UNIT – 1 Eg

( ) ( )
a 0 0 1 0 0
MATRICES AND A= 0 b 0 ,B= 0 2 0
0 0 c 0 0 3
DETERMINANTS
Scalar matrix :
ALGEBRA OF MATRICIS Eg

( ) ( )
EXERCISE a 0 0 2 0 0
PART – A A= 0 a 0 , B= 0 2 0
0 0 a 0 0 2

1.define the following : unit matrix

, null matrix .
02 3
( )
765
3.If A = 2 1 4 and B ¿ 1 4 5 ( )
Solution : evaluate 2A + 3B
Unit matrix :
Solution :
A square matrix A is
said to be unit matrices if all
0 23
( ) ( )
765
2A + 3B = 2 2 1 4 +3 1 4 5
elements of leading diagonal are
= ( 4 2 8 )+( 312 15 )
0 4 6 2118 15
1 and other element are zero . It
is denoted by I
∴2A + 3B = (
7 14 23 )
21 22 21
Eg

( ) 4.if A = (3 4 ) and B = ( 4 3 ) find

1 0 0 1 3 1 2
I3 = 0 1 0 is a unit matrix
0 0 1 A-B
of order 3
Solution :
( 1 0)
I2 ¿ 0 1 is a unit matrix of ∴A-B = (13 34 )−( 14 23)=(−01 11)
order 2
5.solve for X if
Null matrix :
In a matrix if all
132
( ) ( )( )
3 12 2 3 1
X + 1 2 1 = 4 15 + 6 5 1
elements are zero then the
matrix is said to be null or Solution :
zero matrix and is denoted by
0
( )( )( )
3 12 2 3 1 132
X= 4 15 + 6 5 1 − 1 2 1

X = ( 4+6−1 1+ 5−2 5+1−1 )

3+2−1 1+3−32+1−2
Eg

( ) ∴X = (
9 4 5)
0 0 0 411
0¿ ( )
0 0
0 0
,0= 0 0 0
0 0 0
6.Simplify
2. Give an example for
Diagonal matrix and Scalar
3 ( 16 −12 )+ 4(12 0
−1) ( )
−5
0 1
2 0
matrix .
Solution :
Solution :
Diagonal matrix
¿ ( 183 −36 )+(48 0
−4 )(
−
0 5
10 0 )(
= 3+4−0 6+ 0−5 =
18+8−10−3−4−0 )(
1
Classification: Public
 a31 a32
PART – B aij = i-j
1 2
( ) 1 4
( )
−1 −2
1.If A ¿ 3 1 ,B = 3 2 ,C = 1 0 ( ) a11 = 1-1 = 0
a12 =1-2 = -1
find ( i )3A-B ( ii ) 2B-C+A ( iii ) a21 =2-1 = 1
5A-4B+3C a22 =2-2= 0
a31 =3-1 = 2
Solution : a32=3-2 = 1
1 2
( )( )
1 4
( i )3A-B ¿ 3 3 1 − 3 2

( )
0−1
¿( ) −( )=(
6 1)
3 6 1 4 2 2 ∴A = 10
∴ 3A-B 9 3 3 2 21

( ii ) 2B-C+A b)
¿2 ( )(
1 4
3 2
− )( )
−1 −2 1 2
1 0
+
3 1 A=
a11 a12 a13
a21 a22 a23
¿
2 8
6 4( )(
−
1 )( )
−1 −2 1 2
0
+
3 1
a31 a32 a33

¿ ( )
2+1+1 8+2+2
6−1+3 4−0+1
aij = -i+j
a11 = -1+1 = 0
∴2B-C+A¿ ( )
4 12
8 5 a12 = -1+2 = 1
a13 = -1+3 = 2
( iii ) 5A-4B+3C a21 = -2+1 = -1
a22 = -2+2 = 0
(31 21)−4(31 42)+3(−11 −20 )
¿5
a23 = -2+3 = 1
a31 = -3+1 = -2
¿( )−(
12 8 ) ( 3 0 )
5 10 4 16 −3 −6
+
15 5 a32 = -3+2 = -1
¿ (
5−8+ 0 )
5−4−3 10−16−6 a33 = -3+3 = 0
5−12+3
∴5A-4B+3C¿ (
6 −3 )
( )
−2 −12 0 1 2
∴A −1 0 1
¿
−2 −1 0
2.find the matrix A = ( aij ) if
a) aij = i-j ( A is order 3× C)
2) A = a11 a12 a13
b) aij = -i+j ( A is order 3× a21 a22 a23
3) aij = -3i+4j
c) aij = -3i+4j ( A is order 2× a11 = -3(1)+4(1) = -3+4 = 1
3) a12 = -3(1)+4(2) = -3+8 = 5
d) aij = -i+2j ( A is order 2× a13 = -3(1)+4(3) = -3+12 = 9
2) a21 = -3(2)+4(1) = -6+4 = -2
e) aij = -2i+3j ( A is order 3× a22 = -3(2)+4(2) = -6+8 = 2
3) a23 = -3(2)+4(3) = -6+12 = 6

Solution :
a)A= a11 a12
∴ A = (−21 5296)
a21 a22

2
Classification: Public
 3 w=2 w+2 3 z=¿ −1+ z +w
d) 3 w−2 w=2 3 z−z=−1+2
A = a11 a12 ⇒ w=2 2 z=1⇒ z=1/2
a21 a22 4.Find u,v,t,s if

( )( )( )
aij = -i+2j u 2 3 3 3s 4 2 u −1 7
a11 = -1+2(1) = -1+2 = 1 0 2v 4 + −5 v −2 = −5 6 2
a12 = -1+2(2) = -1+4 = 3 5 2 5 t −2 0 12 3 2 7
a21 = -2+2(1) = -2+2 = 0
a22 = -2+2(2) = -2+4 = 2 Solution :

( )( )
u +3 2+3 s 3+4 2u −1 7
0−5 2 v +v 4−2 = −5 6 2
∴A = (10 32) 5−2 2+0 5t +12 3 2 7

u+3=2u 2 v + v=6
e) 3=2u−u 3 v =6
a11 a12 a13 ⇒ u=3 ⇒ v=2
A= a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33 5 t+12=7 3 s +2=−1
5 t=7−12 3 s=−1−2
5 t=−5 3 s=−3
aij = -2i+3j ⇒ t=−1 ⇒ s=−1
a11 = -2(1)+3(1) = -2+3 = 1
a12 = -2(1)+3(2) = -2+6 = 4 5.find p,q,r,s and t if
a13 = -2(1)+3(3) = -2+9 = 7
a21 = -2(2)+3(1) = -4+3 = -1 (1s 31 rt )+(1s q137)=( 82p s 70)
a22 = -2(2)+3(2) = -4+6 = 2
a23 = -2(2)+3(3) = -4+9 = 5 Solution :
a31 = -2(3)+3(1) = -6+3 = -3
a32 = -2(3)+3(2) = -6+6 = 0 (1+1
s+ s 1+1 t+ 3 ) ( 8 2 0 )
3+q r + 7 = p s 7

a33 = -2(3)+3(3) = -6+9 = 3

p=1+1 ⇒ p=2

( )
1 4 7 s+ s=8 ⇒ 2 s=8 ⇒ s=4
∴ A = −1 2 5 3+q=s ⇒ 3+ q=4 ⇒ q=1
−3 0 3 r +7=7 ⇒ r =7−7 ⇒ r=0
t+ 3=0 ⇒ t=−3
3.find x,y,z,w if
(
x y
) (
x 6 4 x+ y
3 z w = −1 2 w + z + w 2 )( ) 6.find a,b,c,d,e if
(b2 −1 a
)(
+ −2 d 5 = e 2−4
5 c 2 b 1−4 667 )( )
Solution :
(33 xz 3y
3w)(
=
x+ 4 6+ x + y
−1+ z+ w 2 w+2 ) Solution :

step1: step 2 : (b2−2−1+d

+2 b 5+1−4+c ) ( 6 6 7 )
a+5 = e 2−4

3 x=x +4 3 y=6 + x+ y
3 x−x=4 3 y=6 +2+ y a+ 5=−4 ⇒ a=−9
2 x=4 3 y=8+ y 3 b=6 ⇒ b=2
⇒ x=2 3 y− y =8 −4+c=7 ⇒ c=11
2 y=8 −1+d=2⇒ d=3
step 3 & 4 ⇒ y=4 e=2−2⇒ e=0

3
Classification: Public
 T
7.find the value of x,y,z and t T

( ) ( )
if 1 −1 0 4 1 0

( x−1
y +2
z
t−5
=)( )
0 3
4 0
RHS = 2
4
1
1
3 + 2
8 1
−3
1 −1
1

( )( )
1 2 4 4 2 1
Solution : = −1 1 1 + 1 −3 1
x−1=0⇒ x=1 0 3 8 0 1 −1

( )
y +2=4 ⇒ y=2 5 4 5
⇒ z=3 =0 −2 2
0 4 7
From LHS & RHS ∴ (A+B)T =

( )
1 3 7
8.if f(x)=3x+5 and A = 0 8 5 AT+BT
1 2 5
find f(A) 1.2 MULTIPICATION OF
Solution : MATRICES
f(x) = 3x+5 EXERCISE
f(A) = 3A+5 I PART – A

( )( )
1 3 7 1 0 0
= 0 8 5
3 +5 0 1 0 1.what is the essential
1 2 5 0 0 1
condition for A×B to exesit

( )( )
3 9 21 5 0 0
when A and B are matrices ?
= 0 24 15 + 0 5 0
3 6 15 0 0 5
Solution :

( )
3+ 5 9+0 21+ 0
= 0+ 0 24 +5 15 +0 for the matrix product A×B to
3+ 0 6 +0 15+5 exist
No. of columns of A = No. of

( )
8 9 21
∴f(A) = 0 29 15 rows of B
3 6 20 Eg

A = m×n

( ) ( )
1 −1 0 4 1 0
9.If A= 2 1 3 and B= 2 −3 1 B = p× q [ if n =p ]
4 1 8 1 1 −1 Then
show that (A+B)T = AT+BT A×B = m×q

Solution : A = 3×2
LHS = (A+B)T B = 2×4
Then
T A×B = 3×4

( ))
2.the order of a matrix A is 2×
)(
1 −1 0 4 1 0
= 2 1 3 + 2 −3 1 3 and order of another matrix
4 1 8 1 1 −1 B is 3×2 .what is the order of A
T ×B ?

( ) ( )
5 0 0 5 4 5
= 4 −2 4 = 0 −2 2 Solution :
5 2 7 0 4 7

4
Classification: Public
 ∴the order of matrix A×B is 2×
2 ( ii ) BA

3.find a 3×3 matrix A such that ( cos θ )(

sin θ cos θ −sin θ
= −sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ )
A×A=A
( )
2 2
cos θ+sin θ −cosθsinθ + sinθcosθ
=
−sinθcosθ+cosθsinθ sin2 θ+ cos2 θ
Solution :
If A = I3 ∴ BA = (10 01)
( )
1 0 0
A= 0 1 0
0 0 1
6.If A = (11 40) B = ( 47 −25 ) find
( )( )
1 0 0 1 0 0 AB
A A= 0 1
× 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
Solution :

( )
1+ 0+0 0+0+ 0 0+ 0+0
= 0+ 0+0
0+ 0+0
0+1+0
0+0+ 0
0+ 0+0
0+0+1
(1 4)( 4 5 )
AB = 1 0 7 −2

= ( 4+0 5−0)
4+28 5−8

( )
1 0 0
=0 1 0 =A ∴ A = I3
∴AB = (
5 )
32 −3
0 0 1 4

7. prove that (2 4 )(23 ) =(16 )

3 1 9
(5
4.If A = 1 −1 and B = 0 4 find
4
) (2 3 )
AB 3 1
( )( )
LHS = 2 4 23

=( 4+12 )
Solution : 6+3

(5 4 )(2 3)
AB = 1 −1 0 4
= (16 )
9

=( 2+ 0 3−4 )
10+ 0 15+16
= RHS
∴ AB = (
2 −1 )
10 31 Hence proved

(0 1)(0 1) (1 0)
8.Prove that 1 0 1 0 = 0 1
(
cos θ −sin θ
5. If A = sinθ cos θ and B= )
(cos θ sin θ
)
( i ) AB and ( ii ) BA
Solution :
−sin θ cos θ
(0 1)(0 1)
LHS = 1 0 1 0
Solution : =(0+ 0 1+ 0 )
0+1 0+0
( i ) AB
=(0 1 )
1 0
(cos θ
= sinθ )(
−sin θ cos θ sinθ
cos θ −sin θ cos θ
= )
= RHS
( )
2 2
cos θ+sin θ cosθsinθ−sinθcosθ
sinθcosθ−cosθsinθ
2 2
sin θ+cos θ Hence proved

∴ AB = (10 01)
5
Classification: Public
 () (3 )
1 4
9.Find the product of 2 and
13. If A = −2 −1 find A2
3
(4 5 6) Solution :
Solution :
A2 = A×A = −2
4 3
(3
4
)( )
()
1 −1 −2 −1
Let A = 2 B=( 4 5 6 )
3 (
9−8 12−4
= −6 +2 −8+ 1 )
( ) ( )
4 5 6 1 8
∴ AB = 8 10 12 ∴ A2 =
−4 −7
12 15 18

14.Find the value of x for

0 1
10.if A = 1 0 ( )show that A 2
= the following

( )
I 0
a) ( 2 x−1 ) x = 12
−3
Solution :
LHS = A2 = A×A = 1 0 1 0 (0 1)(0 1)
( )
2
b) ( 1 x 3 ) x = 24
= (0+0+10 0+0
1+ 0 )=( 0 1)
1 0
−1

= I = RHS

( )
∴ The statement is shown x
c ) (2 1 x ) 2 =7
x−2
0 −1
11.If P = −1 0 ( )show that P = 2

( )
I x
d) ( 4 5 6 ) −2 = 18
x
Solution :
LHS = P2 = −1 (0 )(
−1 0 −1
0 −1 0 ) Solution :

( )
0
= ( 0+1 0+0
0+ 0 1+ 0 = ) ( )
1 0
0 1 a) ( 2 x−1 ) x = 12
−3
= I = RHS 2
⇒ 0+ x +3=12
∴ The statement is shown 2
⇒ x =12−3
⇒ x= √ 9
(0 3 )
12.if A = 0 0 prove that A2 ⇒ x=3

=0
( )
2
b) ( 1 x 3 ) x = 24
Solution : −1

(0 3)(0 3)
2
⇒ 2+ x −3=24
LHS = A2 = 0 0 0 0 2
⇒ x =24 +1
= 0+ 0 (0+ 0 0+0 )
0+0
= 0 = RHS ⇒ x= √ 25
⇒ x=5
∴The statement is proved

6
Classification: Public
 ( ) ( ) ( )
x 1 1 1 0 1 3
c ) (2 1 x ) 2 =7 g)A= 2 −1 1 and B = 2 1 1
x−2 2 3 −1 1 0 2
⇒ 2 x +2+ x ( x−2 ) =7
2
⇒ 2 x +2+ x −2 x=7 Solution :
(2 1)( 2 )
2
⇒ x =7−2 −1
a ) AB = 3 2 −3 −4
⇒ x=± √ 5
=( 4−3
6−6 −3−8 )
−2−4

( )
x
= (0 −11)
d) ( 4 5 6 ) −2 = 18 1 −6
x
⇒ 4− 10+6 x=18

(−32 −4 )(3 2)
⇒−6+ 6 x =18 −1 2 1
⇒ 6 x=18+ 6 BA =
= (−6−12 −3−8 )
24 4−3 2−2
⇒ x=
6

= (−18 −11)
⇒ x=4 1 0

PART – B
1.find AB and BA if these ∴ Since AB ≠ BA
, the
exists and verify whether the product are not equal .
product are equal or not for
the following

( )( )
1 0 1 0 1 3
2 1
a)A= 3 2 ( ) and B = ( 2 −1
−3 −4 ) b ) AB = 2 1 0
0 3 1
2 1 1
1 0 2

( )
0+ 0+1 1+ 0+0 3+0+2

( ) ( )
1 0 1 0 1 3 = 0+ 2+ 0 2+1+0 6+1+0
b)A= 2 1 0 and B = 2 1 1 0+ 6+1 0+3+0 0+3+2
0 3 1 1 0 2

( )
1 1 5
= 2 3 7

( ) ( )
1 3 0 2 3 4 7 3 5
C) A = −1 2 1 and B = 1 2 3
0 0 2 −1 1 2

( )( )
0 1 3 1 0 1

( )
1 2 2 BA = 2 1 1 2 1 0
d) A= 2 1 2 and B = 1 0 2 0 3 1
1 2 3

( )
0+ 2+ 0 0+1+9 0+0+ 3

( )
−1 4 1 = 2+ 2+ 0 0+1+3 2+0+ 1
3 −1 2 1+0+ 0 0+0+6 1+0+ 2
4 1 3

( )
2 10 3
=4 4 3

( ) ( )
1 3 −2 3 2 4 1 6 3
e )A= 2 −1 4 and B = 0 3 5
1 −2 0 −1 7 2
∴ Since AB ≠ BA
, the
product are not equal .
( ) ( )
0 1 2 1−2
f)A= 1 2 3 and B = −1 0

( )( )
2 3 4 2−1 1 3 0 2 3 4
c ) AB = −1 2 1 1 2 3
0 0 2 −1 1 2

7
Classification: Public
 ( ) ( )
2+3+ 0 3+ 6+0 4 +9+0 3+0+ 2 2+9−14 4+15−4
= −2+2−1 −3+ 4+ 1 −4 +6+ 2 = 0−4
6+ 4−3+ 28 8−5+8
0+0−2 0+0+2 0+0+ 4 3+0+ 0 2−6+0 4−10+0

( ) ( )
5 9 13 5 −3 15
= −1 2 4 = 2 29 11
−2 2 4 3 −4 −6

( )( ) ( )( )
2 3 4 1 3 0 3 2 4 1 3 −2
BA = 1 2 3 −1 2 1 BA = 0 3 5 2 −1 4
−1 1 2 0 0 2 −1 7 2 1 −2 0

( ) ( )
2−3+0 6+6+ 0 0+ 3+8 3+ 4+ 4 9−2−8 −6+8+ 0
¿ 1−2+0 3+ 4+ 0 0+ 2+ 6 ¿ 0+6+5 0−3−10 0+12+0
−1−1+0 −3+2+0 0+1+ 4 −1+ 14+2 −3−7−4 3+28+0

( ) ( )
−1 12 11 11 −1 2
= −1 7 8 = 11 −13 12
−2 −1 5 15 −14 30

∴ Since AB ≠ BA
, the ∴ Since AB ≠ BA
, the
product are not equal . product are not equal .

( )( ) ( )( )
1 2 2 −1 4 1 0 1 2 1−2
d ) AB = 2 1 2 3 −1 2 f ) AB = 1 2 3 −1 0
1 2 3 4 1 3 2 3 4 2−1

( ) ( )
−1+ 6+8 4−2+2 1+ 4+ 6 0−1+ 4 0+0−2
¿ −2+ 3+8 8−1+ 2 2+2+6 = 1−2+ 6−2+ 0−3
−1+ 6+12 4−2+3 1+ 4+ 9 2−3+8−4+ 0−4

( ) ( )
13 4 11 3−2
= 9 9 10 = 5−5
17 5 14 7−8

( )( )
1−2 0 1 2

( )( )
−1 4 1 1 2 2
BA = 3 −1 2 2 1 2 BA = −1 0 1 2 3
4 1 3 1 2 3 2−1 2 3 4
Since B is 3×2 matrix, and A is
( )
−1+8+ 1 −2+ 4+2 −2+8+3
3−2+2 6−1+ 4 6−2+6 3×3 matrix
4 +2+3 8+ 1+ 6 8+2+9 No.of column in B ≠ No.of row
A
( )
8 4 9
BA = 3 9 10 Therefore BA does not exist
9 15 19
∴ Therefore, we can only
∴ Since AB ≠ BA
, the compute AB
product are not equal .

( )( )
1 1 1 0 1 3
g ) AB = 2 −1 1 2 1 1

( )( )
1 3 −2 3 2 4
2 3 −1 1 0 2
e ) AB= 2 −1 4 0 3 5

( )
1 −2 0 −1 7 2 0+2+1 1+1+0 3+1+2
= 0−2+1 2−1+3 6−1+ 2
0+ 6−1 2+3+0 6+3−2

8
Classification: Public
 ( ) (−4−21
2−28 0−4 )
3 2 6 0−3
= −1 1 7
=
= (−26 −4 )
5 5 7 −25 −3

( ) ( )
0 1 3 1 1 1
BA 2 1 1= 2 −1 1 Since ( AB )T = BTAT , the
1 0 2 2 3 −1
property is verified .

( )
0+2+6 0−1+9 0+1−3
= 2+2+2 2−1+ 3 2+1−1
1+0+ 4 1+0+ 6 1+ 0−2
b)
LHS

( )
8 8 −2
= 6 4 2 = ( AB )T

( )( ))
5 7 −1 −2 0 −4 −2 −2 1
T
= −3 1 −1 3 4 3
2 −3 1 −1 −2 1
2.show that ( AB )T = BTAT if

( )
4+0+ 4 4 +0+ 8 −2+0−4
T
= 6+ 3+1 6+ 4+ 2 −3+3−1
−2 7
a) A = 0 1 ( ) and B = ( 2 −1
−3 −4 ) −4−9−1 −4−12−2 2−9+ 1

( )
8 12 −6
= 10 12 −1 T

( ) ( )
−2 0 −4 −2 −2 1 −14 −18 −6
b) A= −3 1 −1 ,B= 3 4 3

( )
2 −3 1 −1 −2 1 8 10 −14
= 12 12 −18
−6 −1 −6

( ) ( )
1 1 1 −1 2 −1
c) A= 2 −1 1 ,B= 1 −1 3
2 3 −1 4 −4 2 RHS
= BTAT

( )( )
−2 −2 1 −2 0 −4

( ) ( )
−3 −2 −1 3 1 4
d) A= −4 2 −1 , B= 2 1 3 = 3 4 3 T −3 1 −1 T
−5 0 1 −2 1 4 −1 −2 1 2 −3 1

( )( )
−2 3 −1 −2 −3 2
solution : = −2 4 −2 0 1 −3
1 3 1 −4 −1 1
a)

( )
4 +0+ 4 6+3+1 −4−9−1
LHS = ( AB )T
= 4+ 0+8 6+ 4+ 2 −4−12−2
((
−2 7 2 −1
= 0 1 −3 −4 )( ))
T −2+ 0−4 −3+3−1 2−9+1

( )
8 10 −14
= 0−3 (
−4−21 2−28 T’
0−4 ) = 12 12 −18
−6 −1 −6
−25 −26
= −3 −4 T( )
Since ( AB )T = BTAT , the
−25 −3
= −26 −4 ( ) property is verified .

c)
RHS = BTAT
LHS
(2
= −3 −4
−1
) (−20 71)
T T
= ( AB )T

= (−1 −4 )( 7 1 )
2 −3 −2 0

9
Classification: Public
 ( )( )) ( )( )
1 1 1 −1 2 −1 3 1 4 −3 −2 −1
T T
= 2 −1 1 1 −1 3 T = 2 1 3 −4 2 −1
2 3 −1 4 −4 2 −2 1 4 −5 0 1

( )( )
3 2 −2 −3 −4 −5

( )
−1+ 1+ 4 2−1−4 −1+3+2
= −2−1+4 4+1−4 −2−3+2 T = 1 1 1 −2 2 0
−2+3−4 4−3+ 4 −2+9−2 4 3 4 −1 −1 1

( )
−9−4+2 −12+ 4+ 2 −15+0−2

( )
4 −3 4
= 1 1 −3 T = −3−2−1 −4+2−1 −5+0+1
−3 5 5 −12−6−4 −16+6−4 −20+ 0+4

( )
−11 −6 −17

( )
4 1 −3
= −3 1 5 = −6 −3 −4
4 −3 5 −22 −14 −16

RHS Since ( AB )T = BTAT , the

= BTAT property is verified .

( )( )
−1 2 −1 1 1 1

(i 0 ) (0 −1
) and
T T
= 1 −1 3 2 −1 1
3. If A= 0 −i B= 1
4 −4 2 2 3 −1 0

(0i 0i ) prove that AB = -

( )( )
−1 1 4 1 2 2
C=
= 2 −1 −4 1 −1 3
−1 3 2 1 1 −1 BA = -C

( )
4 1 −3
= −3 1 5 solution :
4 −3 5
( i 0 )( 0 −10 )
AB = 0 −i 1
Since ( AB )T = BTAT , the
= ( 0−i 0+0 )
0+ 0 −i+0
property is verified .
= (−i 0 )
0 −i
d)
BA = (1 0 )(0 −i)
LHS 0 −1 i 0
= ( AB )T
= ( i+0 0+0 )
0+ 0 0+i

( )( )
−3 −2 −1 3 1 4
T
= −4 2 −1 2 1 3
= ( i 0)
0 i
−5 0 1 −2 1 4

( )
−9−4 +2 −3−2−1 −12−6−4
-BA = -( i 0 ) = (−i 0 )
T 0 i 0 −i
= −12+ 4+2 −4+ 2−1 −16+ 6−4
−15+ 0−2 −5+0+ 1 −20+0+ 4

( )
−11 −6 −22
= −6 −3
−17 −4
−14
−16
T
-C = - (0i 0i ) = (−i0 −i0 )
( )
−11 −6 −17
= −6 −3 −4 ∴AB = -BA = -C , the given
−22 −14 −16 statement is proven . i2
4 . for the matrix A , B , C
RHS
= B TAT
given A= 1 0 (0 1 )

10
Classification: Public
 (
0 −i
B= i 0 ) and C=( 1 0
) verify 5. Compute 3A2-2A+5I If A =

( )
0 −1 1 3 2
2
that A = B = C = I And AB 2 2 2 0 3 and I is the unit
= -BA 1 −1 1
matrix .
solution :
Solution :
A2 = A×A
A2 = A×A = 1 0 1 0 (0 1)(0 1)
( )( )
1
3 2 1 3 2
= 2
( 0+1 1+ 0 )
= (0 1 )
0+0 1 0 0 3 2 0 3
= 0+ 0 1 −1 1 1 −1 1
=I
( )
1+6+ 2 3+ 0−2 2+9+2
= 2+0+ 3 6+ 0−3 4+0+ 3
B2 = B×B = (0i −i0 )( 0i −i0 ) 1−2+ 1 3+ 0−1 2−3+1

( )
9 1 13
( )
2
0−i 0+0
= 0+ 0 −i 2+ 0
= 5 3 7
0 2 0
=( )
2
i 0
0 i2

( ) ( )
9 1 13 27 3 39
( since i
2
= -1 ) 2
3A = 3 5 3 7 = 15 9 21
= ( )
1 0
0 1
0 2 0 0 6 0

= I
( ) ( )
1 3 2 2 6 4
C2 = C×C = (10 )(
0 1 0
−1 0 −1 ) 2A = 2 2 0 3 = 4 0 6
1 −1 1 2 −2 2

= (1+ 0
0+1 )
0+0

( ) ( )
0+ 0 1 0 0 5 0 0
= (0 1 )
1 0 5I = 5 0 1 0 = 0 5 0
0 0 1 0 0 5
=I
3A2-2A+5I
(0 1)(0 −i0 )
( )( )( )
AB = 1 0 i 27 3 39 2 6 4 5 0 0
= 15 9 21 - 4 0 6 + 0 5 0
= (0+ 0 −i+0 ) = (0 −i)
0+i 0+0 i 0 0 6 0 2 −2 2 0 0 5

( )
27−2+ 5 3−6+ 0 39−4 +0
= 15−4 +0 9−0+5 21−6+ 0
0 −i 0 1
BA = i 0 1 0( )( ) 0−2+ 0 6+2+0 0−2+ 5

0−i 0+0
( −i 0
) ( )
( )
= 0+ 0 i+0 = 0 i 30 −3 35
∴3A2-2A+5I = 11 14 15
−i 0 i 0
-BA = - 0 i = 0 −i ( ) ( ) −2 8 3

2
since A = B = C = I and 2 2 6.If A = −1 5 prove that ( 1 2)
AB = -BA , the given A2-6A+7I= 0
statement is verified .
Solution :
A2 = A×A = (−11 25)(−11 25)
11
Classification: Public
 = (−1−5
1−2
−2+25 )
2+10
(1 4 )
8. If A= 2 −1 find f(A) where

= (−6 23 ) f(x)=x2+2x-11
−1 12

Solution :
6A = 6 (1 2
−1 5 )=( 6 12
−6 30 ) f(x)=x2+2x-11
f(A)=A2+2A-11I ( where I is the
order matrix of
7I = 7 0 (1 01)= (70 07) order 2 )

A2= (
1 4 1 4
A×A = 2 −1 2 −1 )( )
LHS = A2-6A+7 = (
1+8 4−4 9 0
2−2 8+ 1 = 0 9 ) ( )
( )(
−1 12
= −6 23 -
6 12
) (6 12
−6 30 + −6 30 )
(
1−6+7
= −6 +6+0
12−12+ 0
23−30+7 ) 2A = 2 2 (1 −14 )=( 24 −28 )
( )
0 0
=0 0
=0 11I = 11 0 (1 01) = (110 110 )
= RHS
f(A)=A2+2A-11I
Since , A2-6A+7I= 0 , the
given statement is proved
9 0
( ) (
2 8 11
= 0 9 + 4 −2 - 0 )( 0
11 )
= ( 0+4 +0 )
9+ 2−11 0+8−0
∴ f (A )=
9−2−11
1 4
7.If A = 2 −1 ( ) obtain f(A) ( 04 −48 )
when f(x)=x2-9

( )
1 −2 3
Solution : 9. If A = 2 3 −1 find the
f(x)=x2-9 2 1 1
f(A)=A2-9I ( where I is the order value of A2-3A+9I
matrix of order 2 )
Solution :
A2 = (
1 4 1 4
2 −1 2 −1 )( ) A2= A×A
( ) ( ) ( )( )
1+8 4−4 9 0 1 −2 3 1 −2 3
= 2−2 8+ 1 = 0 9 = 2 3 −1 2 3 −1
2 1 1 2 1 1

( )
1−4+ 6 −2−6 +3 3+2+3
9I = 9 0 (1 01)= (90 09) = 2+6−2 −4+ 9−1 6−3−1
2+2+2 −4 +3+1 6−1−1

( )
3 −5 8
f(A)=A2-9I
= 6 4 2
( ) ( 09)
9 0 9
= 0 9–0 6 0 6

∴ f (A )=(
0 0)
0 0

12
Classification: Public
 ( ) ( ) ( )
1 −2 3 3 −6 9 9−4−5 8−8+ 0 8−8+0
3A = 3 2 3 −1 = 6 9 −3 = 8−8+0 9−4−5 8−8+0
2 1 1 6 3 3 8−8−0 8−8−0 9−4−5

( ) ( ) ( )
1 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0
9I = 9 0 1 0 = 0 9 0 = 0 0 0 = 0 = RHS
0 0 1 0 0 9 0 0 0
∴Since, A2-4A-5I = 0 the
A2-3A+9I statement shown.

( )( )( )
3 −5 9 8 3 −6
9 0 0
=6 4 −3 + 0 9 0
2 -6 9 1.3 TRANSPOSE OF
6 0 3 6 6 3
0 0 9
MATRIX

( )
3−3+9 8−9+0 −5+ 6+0
EXERCISE
= 6−6+ 0 2+3+ 0 4−9+ 9
6−6+ 0 6−3+9 0−3+0 PART – A

( )
9 1 −1
2
∴A -3A+9I = 0 4 5 1.Define transpose of matrix.
0 −3 12
Solution :
Let A be any given
( )
1 2 2
10. If A= 2 1 2 show that A2- matrix . then the transpose
2 2 1 of matrix A is obtained from
4A-5I=0 ‘A’ by changing rows into
Where I is the unit matrix of columns and columns into
order 3 rows respectively. It is
denoted by AT
Solution :
Eg :

( )( )
1 2 2 1 2 2

( ) ( )
A2= A×A = 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 4 7
T
2 2 1 2 2 1 If A = 4 5 6 then A = 2 5 8
7 8 9 3 6 9

( )
1+ 4+ 4 2+2+ 4 2+ 4+ 2
= 2+2+4 4 +1+4 4+ 2+ 2

( )
2+4 +2 4+2+2 4+ 4+1 2 3 1
2.If A = 4 5 0 Find AT
( )
9 8 8
2 5 7
=8 9 8
8 8 9
Solution :
( ) ( )
1 2 2 4 8 8

( )
4A = 4 2 1 2 = 8 4 8 2 4 2
2 2 1 8 8 4 ∴ A = 3 5 5
1 0 7

( ) ( )
1 0 0 5 0 0
5I = 5 0 1 0 = 0 5 0
0 0 1 0 0 5 3.
( i )for what value of x,

( )
LHS = A2-4A-5I 0 1 −2
the matrix A= −1 0 x is
( )( )( )
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0
=8 9 8-8 4 8-0 5 0 2 −3 0
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5 skew-symmetric .

13
Classification: Public
 ( )
2
0 p 3 ⇒ q =0
( ii ) i 2 q −1 f is skew- ⇒ q=0
r 1 0
symmetric find the value of p , 4.find the transpose of
q and r

( )
1 2
Solution :
1 2 3
(i)3 4 7 ( ) ( ii ) 3 1
4 1
Note :
Skew-symmetric

( ) ( )
3 4 2 4 −3 −2
AT = -A ( iii ) 1 2 3 ( iv ) 1 2 3
3 1 2 −1 0 −1

( )
0 −1 2
T
A = 1 0 −3 Solution :
−2 x 0

( )
1 3
(1 )
( )
0 −1 2 3 4
(i) 2 4 ( ii ) 2 1 1
-A = 1 0 −x 3 7
−2 3 0

( ) ( )
3 1 3 4 1 −1
Comparing AT & -A ( iii ) 4 2 1 ( iv ) −3 2 0

( ) ( )
0 −1 2 0 −1 2 2 3 2 −2 3 −1
1 0 −3 = 1 0 −x
−2 x 0 −2 3 0

( )
1 2
5. if A = 3 1 write down the
x=3 4 1
∴ the value of x that makes A
order of AT
skew symmetric is x=3
Solution :
( ii )
Note :
AT = 2 1 1 (1 3 4
)
Skew- ∴ the order for AT is 2×3
symmetric

( )
AT = -A 1 2 3

( )
0 2 r 6. if A = 3 1 2 find ( i ) A + AT
AT = p q 2 1 1 1 4
3 −1 0
( ii ) A – AT

( )
0 −p −3
-A = −2 −q 2 1 Solution :
−r −1 0

( )
1 3 1
T
A = 2 1 1
Comparing AT & -A 3 2 4

( ) ( )
0 2 r 0 −p −3
p q 1 = −2 −q
2 2

( )( )
1 1 2 3 1 3 1
3 −1 0 −r −1 0 ( i ) A + AT = 3 1 2 + 2 1 1
1 1 4 3 2 4
p=−2 , r =−3

( )
2 5 4
T
2 2
∴ A + A = 5 2 3
⇒ q =q 4 3 8
2 2
⇒ q +q =0
2
⇒ 2 q =0

14
Classification: Public
 ( )( )
1 2 3 1 3 1 y=3
T
( ii ) A - A = 3 1 2 -2 1 1
1 1 4 3 2 4 9 . determine the matrix A

( )
0 −1 2 and B if they satisfy
T
∴ A - A = 1 0
−2 −1
1
0
2 A−B+(−46 −6 0
2 1 )
=0 and

A−2 B=( )
3 2 8
7. find the value of p , q , r −2 1 −7
and s if
Solution :

( )
1 0 −4

( )
p2−1 0 −31−q 3
7 r +1 9 = 7
3
2
9 2 A−B=(−64 6 0
−2 −1 ) ①
−2 8 s−1
A−2 B=( )
−2 8 −π 3 2 8
②
−2 1 −7
Solution : Solving ① & ②
p −1=1⇒ p =2⇒ p=± √ 2
2 2
Multiply ②×2

−31−q =−4
3
2 A−B= (−64 −26 −10 )
2 A−4 B=(
−4 2 −14 )
3
q =−31+ 4 6 4 16

(-) (+) (-)

3
q =−27
q=√ −27
3

q=−3

3B = (−12 )
2 −16
3 3 1 8 −4 13
r +1= ⇒ r = −1⇒ r=
2 2 2

( )
2 −16
B=
−4
s−1=−π ⇒ s=−π +1 ⇒ s=1−π 3 3
8 −4 13

Substitute B in ②
8 . determine the value of x + y if 3 3 3

(2x+ y 4 x
= ) (
7 7 y−13
)
( )(
5 x−7 4 x y x +6 2 −16
−4

Solution :
A−2
8
3
−4
3
13
=
3 2 8
−2 1 −7 )
2 x+ y=7 3 3 3

( )(
① −8
4 −32
5 x−7= y ⇒ 5 x− y=7
Solving ① & ②
② A−
16
3
−8
3
26
=
3 2 8
−2 1 −7 )
①⇒ 2 x + y=7 3 3 3

( )
②⇒ 5 x− y =7 −8
4 −32
7 x=14
A=
(−23 2 8
1 −7
+
16 ) 3
−8
3
26
3 3 3

( )
x=2 10 −8
−5
3 3
A=
10 −5 5
Substitute x in ①
3 3 3
①⇒ 2 x + y=7
2(2)+ y=7
4 + y=7
y=7−4

15
Classification: Public
 ( ) ( )
10 −8 6 12
−5
∴ A=
3 3 = −2 5
and 3 1
10 −5 5
3 3 3

( )
2 −16 ∴ ( A + B ) T = AT + BT = BT + A T
−4

( )
3 3 6 12
B=
8 −4 13 = −2 5
3 3 3 3 1

10 . if AT =( ii ) ( A - B )T = AT - ( ii )
BT
( A - B )T = 5 (( 4 −10 23)−( 27 ))
−1 1 T
2 −1 1
and B = 7 5 −2 ( ) 5 −2

= (−2 −5 5 )
2 0 1T
Verify the following

( )
( i ) ( A + B ) T = AT + BT = BT + 2 −2
AT = 0 −5
( ii ) ( A - B )T = AT - BT 1 5
( iii ) ( BT )T = B

( )( ) ( )
4 5 2 7 2 −2
T T
Solution : A - B = −1 0 - −1 5 = 0 −5
2 3 1 −2 1 5
( A T )T = A = 5 (4 −1 2
0 3
,B= )
( )
2 −2
( 2 −1 1
7 5 −2 ) ∴( A - B ) = A - B T T T
= 0 −5
1 5

( ) ( )
4 5 2 7

( )
T T 2 7 T
A = −1 0 , B = −1 5 T T
2 3 1 −2 ( iii ) ( B ) = −1 5 =
1 −2

( i ) ( A + B )T = (2 −1 1
7 5 −2 )
((45 −1 2 2 −1 1 T
+
)(
0 3 7 5 −2 )) 2 −1 1
B = 7 5 −2 ( )
6 −2 3 T
= 12 5 1 ( )
∴ ( B T )T = B = (27 −1 1
)
( )
6 12 5 −2
= −2 5
3 1
PART – B

( ) ( )
4 5 2 7

( )
1 2 2
AT + BT = −1 0 + −1 5 1.If A = 2 1 −2 is a matrix
2 3 1 −2 x 2 y

( )
6 12 such that AAT=9I find the
= −2 5 value of x and y
3 1

Solution :

( ) ( )
2 7 4 5

( )
T T 1 2 x
B + A = −1 5 + −1 0 T
1 −2 2 3 A =2 1 2
2 −2 y

16
Classification: Public
 ( )( )
1 2 2 1 2 x Solving a & b
T
AA = 2 1 −2 2 1 2 = ①×2 ⇒ 2 a+ 8 b=−14
x 2 y 2 −2 y ②⇒ 2 a+5 b=−8

( )
1+4 +4 2+2−4 x+ 4+ 2 y (-) (-) (+)
2+2−4 4+1+ 4 2 x+ 2−2 y 3 b=- 6
2 2
x +4 +2 y 2 x+ 2−2 y x + 4+ y b=−2

( ) ( )
1 0 0 9 0 0 Substituting b in ②
9I = 9 0 1 0 = 0 9 0
②⇒ 2 a+5 b=−8
0 0 1 0 0 9
2 a+5(−2)=−8
2 a−10=−8

( )( )
1+4 +4 2+2−4 x+ 4+ 2 y 9 0 0
2 a=−8+10
2+2−4 4+1+ 4 2 x+ 2−2 y = 0 9 0
2 2
0 0 9 2 a=2
x +4 +2 y 2 x+ 2−2 y x + 4+ y
a=1
x +4 +2 y=0 ⇒ x +2 y=−4 ①
2 x+ 2−2 y=0 ⇒ 2 x−2 y=−2 ② Solving c & d
Solving ① & ② ④×2⇒ 2 c +8 d=4
①⇒ x +2 y=−4 ⑤⇒ 2 c +5 d=4
② ⇒ 2 x−2 y=−2 (-) (-) (-)
3 x=−6 3 d=0
x=−2 d=0

Substitute x in ① Substitute d in ⑤
①⇒ x +2 y=−4 ⑤⇒ 2 c +5 d=4
−2+2 y=−4 2 c +5(0)=4
2 y=−2 2 c=4
y=−1 c=2

2.find the matrix which satisfy

the matrix relation
∴ the matrix A = (12 −20 )
A ( 27 −1 1
5 −2
=
2 )(
−7 −8 −9
4 6 )
Solution :
Let A = c d ( a b)
( ac db)(27 −15 −21 )=(−72 −84 −96 )
( a+4
c+ 4 d 2 c +5 d 3 c+6 d ) ( 2
b 2 a+5 b 3 a+6 b −7 −8
=
4
−9
6 )
a+ 4 b=−7 ①
2 a+5 b=−8 ②
3 a+6 b=−9 ③
c + 4 d=2 ④
2 c +5 d=4 ⑤
3 c +6 d=6 ⑥

17
Classification: Public
 18
Classification: Public