are interpreted by the computer.
2. Forms oriented interface: The user calls up an image of the form to
his/her screen and fills in the form. The forms oriented interface is chosen
because it is the best choice.
COMPUTER-INITIATED INTERFACES

The following computer – initiated interfaces were used:

1. The menu system for the user is presented with a list of alternatives and
the user chooses one; of alternatives.
2. Questions – answer type dialog system where the computer asks question
and takes action based on the basis of the users reply.
Right from the start the system is going to be menu driven, the
opening menu displays the available options. Choosing one option gives
another popup menu with more options. In this way every option leads the
users to data entry form where the user can key in the data.

ERROR MESSAGE DESIGN:

The design of error messages is an important part of the user interface

design. As user is bound to commit some errors or other while designing a

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system the system should be designed to be helpful by providing the user

with information regarding the error he/she has committed.

This application must be able to produce output at different modules

for different inputs.
4.2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

Performance is measured in terms of the output provided by the application.

Requirement specification plays an important part in the analysis of a

system. Only when the requirement specifications are properly given, it is
possible to design a system, which will fit into required environment. It rests
largely in the part of the users of the existing system to give the requirement
specifications because they are the people who finally use the system. This
is because the requirements have to be known during the initial stages so
that the system can be designed according to those requirements. It is very
difficult to change the system once it has been designed and on the other
hand designing a system, which does not cater to the requirements of the
user, is of no use.

The requirement specification for any system can be broadly stated as

given below:

 The system should be able to interface with the existing system

 The system should be accurate
 The system should be better than the existing system
The existing system is completely dependent on the user to perform all
the duties.

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5.SELECTED SOFTWARE
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO .NET FRAMEWORK

The Microsoft .NET Framework is a software technology that is

available with several Microsoft Windows operating systems. It includes a
large library of pre-coded solutions to common programming problems and a
virtual machine that manages the execution of programs written specifically
for the framework. The .NET Framework is a key Microsoft offering and is
intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows
platform.

The pre-coded solutions that form the framework's Base Class Library
cover a large range of programming needs in a number of areas, including
user interface, data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web
application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications.
The class library is used by programmers, who combine it with their own
code to produce applications.

Programs written for the .NET Framework execute in a software

environment that manages the program's runtime requirements. Also part of
the .NET Framework, this runtime environment is known as the Common
Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR provides the appearance of an application
virtual machine so that programmers need not consider the capabilities of
the specific CPU that will execute the program. The CLR also provides other
important services such as security, memory management, and exception
handling. The class library and the CLR together compose the .NET
Framework.

Principal design features

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Interoperability

Because interaction between new and older applications is

commonly required, the .NET Framework provides means to access
functionality that is implemented in programs that execute outside
the .NET environment. Access to COM components is provided in the
System.Runtime.InteropServices and System.EnterpriseServices
namespaces of the framework; access to other functionality is provided
using the P/Invoke feature.

Common Runtime Engine

The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the virtual machine

component of the .NET framework. All .NET programs execute under
the supervision of the CLR, guaranteeing certain properties and
behaviors in the areas of memory management, security, and
exception handling.
Base Class Library

The Base Class Library (BCL), part of the Framework Class Library
(FCL), is a library of functionality available to all languages using
the .NET Framework. The BCL provides classes which encapsulate a
number of common functions, including file reading and writing,
graphic rendering, database interaction and XML document
manipulation.

Simplified Deployment

Installation of computer software must be carefully managed to ensure

that it does not interfere with previously installed software, and that it
conforms to security requirements. The .NET framework includes
design features and tools that help address these requirements.

Security

The design is meant to address some of the vulnerabilities, such as

buffer overflows, that have been exploited by malicious software.

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Additionally, .NET provides a common security model for all

applications.

Portability

The design of the .NET Framework allows it to theoretically be

platform agnostic, and thus cross-platform compatible. That is, a
program written to use the framework should run without change on
any type of system for which the framework is implemented.
Microsoft's commercial implementations of the framework cover
Windows, Windows CE, and the Xbox 360. In addition, Microsoft
submits the specifications for the Common Language Infrastructure
(which includes the core class libraries, Common Type System, and the
Common Intermediate Language), the C# language, and the C++/CLI
language to both ECMA and the ISO, making them available as open
standards. This makes it possible for third parties to create compatible
implementations of the framework and its languages on other
platforms.

Architecture

Visual overview of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)

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Common Language Infrastructure

The core aspects of the .NET framework lie within the Common
Language Infrastructure, or CLI. The purpose of the CLI is to provide a
language-neutral platform for application development and execution,
including functions for exception handling, garbage collection, security, and
interoperability. Microsoft's implementation of the CLI is called the Common
Language Runtime or CLR.

Assemblies

The intermediate CIL code is housed in .NET assemblies. As mandated

by specification, assemblies are stored in the Portable Executable (PE)
format, common on the Windows platform for all DLL and EXE files. The
assembly consists of one or more files, one of which must contain the
manifest, which has the metadata for the assembly. The complete name of
an assembly (not to be confused with the filename on disk) contains its
simple text name, version number, culture, and public key token. The public
key token is a unique hash generated when the assembly is compiled, thus
two assemblies with the same public key token are guaranteed to be
identical from the point of view of the framework. A private key can also be
specified known only to the creator of the assembly and can be used for
strong naming and to guarantee that the assembly is from the same author
when a new version of the assembly is compiled (required to add an
assembly to the Global Assembly Cache).

Metadata

All CLI is self-describing through .NET metadata. The CLR checks the
metadata to ensure that the correct method is called. Metadata is usually
generated by language compilers but developers can create their own
metadata through custom attributes. Metadata contains information about
the assembly, and is also used to implement the reflective programming
capabilities of .NET Framework.

Security

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.NET has its own security mechanism with two general features: Code
Access Security (CAS), and validation and verification. Code Access Security
is based on evidence that is associated with a specific assembly. Typically
the evidence is the source of the assembly (whether it is installed on the
local machine or has been downloaded from the intranet or Internet). Code
Access Security uses evidence to determine the permissions granted to the
code. Other code can demand that calling code is granted a specified
permission. The demand causes the CLR to perform a call stack walk: every
assembly of each method in the call stack is checked for the required
permission; if any assembly is not granted the permission a security
exception is thrown.

When an assembly is loaded the CLR performs various tests. Two such
tests are validation and verification. During validation the CLR checks that
the assembly contains valid metadata and CIL, and whether the internal
tables are correct. Verification is not so exact. The verification mechanism
checks to see if the code does anything that is 'unsafe'. The algorithm used
is quite conservative; hence occasionally code that is 'safe' does not pass.
Unsafe code will only be executed if the assembly has the 'skip verification'
permission, which generally means code that is installed on the local
machine.

.NET Framework uses appdomains as a mechanism for isolating code

running in a process. Appdomains can be created and code loaded into or
unloaded from them independent of other appdomains. This helps increase
the fault tolerance of the application, as faults or crashes in one appdomain
do not affect rest of the application. Appdomains can also be configured
independently with different security privileges. This can help increase the
security of the application by isolating potentially unsafe code. The
developer, however, has to split the application into sub domains; it is not
done by the CLR.

Class library

Namespaces in the BCL

System

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System. CodeDom
System. Collections
System. Diagnostics
System. Globalization
System. IO
System. Resources
System. Text
System.Text.RegularExpressi
ons

Microsoft .NET Framework includes a set of standard class libraries.

The class library is organized in a hierarchy of namespaces. Most of the built
in APIs are part of either System.* or Microsoft.* namespaces. It
encapsulates a large number of common functions, such as file reading and
writing, graphic rendering, database interaction, and XML document
manipulation, among others. The .NET class libraries are available to all .NET
languages. The .NET Framework class library is divided into two parts: the
Base Class Library and the Framework Class Library.

The Base Class Library (BCL) includes a small subset of the entire class
library and is the core set of classes that serve as the basic API of the
Common Language Runtime. The classes in mscorlib.dll and some of the
classes in System.dll and System.core.dll are considered to be a part of the
BCL. The BCL classes are available in both .NET Framework as well as its
alternative implementations including .NET Compact Framework, Microsoft
Silver light and Mono.

The Framework Class Library (FCL) is a superset of the BCL classes and
refers to the entire class library that ships with .NET Framework. It includes
an expanded set of libraries, including Win Forms, ADO.NET, ASP.NET,
Language Integrated Query, Windows Presentation Foundation, Windows
Communication Foundation among others. The FCL is much larger in scope
than standard libraries for languages like C++, and comparable in scope to
the standard libraries of Java.

Memory management

The .NET Framework CLR frees the developer from the burden of
managing memory (allocating and freeing up when done); instead it does the
memory management itself. To this end, the memory allocated to

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instantiations of .NET types (objects) is done contiguously from the managed

heap, a pool of memory managed by the CLR. As long as there exists a
reference to an object, which might be either a direct reference to an object
or via a graph of objects, the object is considered to be in use by the CLR.
When there is no reference to an object, and it cannot be reached or used, it
becomes garbage. However, it still holds on to the memory allocated to
it. .NET Framework includes a garbage collector which runs periodically, on a
separate thread from the application's thread, that enumerates all the
unusable objects and reclaims the memory allocated to them.

The .NET Garbage Collector (GC) is a non-deterministic, compacting,

mark-and-sweep garbage collector. The GC runs only when a certain amount
of memory has been used or there is enough pressure for memory on the
system. Since it is not guaranteed when the conditions to reclaim memory
are reached, the GC runs are non-deterministic. Each .NET application has a
set of roots, which are pointers to objects on the managed heap (managed
objects). These include references to static objects and objects defined as
local variables or method parameters currently in scope, as well as objects
referred to by CPU registers. When the GC runs, it pauses the application,
and for each object referred to in the root, it recursively enumerates all the
objects reachable from the root objects and marks them as reachable. It uses
.NET metadata and reflection to discover the objects encapsulated by an
object, and then recursively walk them. It then enumerates all the objects on
the heap (which were initially allocated contiguously) using reflection. All
objects not marked as reachable are garbage. This is the mark phase. Since
the memory held by garbage is not of any consequence, it is considered free
space. However, this leaves chunks of free space between objects which
were initially contiguous. The objects are then compacted together, by using
memory to copy them over to the free space to make them contiguous
again. Any reference to an object invalidated by moving the object is
updated to reflect the new location by the GC. The application is resumed
after the garbage collection is over.

The GC used by .NET Framework is actually generational. Objects are

assigned a generation; newly created objects belong to Generation 0. The
objects that survive a garbage collection are tagged as Generation 1, and
the Generation 1 objects that survive another collection are Generation 2
objects. The .NET Framework uses up to Generation 2 objects. Higher
generation objects are garbage collected less frequently than lower
generation objects. This helps increase the efficiency of garbage collection,

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as older objects tend to have a larger lifetime than newer objects. Thus, by
removing older (and thus more likely to survive a collection) objects from the
scope of a collection run, fewer objects need to be checked and compacted.

Versions

Microsoft started development on the .NET Framework in the late 1990s

originally under the name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By
late 2000 the first beta versions of .NET 1.0 were released.

Version Release
Version Number Date
1.0 1.0.3705.0 2002-01-05
1.1 1.1.4322.573 2003-04-01
2.0 2.0.50727.42 2005-11-07
3.0 3.0.4506.30 2006-11-06
3.5 3.5.21022.8 2007-11-09

5.2 ASP.NET

SERVER APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Server-side applications in the managed world are implemented
through runtime hosts. Unmanaged applications host the common language
runtime, which allows your custom managed code to control the behavior of
the server. This model provides you with all the features of the common

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language runtime and class library while gaining the performance and
scalability of the host server.
The following illustration shows a basic network schema with managed
code running in different server environments. Servers such as IIS and SQL
Server can perform standard operations while your application logic executes
through the managed code.

SERVER-SIDE MANAGED CODE

ASP.NET is the hosting environment that enables developers to use the

.NET Framework to target Web-based applications. However, ASP.NET is
more than just a runtime host; it is a complete architecture for developing
Web sites and Internet-distributed objects using managed code. Both Web
Forms and XML Web services use IIS and ASP.NET as the publishing
mechanism for applications, and both have a collection of supporting classes
in the .NET Framework.
XML Web services, an important evolution in Web-based technology,
are distributed, server-side application components similar to common Web
sites. However, unlike Web-based applications, XML Web services
components have no UI and are not targeted for browsers such as Internet
Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Instead, XML Web services consist of
reusable software components designed to be consumed by other
applications, such as traditional client applications, Web-based applications,
or even other XML Web services. As a result, XML Web services technology is
rapidly moving application development and deployment into the highly
distributed environment of the Internet.
If you have used earlier versions of ASP technology, you will
immediately notice the improvements that ASP.NET and Web Forms offers.
For example, you can develop Web Forms pages in any language that
supports the .NET Framework. In addition, your code no longer needs to
share the same file with your HTTP text (although it can continue to do so if
you prefer). Web Forms pages execute in native machine language because,
like any other managed application, they take full advantage of the runtime.
In contrast, unmanaged ASP pages are always scripted and interpreted.
ASP.NET pages are faster, more functional, and easier to develop than
unmanaged ASP pages because they interact with the runtime like any
managed application.
The .NET Framework also provides a collection of classes and tools to
aid in development and consumption of XML Web services applications. XML
Web services are built on standards such as SOAP (a remote procedure-call

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protocol), XML (an extensible data format), and WSDL ( the Web Services
Description Language). The .NET Framework is built on these standards to
promote interoperability with non-Microsoft solutions.
For example, the Web Services Description Language tool included
with the .NET Framework SDK can query an XML Web service published on
the Web, parse its WSDL description, and produce C# or Visual Basic source
code that your application can use to become a client of the XML Web
service. The source code can create classes derived from classes in the class
library that handle all the underlying communication using SOAP and XML
parsing. Although you can use the class library to consume XML Web
services directly, the Web Services Description Language tool and the other
tools contained in the SDK facilitate your development efforts with the .NET
Framework.
If you develop and publish your own XML Web service, the .NET
Framework provides a set of classes that conform to all the underlying
communication standards, such as SOAP, WSDL, and XML. Using those
classes enables you to focus on the logic of your service, without concerning
yourself with the communications infrastructure required by distributed
software development.
Finally, like Web Forms pages in the managed environment, your XML Web
service will run with the speed of native machine language using the scalable
communication of IIS.

ACTIVE SERVER PAGES.NET

ASP.NET is a programming framework built on the common language

runtime that can be used on a server to build powerful Web applications.
ASP.NET offers several important advantages over previous Web
development models:
 Enhanced Performance. ASP.NET is compiled common language
runtime code running on the server. Unlike its interpreted predecessors,
ASP.NET can take advantage of early binding, just-in-time compilation,
native optimization, and caching services right out of the box. This
amounts to dramatically better performance before you ever write a line
of code.
 World-Class Tool Support. The ASP.NET framework is complemented by
a rich toolbox and designer in the Visual Studio integrated development
environment. WYSIWYG editing, drag-and-drop server controls, and
automatic deployment are just a few of the features this powerful tool
provides.

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 Power and Flexibility. Because ASP.NET is based on the common

language runtime, the power and flexibility of that entire platform is
available to Web application developers. The .NET Framework class
library, Messaging, and Data Access solutions are all seamlessly
accessible from the Web. ASP.NET is also language-independent, so you
can choose the language that best applies to your application or partition
your application across many languages. Further, common language
runtime interoperability guarantees that your existing investment in COM-
based development is preserved when migrating to ASP.NET.
 Simplicity. ASP.NET makes it easy to perform common tasks, from
simple form submission and client authentication to deployment and site
configuration. For example, the ASP.NET page framework allows you to
build user interfaces that cleanly separate application logic from
presentation code and to handle events in a simple, Visual Basic - like
forms processing model. Additionally, the common language runtime
simplifies development, with managed code services such as automatic
reference counting and garbage collection.
 Manageability. ASP.NET employs a text-based, hierarchical
configuration system, which simplifies applying settings to your server
environment and Web applications. Because configuration information is
stored as plain text, new settings may be applied without the aid of local
administration tools. This "zero local administration" philosophy extends
to deploying ASP.NET Framework applications as well. An ASP.NET
Framework application is deployed to a server simply by copying the
necessary files to the server. No server restart is required, even to deploy
or replace running compiled code.
 Scalability and Availability. ASP.NET has been designed with scalability
in mind, with features specifically tailored to improve performance in
clustered and multiprocessor environments. Further, processes are
closely monitored and managed by the ASP.NET runtime, so that if one
misbehaves (leaks, deadlocks), a new process can be created in its place,
which helps keep your application constantly available to handle requests.
 Customizability and Extensibility. ASP.NET delivers a well-factored
architecture that allows developers to "plug-in" their code at the
appropriate level. In fact, it is possible to extend or replace any
subcomponent of the ASP.NET runtime with your own custom-written
component. Implementing custom authentication or state services has
never been easier.
 Security. With built in Windows authentication and per-application
configuration, you can be assured that your applications are secure.

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LANGUAGE SUPPORT
The Microsoft .NET Platform currently offers built-in support for three
languages: C#, Visual Basic, and Java Script.

WHAT IS ASP.NET WEB FORMS?

The ASP.NET Web Forms page framework is a scalable common

language runtime programming model that can be used on the server to
dynamically generate Web pages.
Intended as a logical evolution of ASP (ASP.NET provides syntax
compatibility with existing pages), the ASP.NET Web Forms framework has
been specifically designed to address a number of key deficiencies in the
previous model. In particular, it provides:

 The ability to create and use reusable UI controls that can encapsulate
common functionality and thus reduce the amount of code that a page
developer has to write.
 The ability for developers to cleanly structure their page logic in an
orderly fashion (not "spaghetti code").
 The ability for development tools to provide strong WYSIWYG design
support for pages (existing ASP code is opaque to tools).

ASP.NET Web Forms pages are text files with an .aspx file name
extension. They can be deployed throughout an IIS virtual root directory tree.
When a browser client requests .aspx resources, the ASP.NET runtime parses
and compiles the target file into a .NET Framework class. This class can then
be used to dynamically process incoming requests. (Note that the .aspx file
is compiled only the first time it is accessed; the compiled type instance is
then reused across multiple requests).

An ASP.NET page can be created simply by taking an existing HTML file

and changing its file name extension to .aspx (no modification of code is
required). For example, the following sample demonstrates a simple HTML
page that collects a user's name and category preference and then performs
a form post back to the originating page when a button is clicked:

ASP.NET provides syntax compatibility with existing ASP pages. This

includes support for <% %> code render blocks that can be intermixed with

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HTML content within an .aspx file. These code blocks execute in a top-down
manner at page render time.

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CODE-BEHIND WEB FORMS

ASP.NET supports two methods of authoring dynamic pages. The first

is the method shown in the preceding samples, where the page code is
physically declared within the originating .aspx file. An alternative approach--
known as the code-behind method--enables the page code to be more
cleanly separated from the HTML content into an entirely separate file.

INTRODUCTION TO ASP.NET SERVER CONTROLS

In addition to (or instead of) using <% %> code blocks to program
dynamic content, ASP.NET page developers can use ASP.NET server controls
to program Web pages. Server controls are declared within an .aspx file
using custom tags or intrinsic HTML tags that contain a runat="server"
attributes value. Intrinsic HTML tags are handled by one of the controls in the
System.Web.UI.HtmlControls namespace. Any tag that doesn't explicitly map
to one of the controls is assigned the type of
System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlGenericControl.

Server controls automatically maintain any client-entered values

between round trips to the server. This control state is not stored on the
server (it is instead stored within an <input type="hidden"> form field that
is round-tripped between requests). Note also that no client-side script is
required.

In addition to supporting standard HTML input controls, ASP.NET

enables developers to utilize richer custom controls on their pages. For
example, the following sample demonstrates how the <asp:adrotator>
control can be used to dynamically display rotating ads on a page.

1. ASP.NET Web Forms provide an easy and powerful way to build dynamic
Web UI.
2. ASP.NET Web Forms pages can target any browser client (there are no
script library or cookie requirements).
3. ASP.NET Web Forms pages provide syntax compatibility with existing ASP
pages.
4. ASP.NET server controls provide an easy way to encapsulate common
functionality.

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5. ASP.NET ships with 45 built-in server controls. Developers can also use
controls built by third parties.
6. ASP.NET server controls can automatically project both uplevel and
downlevel HTML.
7. ASP.NET templates provide an easy way to customize the look and feel of
list server controls.
8. ASP.NET validation controls provide an easy way to do declarative client
or server data validation.
5.3 C#.NET

ADO.NET OVERVIEW

ADO.NET is an evolution of the ADO data access model that directly

addresses user requirements for developing scalable applications. It was
designed specifically for the web with scalability, statelessness, and XML in
mind.
ADO.NET uses some ADO objects, such as the Connection and Command
objects, and also introduces new objects. Key new ADO.NET objects include
the Dataset, Data Reader, and Data Adapter.

The important distinction between this evolved stage of ADO.NET and

previous data architectures is that there exists an object -- the DataSet --
that is separate and distinct from any data stores. Because of that, the
DataSet functions as a standalone entity. You can think of the DataSet as an
always disconnected recordset that knows nothing about the source or
destination of the data it contains. Inside a DataSet, much like in a database,
there are tables, columns, relationships, constraints, views, and so forth.

A DataAdapter is the object that connects to the database to fill the

DataSet. Then, it connects back to the database to update the data there,
based on operations performed while the DataSet held the data. In the past,
data processing has been primarily connection-based. Now, in an effort to
make multi-tiered apps more efficient, data processing is turning to a
message-based approach that revolves around chunks of information. At the
center of this approach is the DataAdapter, which provides a bridge to
retrieve and save data between a DataSet and its source data store. It
accomplishes this by means of requests to the appropriate SQL commands
made against the data store.

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The XML-based DataSet object provides a consistent programming

model that works with all models of data storage: flat, relational, and
hierarchical. It does this by having no 'knowledge' of the source of its data,
and by representing the data that it holds as collections and data types. No
matter what the source of the data within the DataSet is, it is manipulated
through the same set of standard APIs exposed through the DataSet and its
subordinate objects.

While the DataSet has no knowledge of the source of its data, the
managed provider has detailed and specific information. The role of the
managed provider is to connect, fill, and persist the DataSet to and from
data stores. The OLE DB and SQL Server .NET Data Providers
(System.Data.OleDb and System.Data.SqlClient) that are part of the .Net
Framework provide four basic objects: the Command, Connection,
DataReader and DataAdapter. In the remaining sections of this document,
we'll walk through each part of the DataSet and the OLE DB/SQL Server .NET
Data Providers explaining what they are, and how to program against them.
The following sections will introduce you to some objects that have evolved,
and some that are new. These objects are:

 Connections. For connection to and managing transactions against a

database.
 Commands. For issuing SQL commands against a database.
 DataReaders. For reading a forward-only stream of data records from a
SQL Server data source.
 DataSet. For storing, Remoting and programming against flat data,
XML data and relational data.
 DataAdapters. For pushing data into a DataSet, and reconciling data
against a database.

When dealing with connections to a database, there are two different

options: SQL Server .NET Data Provider (System.Data.SqlClient) and OLE
DB .NET Data Provider (System.Data.OleDb). In these samples we will use
the SQL Server .NET Data Provider. These are written to talk directly to
Microsoft SQL Server. The OLE DB .NET Data Provider is used to talk to any
OLE DB provider (as it uses OLE DB underneath).
Connections:

Connections are used to 'talk to' databases, and are represented by

provider-specific classes such as SqlConnection. Commands travel over

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connections and resultsets are returned in the form of streams which can be
read by a DataReader object, or pushed into a DataSet object.

Commands:
Commands contain the information that is submitted to a database,
and are represented by provider-specific classes such as SqlCommand. A
command can be a stored procedure call, an UPDATE statement, or a
statement that returns results. You can also use input and output
parameters, and return values as part of your command syntax. The
example below shows how to issue an INSERT statement against the
Northwind database.
DataReaders:
The DataReader object is somewhat synonymous with a read-only/forward-
only cursor over data. The DataReader API supports flat as well as
hierarchical data. A DataReader object is returned after executing a
command against a database. The format of the returned DataReader object
is different from a recordset. For example, you might use the DataReader to
show the results of a search list in a web page.

DATASETS AND DATAADAPTERS:

DataSets
The DataSet object is similar to the ADO Recordset object, but more
powerful, and with one other important distinction: the DataSet is always
disconnected. The DataSet object represents a cache of data, with database-
like structures such as tables, columns, relationships, and constraints.
However, though a DataSet can and does behave much like a database, it is
important to remember that DataSet objects do not interact directly with
databases, or other source data. This allows the developer to work with a
programming model that is always consistent, regardless of where the
source data resides. Data coming from a database, an XML file, from code, or
user input can all be placed into DataSet objects. Then, as changes are made

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to the DataSet they can be tracked and verified before updating the source
data. The GetChanges method of the DataSet object actually creates a
second DatSet that contains only the changes to the data. This DataSet is
then used by a DataAdapter (or other objects) to update the original data
source.
The DataSet has many XML characteristics, including the ability to produce
and consume XML data and XML schemas. XML schemas can be used to
describe schemas interchanged via WebServices. In fact, a DataSet with a
schema can actually be compiled for type safety and statement completion.

DATAADAPTERS (OLEDB/SQL)
The DataAdapter object works as a bridge between the DataSet and
the source data. Using the provider-specific SqlDataAdapter (along with its
associated SqlCommand and SqlConnection) can increase overall
performance when working with a Microsoft SQL Server databases. For other
OLE DB-supported databases, you would use the OleDbDataAdapter object
and its associated OleDbCommand and OleDbConnection objects.
The DataAdapter object uses commands to update the data source after
changes have been made to the DataSet. Using the Fill method of the
DataAdapter calls the SELECT command; using the Update method calls the
INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE command for each changed row. You can
explicitly set these commands in order to control the statements used at
runtime to resolve changes, including the use of stored procedures. For ad-
hoc scenarios, a CommandBuilder object can generate these at run-time
based upon a select statement. However, this run-time generation requires
an extra round-trip to the server in order to gather required metadata, so
explicitly providing the INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands at design
time will result in better run-time performance.
1. ADO.NET is the next evolution of ADO for the .Net Framework.

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2. ADO.NET was created with n-Tier, statelessness and XML in the

forefront. Two new objects, the DataSet and DataAdapter, are provided
for these scenarios.
3. ADO.NET can be used to get data from a stream, or to store data in a
cache for updates.
4. There is a lot more information about ADO.NET in the documentation.
5. Remember, you can execute a command directly against the database
in order to do inserts, updates, and deletes. You don't need to first put
data into a DataSet in order to insert, update, or delete it.
Also, you can use a DataSet to bind to the data, move through the data, and
navigate data relationships

5.4 SQL SERVER -2005

A database management, or DBMS, gives the user access to their data

and helps them transform the data into information. Such database
management systems include dBase, paradox, IMS, SQL Server and SQL
Server. These systems allow users to create, update and extract information
from their database.

A database is a structured collection of data. Data refers to the

characteristics of people, things and events. SQL Server stores each data
item in its own fields. In SQL Server, the fields relating to a particular
person, thing or event are bundled together to form a single complete unit of
data, called a record (it can also be referred to as raw or an occurrence).
Each record is made up of a number of fields. No two fields in a record can
have the same field name.

During an SQL Server Database design project, the analysis of your

business needs identifies all the fields or attributes of interest. If your
business needs change over time, you define any additional fields or change
the definition of existing fields.

SQL SERVER TABLES

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SQL Server stores records relating to each other in a table. Different

tables are created for the various groups of information. Related tables are
grouped together to form a database.

PRIMARY KEY

Every table in SQL Server has a field or a combination of fields that

uniquely identifies each record in the table. The Unique identifier is called
the Primary Key, or simply the Key. The primary key provides the means to
distinguish one record from all other in a table. It allows the user and the
database system to identify, locate and refer to one particular record in the
database.

RELATIONAL DATABASE

Sometimes all the information of interest to a business operation can

be stored in one table. SQL Server makes it very easy to link the data in
multiple tables. Matching an employee to the department in which they work
is one example. This is what makes SQL Server a relational database
management system, or RDBMS. It stores data in two or more tables and
enables you to define relationships between the table and enables you to
define relationships between the tables.

FOREIGN KEY

When a field is one table matches the primary key of another field is
referred to as a foreign key. A foreign key is a field or a group of fields in
one table whose values match those of the primary key of another table.

REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY

Not only does SQL Server allow you to link multiple tables, it also
maintains consistency between them. Ensuring that the data among related
tables is correctly matched is referred to as maintaining referential integrity.

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DATA ABSTRACTION

A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an

abstract view of the data. This system hides certain details of how the data
is stored and maintained. Data abstraction is divided into three levels.

Physical level: This is the lowest level of abstraction at which one describes
how the data are actually stored.

Conceptual Level: At this level of database abstraction all the attributed and
what data are actually stored is described and entries and relationship
among them.

View level: This is the highest level of abstraction at which one describes
only part of the database.

ADVANTAGES OF RDBMS

 Redundancy can be avoided

 Inconsistency can be eliminated
 Data can be Shared
 Standards can be enforced
 Security restrictions ca be applied
 Integrity can be maintained
 Conflicting requirements can be balanced
 Data independence can be achieved.
DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS

A significant disadvantage of the DBMS system is cost. In addition to

the cost of purchasing of developing the software, the hardware has to be
upgraded to allow for the extensive programs and the workspace required
for their execution and storage. While centralization reduces duplication, the
lack of duplication requires that the database be adequately backed up so
that in case of failure the data can be recovered.

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FEATURES OF SQL SERVER (RDBMS)

SQL SERVER is one of the leading database management systems

(DBMS) because it is the only Database that meets the uncompromising
requirements of today’s most demanding information systems. From
complex decision support systems (DSS) to the most rigorous online
transaction processing (OLTP) application, even application that require
simultaneous DSS and OLTP access to the same critical data, SQL Server
leads the industry in both performance and capability.

SQL SERVER is a truly portable, distributed, and open DBMS that delivers
unmatched performance, continuous operation and support for every
database.

SQL SERVER RDBMS is high performance fault tolerant DBMS which is

specially designed for online transactions processing and for handling large
database application.

SQL SERVER with transactions processing option offers two features which
contribute to very high level of transaction processing throughput, which are

 The row level lock manager

ENTERPRISE WIDE DATA SHARING

The unrivaled portability and connectivity of the SQL SERVER DBMS

enables all the systems in the organization to be linked into a singular,
integrated computing resource.

PORTABILITY

SQL SERVER is fully portable to more than 80 distinct hardware and

operating systems platforms, including UNIX, MSDOS, OS/2, Macintosh and
dozens of proprietary platforms. This portability gives complete freedom to
choose the database server platform that meets the system requirements.

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OPEN SYSTEMS

SQL SERVER offers a leading implementation of industry –standard

SQL. SQL Server’s open architecture integrates SQL SERVER and non –SQL
SERVER DBMS with industry’s most comprehensive collection of tools,
application, and third party software products SQL Server’s Open
architecture provides transparent access to data from other relational
database and even non-relational database.

DISTRIBUTED DATA SHARING

SQL Server’s networking and distributed database capabilities to

access data stored on remote server with the same ease as if the
information was stored on a single local computer. A single SQL statement
can access data at multiple sites. You can store data where system
requirements such as performance, security or availability dictate.

UNMATCHED PERFORMANCE

The most advanced architecture in the industry allows the SQL SERVER
DBMS to deliver unmatched performance.

SOPHISTICATED CONCURRENCY CONTROL

Real World applications demand access to critical data. With most

database Systems application becomes “contention bound” – which
performance is limited not by the CPU power or by disk I/O, but user waiting
on one another for data access. SQL Server employs full, unrestricted row-
level locking and contention free queries to minimize and in many cases
entirely eliminates contention wait times.

NO I/O BOTTLENECKS

SQL Server’s fast commit groups commit and deferred write

technologies dramatically reduce disk I/O bottlenecks. While some database

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write whole data block to disk at commit time, SQL Server commits
transactions with at most sequential log file on disk at commit time, On high
throughput systems, one sequential writes typically group commit multiple
transactions. Data read by the transaction remains as shared memory so
that other transactions may access that data without reading it again from
disk. Since fast commits write all data necessary to the recovery to the log
file, modified blocks are written back to the database independently of the
transaction commit, when written from memory to disk.

6.SYSTEM DESIGN
6.1. INTRODUCTION

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Software design sits at the technical kernel of the software engineering

process and is applied regardless of the development paradigm and area of
application. Design is the first step in the development phase for any
engineered product or system. The designer’s goal is to produce a model or
representation of an entity that will later be built. Beginning, once system
requirement have been specified and analyzed, system design is the first of
the three technical activities -design, code and test that is required to build
and verify software.

The importance can be stated with a single word “Quality”. Design is

the place where quality is fostered in software development. Design provides
us with representations of software that can assess for quality. Design is the
only way that we can accurately translate a employee’s view into a finished
software product or system. Software design serves as a foundation for all
the software engineering steps that follow. Without a strong design we risk
building an unstable system – one that will be difficult to test, one whose
quality cannot be assessed until the last stage.

During design, progressive refinement of data structure, program

structure, and procedural details are developed reviewed and documented.
System design can be viewed from either technical or project management
perspective. From the technical point of view, design is comprised of four
activities – architectural design, data structure design, interface design and
procedural design.

6.2 NORMALIZATION

It is a process of converting a relation to a standard form. The process

is used to handle the problems that can arise due to data redundancy i.e.
repetition of data in the database, maintain data integrity as well as handling
problems that can arise due to insertion, updating, deletion anomalies.

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Decomposing is the process of splitting relations into multiple relations

to eliminate anomalies and maintain anomalies and maintain data integrity.
To do this we use normal forms or rules for structuring relation.

Insertion anomaly: Inability to add data to the database due to absence of

other data.

Deletion anomaly: Unintended loss of data due to deletion of other data.

Update anomaly: Data inconsistency resulting from data redundancy and

partial update

Normal Forms: These are the rules for structuring relations that eliminate
anomalies.

FIRST NORMAL FORM:

A relation is said to be in first normal form if the values in the relation

are atomic for every attribute in the relation. By this we mean simply that
no attribute value can be a set of values or, as it is sometimes expressed, a
repeating group.

SECOND NORMAL FORM:

A relation is said to be in second Normal form is it is in first normal

form and it should satisfy any one of the following rules.

1) Primary key is a not a composite primary key

2) No non key attributes are present
3) Every non key attribute is fully functionally dependent on full set of
primary key.
THIRD NORMAL FORM:

A relation is said to be in third normal form if their exits no transitive

dependencies.

Transitive Dependency: If two non key attributes depend on each other as

well as on the primary key then they are said to be transitively dependent.

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The above normalization principles were applied to decompose the

data in multiple tables thereby making the data to be maintained in a
consistent state.

6.3 E-R Diagrams

 The relation upon the system is structure through a

conceptual ER-Diagram, which not only specifics the existential entities
but also the standard relations through which the system exists and the
cardinalities that are necessary for the system state to continue.

 The entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) depicts the relationship between

the data objects. The ERD is the notation that is used to conduct the date

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modeling activity the attributes of each data object noted is the ERD can
be described resign a data object descriptions.

 The set of primary components that are identified by the ERD are

 Data object
 Relationships
 Attributes
 Various types of indicators.
The primary purpose of the ERD is to represent data objects and their
relationships.

6.4 DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

A data flow diagram is graphical tool used to describe and

analyze movement of data through a system. These are the central tool and
the basis from which the other components are developed. The
transformation of data from input to output, through processed, may be
described logically and independently of physical components associated
with the system. These are known as the logical data flow diagrams. The
physical data flow diagrams show the actual implements and movement of
data between people, departments and workstations. A full description of a
system actually consists of a set of data flow diagrams. Using two familiar
notations Yourdon, Gane and Sarson notation develops the data flow
diagrams. Each component in a DFD is labeled with a descriptive name.
Process is further identified with a number that will be used for identification
purpose. The development of DFD’S is done in several levels. Each process
in lower level diagrams can be broken down into a more detailed DFD in the
next level. The lop-level diagram is often called context diagram. It consists
a single process bit, which plays vital role in studying the current system.
The process in the context level diagram is exploded into other process at
the first level DFD.

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The idea behind the explosion of a process into more process is that
understanding at one level of detail is exploded into greater detail at the
next level. This is done until further explosion is necessary and an adequate
amount of detail is described for analyst to understand the process.

Larry Constantine first developed the DFD as a way of expressing

system requirements in a graphical from, this lead to the modular design.

A DFD is also known as a “bubble Chart” has the purpose of clarifying

system requirements and identifying major transformations that will become
programs in system design. So it is the starting point of the design to the
lowest level of detail. A DFD consists of a series of bubbles joined by data
flows in the system.

DFD SYMBOLS:

In the DFD, there are four symbols

1. A square defines a source(originator) or destination of system data

2. An arrow identifies data flow. It is the pipeline through which the
information flows
3. A circle or a bubble represents a process that transforms incoming data
flow into outgoing data flows.
4. An open rectangle is a data store, data at rest or a temporary repository
of data

Process that transforms data flow.

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Source or Destination of data

Data flow

Data Store

CONSTRUCTING A DFD:

Several rules of thumb are used in drawing DFD’S:

1. Process should be named and numbered for an easy reference. Each

name should be representative of the process.
2. The direction of flow is from top to bottom and from left to right. Data
traditionally flow from source to the destination although they may flow
back to the source. One way to indicate this is to draw long flow line back
to a source. An alternative way is to repeat the source symbol as a
destination. Since it is used more than once in the DFD it is marked with
a short diagonal.
3. When a process is exploded into lower level details, they are numbered.
4. The names of data stores and destinations are written in capital letters.
Process and dataflow names have the first letter of each work capitalized.
A DFD typically shows the minimum contents of data store. Each data
store should contain all the data elements that flow in and out.

Questionnaires should contain all the data elements that flow in and
out. Missing interfaces redundancies and like is then accounted for often
through interviews.

SAILENT FEATURES OF DFD’S

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1. The DFD shows flow of data, not of control loops and decision are
controlled considerations do not appear on a DFD.
2. The DFD does not indicate the time factor involved in any process
whether the dataflow take place daily, weekly, monthly or yearly.
3. The sequence of events is not brought out on the DFD.

TYPES OF DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

1. Current Physical
2. Current Logical
3. New Logical
4. New Physical

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CURRENT PHYSICAL:

In Current Physical DFD process label include the name of people or

their positions or the names of computer systems that might provide some of
the overall system-processing label includes an identification of the
technology used to process the data. Similarly data flows and data stores
are often labels with the names of the actual physical media on which data
are stored such as file folders, computer files, business forms or computer
tapes.

CURRENT LOGICAL:

The physical aspects at the system are removed as much as possible

so that the current system is reduced to its essence to the data and the
processors that transforms them regardless of actual physical form.

NEW LOGICAL:

This is exactly like a current logical model if the user were completely
happy with the user were completely happy with the functionality of the
current system but had problems with how it was implemented typically
through the new logical model will differ from current logical model while
having additional functions, absolute function removal and inefficient flows
recognized.

NEW PHYSICAL:

The new physical represents only the physical implementation of the

new system.

RULES GOVERNING THE DFD’S

PROCESS

1) No process can have only outputs.

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2) No process can have only inputs. If an object has only inputs than it must
be a sink.
3) A process has a verb phrase label.
DATA STORE

1) Data cannot move directly from one data store to another data store, a
process must move data.
2) Data cannot move directly from an outside source to a data store, a
process, which receives, must move data from the source and place the
data into data store
3) A data store has a noun phrase label.
SOURCE OR SINK

The origin and /or destination of data.

1) Data cannot move direly from a source to sink it must be moved by a

process
2) A source and /or sink has a noun phrase land

DATA FLOW

1) A Data Flow has only one direction of flow between symbols. It may flow
in both directions between a process and a data store to show a read
before an update. The later is usually indicated however by two separate
arrows since these happen at different type.
2) A join in DFD means that exactly the same data comes from any of two or
more different processes data store or sink to a common location.
3) A data flow cannot go directly back to the same process it leads. There
must be at least one other process that handles the data flow produce
some other data flow returns the original data into the beginning process.
4) A Data flow to a data store means update (delete or change).
5) A data Flow from a data store means retrieve or use.

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A data flow has a noun phrase label more than one data flow noun phrase
can appear on a single arrow as long as all of the flows on the same arrow
move together as one package.

Online job portai DFD’s

Context Level DFD

Data Input Stage Data Out put stage

Local job Details

ADMIN

ADMIN
Oversea job Details

ADMIN
USER

Applicant Details
USER

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Login DFD

Login

Check
User
YES YES
Enter User
name and User
password home
Open Login page

NO

Verification
data

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Admin Activities (1st Level)

tblLocal

tblFeedback
Login

Admin Local
YES
job
Form
NO Feed Back
Admin
Form

tblapplication
Login Over Sea
form Form

application
form

Tbloverseajobs

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User Activities

Tbllocaljobs

tblovers
Search eajobs
Jobs
YES
User
User
Login
Form
TblLocaljobs

NO
Local &
oversea
Login
jobs

tbltrainfare

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Viewer Activities

Tblapplication tbllocalJobs

Search Jobs

Oversea job
Train tickets
view
Fare view

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6.5 DATA DICTIONARY

After carefully understanding the requirements of the client the

entire data storage requirements are divided into tables. The below tables
are normalized to avoid any anomalies during the course of data entry.

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7. OUTPUT SCREENS

Home Page:

Home Page:

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About us Form:

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User Register Form:

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Job Resource Form:

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Local jobs view Form:

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Top Employer Form:

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Placement Directory Form:

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Sample CV Form:

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Login Form:

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Sample CV Downloading Form:

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Admin Home Page:

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Local Jobs Entry Form:

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Oversea Jobs entry Form:

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Local jobs View form:

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Oversea jobs view:

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Applicant Report View:

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Admin Sign Out Form:

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User home page:

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Job search Form:

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Job apply Form:

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Oversea job search:

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User sign out:

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8.SYSTEM TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

8.1 INTRODUCTION

Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and

represents the ultimate review of specification, design and coding. In fact,
testing is the one step in the software engineering process that could be
viewed as destructive rather than constructive.

A strategy for software testing integrates software test case design

methods into a well-planned series of steps that result in the successful
construction of software. Testing is the set of activities that can be planned
in advance and conducted systematically. The underlying motivation of
program testing is to affirm software quality with methods that can
economically and effectively apply to both strategic to both large and small-
scale systems.

8.2. STRATEGIC APPROACH TO SOFTWARE TESTING

The software engineering process can be viewed as a spiral. Initially

system engineering defines the role of software and leads to software
requirement analysis where the information domain, functions, behavior,
performance, constraints and validation criteria for software are established.
Moving inward along the spiral, we come to design and finally to coding. To
develop computer software we spiral in along streamlines that decrease the
level of abstraction on each turn.

A strategy for software testing may also be viewed in the context of

the spiral. Unit testing begins at the vertex of the spiral and concentrates on
each unit of the software as implemented in source code. Testing progress
by moving outward along the spiral to integration testing, where the focus is
on the design and the construction of the software architecture. Talking
another turn on outward on the spiral we encounter validation testing where
requirements established as part of software requirements analysis are
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validated against the software that has been constructed. Finally we arrive at
system testing, where the software and other system elements are tested as
a whole.

UNIT TESTING

MODULE TESTING

Component Testing
SUB-SYSTEM TESING

SYSTEM TESTING
Integration Testing

ACCEPTANCE TESTING
User Testing

8.3. UNIT TESTING

Unit testing focuses verification effort on the smallest unit of software

design, the module. The unit testing we have is white box oriented and some
modules the steps are conducted in parallel.

1. WHITE BOX TESTING

This type of testing ensures that

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 All independent paths have been exercised at least once

 All logical decisions have been exercised on their true and false sides
 All loops are executed at their boundaries and within their operational
bounds
 All internal data structures have been exercised to assure their validity.
To follow the concept of white box testing we have tested each
form .we have created independently to verify that Data flow is correct, All
conditions are exercised to check their validity, All loops are executed on
their boundaries.

2. BASIC PATH TESTING

Established technique of flow graph with Cyclomatic complexity was used to

derive test cases for all the functions. The main steps in deriving test cases
were:

Use the design of the code and draw correspondent flow graph.

Determine the Cyclomatic complexity of resultant flow graph, using formula:

V(G)=E-N+2 or

V(G)=P+1 or

V(G)=Number Of Regions

Where V(G) is Cyclomatic complexity,

E is the number of edges,

N is the number of flow graph nodes,

P is the number of predicate nodes.

Determine the basis of set of linearly independent paths.

3. CONDITIONAL TESTING

In this part of the testing each of the conditions were tested to both true and
false aspects. And all the resulting paths were tested. So that each path that

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may be generate on particular condition is traced to uncover any possible

errors.

4. DATA FLOW TESTING

This type of testing selects the path of the program according to the location
of definition and use of variables. This kind of testing was used only when
some local variable were declared. The definition-use chain method was
used in this type of testing. These were particularly useful in nested
statements.

5. LOOP TESTING

In this type of testing all the loops are tested to all the limits possible. The
following exercise was adopted for all loops:

All the loops were tested at their limits, just above them and just below
them.

All the loops were skipped at least once.

For nested loops test the inner most loop first and then work outwards.

For concatenated loops the values of dependent loops were set with the
help of connected loop.

Unstructured loops were resolved into nested loops or concatenated loops

and tested as above.

Each unit has been separately tested by the development team itself
and all the input have been validated.

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9.SYSTEM SECURITY
9.1 INTRODUCTION

The protection of computer based resources that includes hardware,

software, data, procedures and people against unauthorized use or natural
Disaster is known as System Security.

System Security can be divided into four related issues:

 Security
 Integrity
 Privacy
 Confidentiality
SYSTEM SECURITY refers to the technical innovations and procedures applied
to the hardware and operation systems to protect against deliberate or
accidental damage from a defined threat.

DATA SECURITY is the protection of data from loss, disclosure, modification

and destruction.

SYSTEM INTEGRITY refers to the power functioning of hardware and

programs, appropriate physical security and safety against external threats
such as eavesdropping and wiretapping.

PRIVACY defines the rights of the user or organizations to determine what

information they are willing to share with or accept from others and how the
organization can be protected against unwelcome, unfair or excessive
dissemination of information about it.

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CONFIDENTIALITY is a special status given to sensitive information in a

database to minimize the possible invasion of privacy. It is an attribute of
information that characterizes its need for protection.

9.3 SECURITY SOFTWARE

System security refers to various validations on data in form of checks and

controls to avoid the system from failing. It is always important to ensure
that only valid data is entered and only valid operations are performed on
the system. The system employees two types of checks and controls:

CLIENT SIDE VALIDATION

Various client side validations are used to ensure on the client side
that only valid data is entered. Client side validation saves server time and
load to handle invalid data. Some checks imposed are:
 VBScript in used to ensure those required fields are filled with suitable
data only. Maximum lengths of the fields of the forms are appropriately
defined.
 Forms cannot be submitted without filling up the mandatory data so that
manual mistakes of submitting empty fields that are mandatory can be
sorted out at the client side to save the server time and load.
 Tab-indexes are set according to the need and taking into account the
ease of user while working with the system.

SERVER SIDE VALIDATION

Some checks cannot be applied at client side. Server side checks are
necessary to save the system from failing and intimating the user that some
invalid operation has been performed or the performed operation is
restricted. Some of the server side checks imposed is:
 Server side constraint has been imposed to check for the validity of
primary key and foreign key. A primary key value cannot be duplicated.
Any attempt to duplicate the primary value results into a message
intimating the user about those values through the forms using foreign
key can be updated only of the existing foreign key values.

 User is intimating through appropriate messages about the successful

operations or exceptions occurring at server side.

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 Various Access Control Mechanisms have been built so that one user may
not agitate upon another. Access permissions to various types of users
are controlled according to the organizational structure. Only permitted
users can log on to the system and can have access according to their
category. User- name, passwords and permissions are controlled o the
server side.

 Using server side validation, constraints on several restricted operations

are imposed.

10. CONCLUSION

It has been a great pleasure for me to work on this exciting and

challenging project. This project proved good for me as it provided practical
knowledge of not only programming in ASP.NET and C#.Net web based
application and no some extent Windows Application and SQL Server, but
also about all handling procedure related with “Online Job Portal”. It also
provides knowledge about the latest technology used in developing web
enabled application and client server technology that will be great demand
in future. This will provide better opportunities and guidance in future in
developing projects independently.
BENEFITS:
The project is identified by the merits of the system offered to the
user. The merits of this project are as follows: -
 It’s a web-enabled project.
 This project offers user to enter the data through simple and interactive
forms. This is very helpful for the client to enter the desired information
through so much simplicity.
 The user is mainly more concerned about the validity of the data,
whatever he is entering. There are checks on every stages of any new
creation, data entry or updation so that the user cannot enter the invalid
data, which can create problems at later date.

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 Sometimes the user finds in the later stages of using project that he
needs to update some of the information that he entered earlier. There
are options for him by which he can update the records. Moreover there is
restriction for his that he cannot change the primary data field. This keeps
the validity of the data to longer extent.
 User is provided the option of monitoring the records he entered earlier.
He can see the desired records with the variety of options provided by
him.
 From every part of the project the user is provided with the links through
framing so that he can go from one option of the project to other as per
the requirement. This is bound to be simple and very friendly as per the
user is concerned. That is, we can sat that the project is user friendly
which is one of the primary concerns of any good project.
 Data storage and retrieval will become faster and easier to maintain
because data is stored in a systematic manner and in a single database.
 Decision making process would be greatly enhanced because of faster
processing of information since data collection from information available
on computer takes much less time then manual system.
 Allocating of sample results becomes much faster because at a time the
user can see the records of last years.
 Easier and faster data transfer through latest technology associated with
the computer and communication.
 Through these features it will increase the efficiency, accuracy and
transparency,

LIMITATIONS:
 The size of the database increases day-by-day, increasing the load on the
database back up and data maintenance activity.
 Training for simple computer operations is necessary for the users
working on the system.

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11. FUTURE IMPROVEMENT

 It can be implemented to upload files with an huge amount of size with

the support of various file formats.

 This System being web-based and an undertaking of Cyber Security

Division, needs to be thoroughly tested to find out any security gaps.

 A console for the data centre may be made available to allow the
personnel to monitor on the sites which were cleared for hosting during
a particular period.

 Moreover, it is just a beginning; further the system may be utilized in

various other types of auditing operation viz. Network auditing or
similar process/workflow based applications...

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

 FOR .NET INSTALLATION

www.support.mircosoft.com

 FOR DEPLOYMENT AND PACKING ON SERVER

www.developer.com

www.15seconds.com

 FOR SQL
www.msdn.microsoft.com

 FOR ASP.NET
Asp.Net 3.5 Unleashed
www.msdn.microsoft.com/net/quickstart/aspplus/
default.com

www.asp.net

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www.fmexpense.com/quickstart/aspplus/default.com

www.asptoday.com

www.aspfree.com

www.4guysfromrolla.com/index.aspx

 Software Engineering (Roger’s Pressman)

SUBAM Degree College, Yadgir