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Chapter 6 - Respiratory System

The document explains the processes of respiration and breathing, highlighting cellular respiration's role in energy production from glucose and the gas exchange in the lungs. It details the structure and function of the respiratory system, including the roles of various organs and the mechanics of inhalation and exhalation. Additionally, it discusses anaerobic and aerobic respiration, oxygen transport in the blood, and factors influencing breathing rates.

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4 views42 pages

Chapter 6 - Respiratory System

The document explains the processes of respiration and breathing, highlighting cellular respiration's role in energy production from glucose and the gas exchange in the lungs. It details the structure and function of the respiratory system, including the roles of various organs and the mechanics of inhalation and exhalation. Additionally, it discusses anaerobic and aerobic respiration, oxygen transport in the blood, and factors influencing breathing rates.

Uploaded by

lmfaooooooos3
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Respiration and breathing

Respiration occurs in living cells and provide energy


for all the cell’s activities.
Cellular respiration

• Cellular respiration
involves the release
of energy from
glucose.
• Glucose is mixed
with oxygen after
which carbon dioxide
water and energy are
produced.
Respiration and breathing
• Breathing is the movement
of air in and out of the
lungs. The lungs take in
oxygen and deliver it to the
blood.
• The blood carries the oxygen
to the body cells. The blood
also picks up carbon dioxide
from the body and deliver it
to the lungs .
• The lungs expel the carbon
dioxide from the body
through the nose or mouth.
Gas exchange

• The lungs are made


of many tiny air sacs
called alveolus.

• These air sacs have


a rich supply of
blood that carry
carbon dioxide to
them and pick up
oxygen.
Gas Exchange
• The exchange of gases take
place across the alveoli
surface by diffusion.
• Blood returning from the
body carries carbon dioxide
that diffuses into the lung,
oxygen diffuses across into
the blood where it is carried
to the body cells.
• The alveolar surface is kept
moist because oxygen and
carbon dioxide dissolves
better in fluids.
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• When oxygen enters the
blood it is combined with
haemoglobin in the red
blood cells to form
oxy-haemoglobin. Blood
that contains
• Oxy-haemoglobin is bright
red in colour while blood
that does not contains as
much is pale red.
• Carbon dioxide is carried in
the blood as bicarbonates
dissolved in the plasma.
Mitochondria
• The mitochondria
makes energy for work
in the cell.

• The mitochondria has


folds that serves to
increase the surface
area over which
respiration takes place.
Respiration in the mitochondria
• Energy is release from
glucose in the
mitochondria. The
energy released is stored
as ATP.

• ATP releases its energy


when a phosphate
molecule is released.
ADP is now produced.
ADP becomes ATP when
another phosphate
molecule is added to it.
Anaerobic respiration

• Anaerobic respiration
is also employed by
bacteria in the soil
that denitrify
nitrogen.
• Also bacteria that
break down dead
organisms and cause
them to rot.
Aerobic respiration
• Aerobic respiration has two
main stages.
• The anaerobic stage where
lactic acid is produced. This is
called glycolysis and it happens
in the muscle.
• The second stage is aerobic and
oxygen is used to break down
lactic acid.
• More energy is made in the
aerobic stage than in the
anaerobic stage.
• Aerobic respiration occurs in the
mitochondria while anaerobic
occurs in the cytoplasm.
Oxygen debt
• During the anaerobic stage
of respiration , lactic acid is
produced. After exercise
lactic acid build up in the
muscles. When there is not
enough oxygen available for
respiration, an oxygen debt
is incurred.
• Breathing rate increases with
exercise and continues after
to remove all the lactic acid
that was built up in the
muscles. The oxygen debt is
not repaid until all the lactic
acid has been removed.
Anaerobic Respiration
• Anaerobic respiration
is the release of
energy from food
without the use of
oxygen.
• Some organisms live
where there is no
oxygen and use
anaerobic respiration
to supply their energy
needs, e.g. Yeast
producing alcohol.
Anaerobic respiration in industries
• Industries use anaerobic
respiration in the
fermentation of beer, wines
and other spirits.
• Anaerobic respiration is
also used to make dough
rise in bread making.
• Yogurt, cheese and special
sour creams are also made
using anaerobic
respiration.
Uses of anaerobic respiration.
Breathing
The respiratory system
The respiratory system
provides oxygen to the
body cells and remove
the carbon dioxide built
up during respiration.
The main organs include
the lungs that;
Take in air.
Extract oxygen from air.
Removes carbon dioxide
from the blood.
Removes water vapour.
Breathing
Breathing
Parts of the respiratory system
Air that enters the lungs
through the mouth is
unfiltered.
The back of the mouth is
called the pharynx. This
leads to the larynx. The
larynx is called the voice
box.

The voice box contains vocal


cords that vibrate when air
passes over them.
The epithelial lining of the
bronchi and bronchioles
are covered with epithelial
cells. These cells have cilia
and mucus that trap and
remove dirt, dust particles
and microorganisms, then
move them out of the
system.
This prevents these particles
from blocking smaller
tubes, e.g. Bronchioles.
Coughing can also remove
particles lodged in the
tubes
Gas exchange
The lungs are made of many alveoli.
The alveoli is a air sac surrounded
by air spaces and blood vessels.

The alveoli provides the surface


across which oxygen and carbon
dioxide is exchanged.

The capillaries surrounding the


alveoli contain take in oxygen and
give off carbon dioxide. The
oxygen is carried by the blood to
the body cells whereas the carbon
dioxide is expelled from the body.
Gas exchange
The oxygen moves across
the alveolar wall and into
the blood stream. It
combines with
haemoglobin in the red
blood cells to form
oxy-haemoglobin.
Oxyhaemoglobin is bright
red in colour.
Carbon dioxide is carried in
the blood as
bicarbonates dissolved in
plasma.
Parts of the respiratory system & their function
Structure Function
Nasal passage Filter, warms, moistens air. Olfactory cells that detect odour

Epiglottis Prevents food from entering trachea when swallowing

Larynx Voice box. Contains vocal cords that vibrate to make sound.

Trachea Wind pipe that channels air to the lungs

Bronchus Branches of the trachea that supplies each lung with air.

Cartilage Semicircular rings that support the trachea

Plural membrane Surrounds the lungs. Prevents the lungs from rubbing
against the rib cage.
Plural fluid Lubricate the plural membrane. Reduces friction

Ribs Protect the lungs and other organs in the chest cavity, e.g.
Heart. Muscles are attached to the rib cage.
Breathing
Air enters in the
lungs through
the trachea.
The diaphragm is
a sheet of
muscle that
separates the
thorax from the
abdomen.
inspiration
During inspiration, the
diaphragm contracts.
The ribs are raised
due to the contraction
of the intercostal
muscles.
This action increases the
size of the lungs,
causing air to rush in
from outside.
Expiration
During expiration, the
diaphragm and the
external intercostal
muscles relax.
The rib cage lowers and
decrease the volume in
the thorax, forcing air
out of the lungs.
Mouth to mouth resuscitation
If a person stops
breathing, artificial
respiration must be give
to restart breathing
Place the person on their
back.
Tilt the head back.
Pinch the nose.
Make a seal around the
persons mouth with
yours then blow every 5
seconds.
This action will stimulate
Inspired and expired
Name of gas Inspired Air Expired Air

Oxygen 20% 16%

Carbon dioxide 0.003% 4%

Nitrogen 79% 79%

Water Vapour Usually dry Moist

Temperature Usually cooler Usually warmer


(room temperature) body temperature)
Lung capacity
The tidal air is the volume of
air breathe in and out
during quit breathing. The
tidal air is about half a litre.
Inspiratory reserve air is the
additional air that can be
drawn in after inspiration of
tidal air.
Expiratory reserve air is that
which can be blown out
after expiration of tidal air.
Residual air is air that cannot
be removed from the lung.
Vital lung capacity is the
volume of the most air you
can blow out after fully
breathing in.
Exercise increases the
breathing rates.
When the carbon dioxide
concentration of the blood
increases, breathing becomes
deeper and faster.
The increased breathing rate
supplies oxygen that will
remove carbon dioxide and
release energy for activities.
Factors causing and increase in the rate
and depth of breathing

Exercise Carbon dioxide and lactic acid builds up in the blood

Weight More work has to be done to operate a larger body

Anxiety Adrenaline released increases the metabolic rate

Drugs Stimulants increase the metabolic rate

Environmental Poor ventilation, and air pollution can cause an increase in carbon
factors dioxide in the atmosphere.
combustion Increases carbon dioxide in the air

Altitude The lack of oxygen above 3000 m causes carbon dioxide to build up
in the blood.
Smoking Carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide and inspired. Cause
shortness of breath, wheezing.
How activity affects breathing rate
How Altitude affects breathing

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