ADVANCED ALGEBRA

UNIT-6:LINEAR TRANSFORMATION OF
VECTOR SPACE

Dr. SHIVANGI UPADHYAY

ACADEMIC CONSULTANT
UTTRAKHAND OPEN UNIVERSITY
HALDWANI(UTTRAKHAND)
supadhyay@uou.ac.in

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 1 / 20

Overview

1 Linear Transformation
Linear Transformation
Kernel of a linear transformation
Image of linear transformation
Examples
Theorem
2 Dual Space
Definition
Dual basis
Second dual of a vector space and Dual map
3 Rank and Nullity of a linear transformation
Definition
Theorem

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 2 / 20

 Linear Transformation

Linear Transformation

Definition
0
Let V and V be vector spaces over the same field F .
0
A function t : V → V is said to be a linear transformation if it satisfies
the following conditions:
(i) t(u + v ) = t(u) + t(v ) ∀u, v ∈ V
(ii) t(αu) = αt(u) ∀u ∈ V ∀ α ∈ F

0
A linear transformation t : V → V is called an isomorphism of V
0
onto V , if the map t is bijective.
0 0
If t : V → V is is onto, then V is called homomorphic image of V .

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 3 / 20

 Linear Transformation Kernel of a linear transformation

Kernel of a linear transformation

0
Let V and V be vector spaces over the same field F .
0
A function t : V → V be a linear transformation.
then the Kernel of t written as Ker (t) and is defined as
0
the set of all vectors of V which are mapped onto the zero vector 0 of
0
V , that is
0 0
Ker (t) = {u ∈ V : t(u) = 0 ∈ V
Ker (t) is also known as null space of t

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 4 / 20

 Linear Transformation Image of linear transformation

Image of linear transformation

0
Let V and V be vector spaces over the same field F .
0
A function t : V → V be a linear transformation. The range of t,
0
written as Im(t) is the set of all vectors of V , which are the images of
all the vectors of V , i.e.,
0
Im(t) = {t(u) ∈ V : u ∈ V }
Im(t) is also known as range space of t.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 5 / 20

 Linear Transformation Examples

Example 1
A mapping t : R3 → R2 given by

t(x, y, z) = (z, x + y), ∀(x, y , z) ∈ R3

is linear.
Sol. Given that t : R3 → R2 such that
t(x, y , z) = (z, x + y ), ∀(x, y, z) ∈ R3
Let u = (x, y, z), v = (x1 , y1 , z1 ) ∈ R3
Then u + v = (x + x1 , y + y1 , z + z1 ), ku = (kx, ky, kz), k ∈ R
So that
t(u + v ) = t(x + x1 , y + y1 , z + z1 )
= (z + z1 , (x + x1 ) + (y + y1 ))
= (z + z1 , (x + y ) + (x1 + y1 ))
= (z, x + y) + (z1 , x1 ) + y1 ))
= t(u) + t(v )

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 6 / 20

 Linear Transformation Examples

and
t(ku) = t(kx, ky, kz)
= (kz, kx + ky)
= (kz, k(x + y))
= k (z, x + y)
= kt(u)
Hence t is linear

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 7 / 20

 Linear Transformation Theorem

Theorem 1
0
Let V and V be vector spaces over the same field F .
0
A function t : V → V be a linear transformation. Then
(i) Ker (t) is a vector subspace of V .
0
(ii) Im (t) is a vector subspace of V .

Proof
0
Given that t : V → V be a linear transformation.
From the definition of Ker (t), we have
0 0
Ker (t) = {u ∈ V : t(u) = 0 ∈ V
0 0
where 0 is zero vector of vector space V .

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 8 / 20

 Linear Transformation Theorem

0 0
Since t(0) = 0 ∈ V
=⇒ 0 ∈ Ker (t) =⇒ Ker (t) is a non-empty subset of V
Let
u, v ∈ Ker (t), α, β ∈ F , then
0 0
t(u) = 0 , t(v ) = 0
Now
t(αu + βv ) = αt(u) + βt(v ) [∵ t is linear]
0 0
= α0 + β0
0 0
=0 +0
0
=0
Thus, αu + βv ∈ Ker (t), ∀u, v ∈ Ker (t) and α, β ∈ F
Therefore, Ker (t) vector subspace of V .

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 9 / 20

 Linear Transformation Theorem

(ii) From the definition of image space Im (t), we have

0
Im (t) = {t(u) ∈ V : u ∈ V }
0 0 0 0
Since t(0) = 0 ∈ V , whenever 0 ∈ V
Hence Im (t) is non empty.
0 0
Let u and v in V such that
0 0
u = t(u), v = t(v )
Let α, β ∈ F such that αu + βv ∈ V
0 0
Now, αu + βv = αt(u) + βt(v )
= αt(u) + βt(v )
= t(αu + βv ) [∵ t is linear transformation]
0 0
Hence αu + βv ∈ Im(t)
0
Thus, Im (t) is a vector subspace of V .

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 10 / 20

 Dual Space Definition

Definition
Let V be a vector space over a field F . Since F itself is a vector
space over F , then a linear transformation on V to F is called
Linear functional on V .
Let V be a vector space over a field F , then it Dual space is the
vector space Hom(V , F ) which is consisiting of all linear
functionals on V .
The dual space of V is denoted by V ∗ .

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 11 / 20

 Dual Space Dual basis

Dual basis
Let B = {b1 , b2 , ............, bn } be a basis of a vector space V (F ),
then the basis
B ∗ = {f1 , f2 , ....., fn of dual basis of V ∗ defined by

fi (bi ) = δij , i, j = 1, 2, 3, .....

is called dual basis of B.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 12 / 20

 Dual Space Second dual of a vector space and Dual map

Second dual of a vector space

Let V be a finite dimensional vector space over field F and V ∗ be its
dual space then the dual space of V ∗ is the vector space Hom (V ∗ , F )
The dual space of V ∗ is denoted by V ∗∗

Dual map
0
Let V and V be a finite dimensional vector space over the same field F
0 0 0
B and B be the basis of V and V respectively and B and B ∗ be the
dual basis
0
for each f ∈ V ∗ and for fixed t ∈ Hom(V , V ∗ .
0
The map f o t is a linear transformation from V to F
0 0 0
Thus map f → f o t define a function from V ∗ to V ∗ and called dual
map of t denoted by t ∗

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 13 / 20

 Rank and Nullity of a linear transformation

Rank
0
Let V and V be vector spaces over the same field F .
0
A function t : V → V be a linear transformation. Then the image of t,
0
i.e. Im(t) is a vector subspace of V
If it finite dimensional, then the dimension of this subspace is called
the rank of t.

Nullity
Ker (t) is a vector subspace of V and if it is finite dimensional, then its
dimension is called Nullity of t.

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 14 / 20

 Rank and Nullity of a linear transformation Theorem

Sylvester’s law of nullity

0
Let V and V be vector spaces over the same field F .
0
A function t : V → V be a linear transformation.
If V is finite dimensional, then

dim V = rank (t) + nullity (t)

Proof.
0
Given that V and V be vector spaces over the same field F and V is
finite dimensional.
Let dim V = m and dim Ker (t) = r , then
r ≤m [ ∵ Ker (t) is a vector subspace of V ]
Let B1 = {b1 , b1 , ......, br } be the basis of Ker (t)

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 15 / 20

 Rank and Nullity of a linear transformation Theorem

Since B1 is linearly independent set of vectors in V

Hence, it can be extended to a basis
B = {b1 , b2 , ...., br , br +1 , ...., bm } in V .
Now we claim that
B2 = {t(br +1 ), t(br +2 ), ...., t(bm )} is a basis of Im (t).
(i) First we prove that B2 is linearly independent
Let there exist scalars αr +1 , αr +2 , ...., αm ∈ F such that
0
αr +1 t(br +1 ) + αr +2 t(br +2 ) + .... + αm t(bm ) = 0
0
=⇒ t(αr +1 br +1 + αr +2 br +2 + .... + αm bm ) = 0
=⇒ αr +1 br +1 + αr +2 br +2 + .... + αm bm ∈ Ker (t)

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 16 / 20

 Rank and Nullity of a linear transformation Theorem

Then there exist scalars α1 , α2 , ...αr ∈ F such that

αr +1 br +1 + αr +2 br +2 + .... + αm bm = α1 b1 + α2 b2 + .... + αm bm
=⇒ (−α1 )b1 + (−α2 )b2 + .... + (−αm )bm + αr +1 br +1 + αr +2 br +2 +
0
.... + αm bm = 0
=⇒ α1 , α2 , ...αm = 0 [∵ B = {b1 , b2 , ...bm } is basis of V ].
Hence B2 is Linearly independent

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 17 / 20

 Rank and Nullity of a linear transformation Theorem

(ii) Now we will prove that B2 span Im (t) :

0
Let v ∈ Im (t), then there exist v ∈ V such that
0
v = t(v )

Since v ∈ V , so there exist scalars α1 , α2 , ....., αm ∈ F such that

v = α1 b1 + α2 b2 + ..... + αm bm
=⇒ t(v ) = t(α1 b1 + α2 b2 + ..... + αm bm )
0
=⇒ v = α1 t(b1 ) + α2 t(b2 ) + ...αr t(br ).. + αm t(bm )
0
=⇒ v = αr +1 t(br +1 ) + αr +2 t(br +2 ) + ..... + αm t(bm )
[∵ b1 , b2 , ..., br ∈ Ker (t) and so
0
t(b1 ) = t(b2 ) = ... = t(br ) = 0
which shows that B2 spans Im (t)

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 18 / 20

 Rank and Nullity of a linear transformation Theorem

(i) and (ii) implies

B2 = {t(br +1 ), t(br +2 ), ...., t(bm )} is a basis of Im (t)
dim Im (t) = m − r
dim Im (t) = dim (V ) − dim (Ker ((t))
=⇒ rank (t) = dim (V ) − dim (Ker ((t))
=⇒ dim (V ) = dim (Ker ((t)) + rank (t)

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 19 / 20

 Rank and Nullity of a linear transformation Theorem

THANK YOU

Dr. Shivangi Upadhyay Advanced Algebra 20 / 20