EC 1401

Analog INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS
 Syllabus
 1. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS:
 Basic differential amplifier analysis,Op-amp configurations, Op-amp parameters, Characteristics and performance parameters
of an Op-Amp, Ideal Op-Amp, Equivalent circuit of an Op-Amp, Open loop configurations : Differential, Inverting & Non
Inverting. Practical Op-Amp: Input offset voltage, Input bias current, Input offset current, Common Mode configuration and
Common Mode Rejection Ratio. Frequency response of Op-amps, closed loop frequency response, Slew rate, causes of slew
rate. [5]

 2. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER APPLICATIONS:

 Inverting and Non-Inverting configuration, Integrating & differentiating amplifiers, Summing and Averaging Amplifier,
Instrumentation Amplifier, Comparator , Voltage to Current and Current to Voltage converter, Log and Antilog Amplifier,
Voltage Controlled Oscillators, Phase shift oscillator, Wein bridge oscillator, Square wave generator, Triangular wave
generator, Saw-tooth wave generator, Basic comparator, Zero crossing, detector, Schmitt trigger, Sample& Hold Circuit
[14]
 3. ACTIVE FILTERS:
 Distinction between passive & active filter, Active filters Low Pass, High Pass, and Band Pass & Band Reject and All Pass.
Designing of Second order filter using Butterworth approximation, High order & state variable filters.
[6]
 4. VOLTAGE REGULATORS:
 Basic blocks of linear IC voltage regulators, Three terminal voltage regulators, Positive and negative voltage regulators,
Voltage regulators using LM317 [5]

 5. SPECIALIZED IC APPLICATIONS:
 Block diagram & schematic of IC 555, application of timer 555 as astable, monostable and bistable multivibrators,
[5]
 6. PHASE LOCK LOOPS:
 Operation of phase lock loop system, lock range and capture range, study of PLL IC-LM 565 and its applications as AM
detector, FM detector and frequency translator.
[5]
 Reference:
 1. Op Amps & Linear Integrated circuits by Ramakant Gayakwad.
 2. Op Amps & Linear Integrated circuits by Coughlin

 Operational Amplifier
(OP-AMP)

An op-amp amplifies the difference between its inverting and

noninverting inputs.
 Brief History
• 1943 – Mentioned in US NDRC Paper
• 1962 – First Modular Solid State OpAmps
• 1963 - μA702 Introduced
• 1965 - μA709 Introduced (First Generation Op-Amp)
• 1968 - μA741 Introduced (Second Generation Op-Amp)
 Designations for ICs
 Fairchild µA, µAF
 National Semiconductor LM,LH,LF

 Motorola MC,MFC

 Texas Instruments CD,SN

 Burr Brown BB

 ST Microelectronics ST

Some Linear ICs are available in

different classes as A,C,E,S,SC…..
 Packaging Type:
 Ceramic Flat Package
 Metal can or Transistor Package

 DIP (Dual in Line Package) (T,P)

Temperature ranges:
Military temperature range(-55 to 85 degree
centigrade)
Industrial temperature range(-20 to 85
degree centigrade)
Commercial temperature range ( 0 to 70
degree centigrade)
Differential Amplifier Model:
Basic
Represented by:
A = open-circuit voltage
gain
vid = (v+-v-) = differential
input signal voltage
Rid = amplifier input
resistance
Ro = amplifier output
resistance
The signal developed at the amplifier
output is in phase with the voltage applied
at the + input (non-inverting) terminal and
180° out of phase with that applied at the
- input (inverting) terminal.
LM741 Operational Amplifier:
Circuit Architecture
 Components in an Op-Amp
 Three Stages

• Differential Stage
• Gain Stage
• Output Stage
Ideal OP-AMP
 Ideal OP-AMP
 Ideal Operational Amplifier
 The “ideal” op amp is a special case of the ideal differential
amplifier with infinite gain, infinite Rid and zero Ro .
lim vid  0 v 
vo
A  and id
A
• If A is infinite, vid is zero for any finite output voltage.
• Infinite input resistance Rid forces input currents i+ and i- to be zero.
 The ideal op amp operates with the following assumptions:
• It has infinite common-mode rejection, power supply rejection, open-
loop bandwidth, output voltage range, output current capability and
slew rate
• It also has zero output resistance, input-bias currents, input-offset
current, and input-offset voltage.
Practical OP-AMP
 Practical OP-AMP
 Although modern integrated circuit op-amps
approach parameter values that can be
treated as ideal in many cases, the ideal
device cannot be made.
 Any device has limitations, and the
integrated circuit op-amp is no exception.
Op-amps have both voltage and current
limitations. Peak-to-peak output voltage, for
example, is usually limited to slightly less
than the supply voltages. Output current is
also limited by internal restrictions such as
power dissipation and component ratings.
 Characteristics of a practical op-amp are
very high voltage gain, very high input
impedance, very low output impedance and
finite bandwidth (different voltage gain for
different frequencies).
Useful OP-AMP terminologies
 Input Offset Voltage:
• The ideal op-amp produces zero
volts out for zero volts in. Practical
op-amps produces a small dc
voltage at the output when the
input is zero.
 Input Offset Voltage drift:
• Specifies how much the Input
Offset Voltage changes with each
degree change in temperature
 Cont……..
Input Offset Current:
The difference between the
currents into the inverting and
non inverting terminals is
referred as input offset current
Input Bias Current:
It is the average current that
flows into the inverting and non
inverting terminals of the op-
amp.
Useful OP-AMP terminologies
 Input Impedance: Has two
definitions depending on how
you are using the amplifier
• (1) The resistance between the ‘+’
(non inverting) and ‘-’ (inverting)
inputs.
• (2) The resistance between each
input and ground.
Also known as Differential input
resistance (2 megaohm)
 Cont….
Input Capacitance:
It is the equivalent capacitance
that can be measured at
either the inverting or
noninverting terminals with
the other terminal connected
to the ground
 Cont..
Input Voltage range:
When the same voltage is applied
to both the input terminals the
voltage is called a common mode
voltage & the Op-Amp is said to
be operating in the common
mode. The range is (-13 v to
+13v).
Useful OP-AMP terminologies
 Open-Loop voltage gain Aol:
Gain without feedback (we discuss
feedback as the next topic). Ideal op-
amps have infinite gain. Practical op-
amps range from 50,000 to 200,000.

 Frequency response:
This has to do with how the gain
changes with different input
frequencies. For ideal op-amps the
gain does not change with frequency.
For practical op-amps, the gain
decreases as the frequency increases.
 Negative Feedback

Negative feedback is one of the most useful concepts in electronic

circuits, particularly ) op-amp applications.
Negative feedback is the process whereby a portion of the out-
voltage of an amplifier is returned to the input with a phase angle
that opposes the input signal.
 Why Negative Feedback?
 An amplifier cannot give an output
that has a voltage greater its supply
voltage.
 If the gain of the amp is 20,000, the
supply is 12Volts and the input
voltage is 2 Volts then the output is
calculated as 20,000 * 2 =
40,000Volts.
 Obviously 40,000Volts is just not
practical and the output will go as
high as it can and stay at 12 volts.
 Negative feedback reduces the gain
and increases the bandwidth.
Noninverting Amplifier
 Noninverting Amplifier
 An op-amp connected in a closed loop
configuration as a noninverting
amplifier with a controlled amount of
voltage gain is shown in the previous
slide.
 The input signal is applied to the
noninverting input (‘+’).
 The output is applied back to the
inverting input (‘-’) through the
feedback circuit formed by Ri and Rf
 The voltage across Ri, Vi is calculated on
the next slide.
 Noninverting Amplifier
 Vi = Voltage across Ri and It = Total current

 Vi = It*Ri
 We need to find It.
 Total current = total voltage/total resistance.
 For a series circuit, the total resistance (Rt) = sum of
all resistors in the circuit.
 => Rt= Rf+Ri,
 Also Vt = Vout
 Finally, It = Vout/ Rf+Ri
 Now we can find Vi,
 Vi= (Vout/ Rf+Ri)* Ri
Calculating the gain with feed
back
for noninverting configuration
 Calculating the gain with feed back
for noninverting configuration
 Recall that AOL is the open loop gain i.e. gain
without feed back.
 VOUT= AOL(VIN - Vi)
 Recall that Vi= (Vout / Rf+Ri)* Ri
 Let Ri /(Ri + Rf)= B,
 Then apply basic algebra as follows:
 Vout = AolVin -AolBVout
 Vout + AolBVout = AolVin
 Vout(1 + AolB) = AolVin
 Since the total voltage gain of the amplifier
in the previous slide is Vout/Vin
 Calculating the gain with feed back
for noninverting configuration
 The product of AolB is typically
much greater than 1 hence,

Becomes,

The above formula gives the gain of a

noninverting amplifier.
Inverting Amplifier
 Inverting Amplifier
 Let's say a current of 1 milliamp is caused to flow to the
inverting input pin through a 1000 ohm input resistor, Ri,
the Op-Amp tries to maintain equilibrium, i.e., no current
flow in that inverting input pin (high resistance). To do this
marvelous feat, it generates an output voltage of the
opposite polarity, which maintains that 1 milliamp to flow
through a 10 K feedback resistor, Rf. Because the feedback
resistor is ten times the value of the input resistor, it will
require ten times the voltage to cause that same 1 mA to
flow.
 The view from the input pin: there is a current of 1
milliamp coming down the input resistor, and at the same
time AND there is a current of 1 milliamp coming from the
feedback resistor. There is no current left over for the input
pin;
 This satisfying the zero current requirement of the Op-
Amp. This is because the output is the inverse of the input
and both waves cancel.
 This the zero current results in zero voltage at the
inverting input terminal and is referred to as virtual
ground. This condition is illustrated in the next slide.
 Inverting Amplifier

Because Iin and If are the same

but opposite, the voltage at the
inverting input must be 0.

Since there is zero current flowing to the inverting input, the current
through Ri is therefore equal but opposite to Rf.
=> If = -Ii
The voltage across Ri=-Vin because of the virtual ground on the other side of the
resistor. i.e. 0 – Vin = - Vin
Iin = - Vin/Ri
The voltage across Rf = Vout because of the virtual ground.
i.e. Vout – 0= Vout
=> If= Vout/Rf
 Inverting Amplifier
 Recall that there is zero current flowing to
the inverting input, the current through Ri is
therefore equal but opposite to Rf.
 => If = -Ii

 Vout/Rf = - Vin/Ri
 => Vout/Vin = - Rf/Ri

 This final equation gives the gain for an

inverting amplifier. The minus sign implies
that the output is inverted.
 Recall from previous slide that gain is
Vout/Vin
 Summing Amplifier (Variation of the inverting
amp)

Now, since –(I1+I2) = It

-(V1/R1 + V2/R2) = Vout/Rf
Vout = - Rf(V1/R1 + V2/R2)
If all the resistors are the same then Vout = - (V1 + V2)
Hence we end up with a summing device.
 Summing Amplifier (Variation of the
inverting amp)
 The formula is
true for more
inputs:

Exercise:
When Rf is larger than the other resistors using the
same analysis show that :
 OP-AMP as an Integrator and
Differentiator

 Differentiator
 Now, the charge
through the
capacitor is given
by qc =CVin …..(1)
 If we differentiate
dqc dVin
equation (1) with
respect to time we C
get: dt dt
 Now recall that the
rate at which
charge flows is
current.
dVin
 I c  C ………………(2)
dt
Recall that because of the feed back, Ir = -Ic also because
of the zero volts between the resistor and the capacitor,
the voltage across the capacitor is – Vin and the voltage
across the resistor is Vout
 Now IT = V OUT /R
Vout dVin
 =c -
R dt
dVin
Finally Vout   RC ………….(3)
dt
From equation (3) we see that if the product of RC = 1
then Vout = - dVIN / dt
 Integrator

Again, the charge through the capacitor is given by

qc=CVout ……………(4)
 If we differentiate
equation (1) with
respect to time we get: dqc dVout
C
dt dt
Again recall that the rate at which charge flows is current.

dVout
 I c  C ……………………. (3)

dt
Now IT = VIN / R
 dVout V
 Ic = - Ir, hence
C =-
in
dt R
dVout 1
=- Vin …………………(4)
dt RC
Integrating both sides of equation (4) gives

t
1
RC 0
Vout = - Vin dt  k Where k is the Vout at start time (t=0)
 Finally if RC = 1, then
t

 Vout = - 
0
Vin dt  k