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Corrosion Rate Estimation of Passenger Ships Ballast System Pipes

Article in International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research · December 2023
DOI: 10.12962/j25481479.v8i3.18651

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International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, Vol. 8(3), Sept. 2023. 477-488
(pISSN: 2541-5972, eISSN: 2548-1479)
477

Corrosion Rate Estimation of Passenger Ships

Ballast System Pipes
Moch Ricky Dariansyah1, Mohammad Danil Arifin2
(Received: 20 August 2023 / Revised: 20 August 2023 /Accepted: 28 August 2023)
Abstract⎯ Corrosion on ships is a common challenge that arises due to the exposure of various metal components to the
marine environment. It is a natural electrochemical process that deteriorates the integrity and performance of the ship's
structures and equipment over time. The corrosive agents in the marine environment include seawater, humidity, salt spray,
chemicals, and microbiological organisms. Corrosion can affect different parts of a ship, such as the hull, ballast tanks,
pipelines, propellers, rudders, and various metallic fittings. It can lead to the weakening of structural components, reduced
operational efficiency, increased maintenance costs, and even safety hazards. Therefore, it is essential to determine the
limitations of the lifespan and efficiency of pipes concerning the influence of corrosion. In this study, the corrosion rate of
Galvanized Steel Pipe SCH 40 and Stainless Steel 304 was estimated. The corrosion rate of pipes was evaluated by variating
the influence of 3% and 6% salinity and immersion time 240, 360, and 720 hours. The result shows that the corrosion rate
tends to increase in higher salinity and immersion time.

Keywords⎯corrosion rate, ballast system pipes, galvanized steel, stainless steel

I. INTRODUCTION1 influenced by factors such as seawater chemistry,

temperature, and oxygen concentration [3].
M etal is a broad category of materials that are
Pitting corrosion is defined as localized corrosion
characterized by the formation of small pits or holes on
typically solid, shiny, good conductors of electricity and the metal surface. It occurs in areas where the protective
heat, and can be shaped or molded. Metals have a wide oxide layer is damaged or where crevices or other
range of applications in industries such as construction, defects exist. Pitting corrosion can significantly reduce
manufacturing, electronics, and transportation [1][2]. the strength of affected components [4].
On ships, metals are widely used in various structural In the case of galvanic corrosion, it occurs when two
components and equipment due to their strength, dissimilar metals are in electrical contact with each other
durability, and other desirable properties. However, the in the presence of an electrolyte. The more active (less
maritime environment presents a significant challenge noble) metal corrodes while the less active (more noble)
for these metals, as they are constantly exposed to metal remains protected. This type of corrosion can
corrosive elements [3]. occur in areas where different metals or alloys are
Ships operate in a corrosive marine environment that nearby, such as fittings, fasteners, or welds [5].
includes seawater, humidity, salt spray, and aggressive However, stress corrosion cracking is defined as a
chemicals. These elements can initiate and accelerate form of corrosion that occurs under tensile stress in the
corrosion processes on metal surfaces. It can lead to presence of a corrosive environment. It can lead to
structural degradation, weakening of components, and sudden and catastrophic failure of components. SCC is
reduced operational efficiency. It can cause leaks, influenced by factors such as material susceptibility,
decrease the lifespan of equipment, increase maintenance applied stress levels, and the presence of corrosive
requirements, and potentially compromise the safety of agents [6].
the vessel and its crew. Corrosion on ships can occur due to various factors
related to the marine environment and the materials used
A. Corrosion in ship construction. Some of the primary factors
Various types of corrosion can occur on ships, contributing to corrosion on ships can be described as
including general corrosion, localized corrosion i.e. follows [7]:
pitting, crevice corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and stress • Seawater: Seawater is a highly corrosive medium due
corrosion cracking. Each type of corrosion manifests to its high salt content, dissolved oxygen, and various
differently and affects different parts of the ship. impurities. The presence of chloride ions in seawater
General corrosion is uniform corrosion that occurs is particularly aggressive and can accelerate
over the entire exposed surface of a metal. It leads to a corrosion processes.
gradual loss of metal thickness and can weaken structural • Humidity and Moisture: High levels of humidity and
components. This type of corrosion is typically moisture in the marine environment contribute to the
corrosion of metal surfaces. Moisture can penetrate
Moch Ricky Dariansyah, Department of Naval Architecture, Darma
crevices, gaps, and coatings, creating an ideal
Persada University, Jakarta, 13450, Indonesia. E-mail: environment for corrosion initiation and propagation.
ricky.nautical@yahoo.com • Dissolved Gases: Gases dissolved in seawater, such
Mohammad Danil Arifin, Department of Marine Engineering, Darma as oxygen and carbon dioxide, can play a significant
Persada University, Jakarta, 13450, Indonesia. E-mail:
danilarifin.mohammad@gmail.com role in corrosion. Oxygen concentration cells can
International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, Vol. 8(3), Sept. 2023. 477-488
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form on metal surfaces, leading to localized • Hull: The hull is exposed to seawater, which makes it
corrosion, while carbon dioxide can contribute to the susceptible to corrosion. This includes the outer hull,
formation of acidic conditions that promote bilge keels, and areas around waterlines.
corrosion. • Ballast Tanks: Ballast tanks are used to control a
• Microbiological Activity: Marine environments ship's stability by adjusting its weight. These tanks
harbor a variety of microbiological organisms, can be prone to corrosion due to exposure to water
including bacteria, algae, and fungi. These organisms and the presence of impurities.
can attach to metal surfaces and create biofilms, • Pipelines and Piping Systems: Various pipelines and
which can accelerate corrosion processes through the piping systems on ships, such as fuel lines, cooling
production of corrosive byproducts and localized systems, and ballast systems, can be vulnerable to
concentration cells. corrosion, especially at joints, fittings, and areas
• Coating and Paint Failure: Protective coatings and where there are changes in flow or temperature.
paints are commonly applied to ship surfaces to • Propellers and Rudder Systems: Propellers and
provide a barrier against corrosion occurrence. rudder systems are constantly exposed to seawater
However, coating failures, such as cracking, and are at risk of corrosion. Cavitation and galvanic
delamination, or inadequate coverage, can expose corrosion can also affect these components.
underlying metals to corrosive agents, leading to • Decks and Superstructures: Decks, bulkheads, and
accelerated corrosion. superstructures are exposed to the marine
• Design and Construction Factors: Design and environment and can experience corrosion,
construction aspects, such as improper material particularly in areas where water can accumulate or
selection, inadequate corrosion protection measures, where dissimilar metals are in contact.
or structural design flaws, can contribute to localized • Tankers and Cargo Hold: Cargo tanks in tankers and
corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, or crevice cargo hold in general cargo ships can be affected by
corrosion on ships. corrosion due to the nature of the cargo they carry,
• Galvanic Coupling: Ships often consist of different such as chemicals, oils, or corrosive substances.
metals and alloys nearby, creating the potential for It's important to note that the specific areas and
galvanic corrosion. When dissimilar metals are in components prone to corrosion can vary depending on
contact, an electrochemical cell can form, leading to the type of ship, its operating conditions, maintenance
accelerated corrosion of the less noble (anodic) practices, and the materials used.
metal. In this study, we are focusing on the corrosion rate of
Ship operators and maintenance personnel need to passenger ships' ballast system pipes. Different types of
understand these factors and implement effective pipes are used in ballast systems on ships, depending on
corrosion prevention and control measures to ensure the various factors such as the specific application, ship
longevity and integrity of the vessel. design, and operating conditions. Here are some
Corrosion on ships can occur in various areas and commonly used pipe materials for ballast systems on
components. Some common areas where corrosion is ships as illustrated in Figure 2.
often observed on ships include as follows and illustrated • Carbon Steel Pipes: Carbon steel pipes are widely
in Figure 1:

Figure. 1. Common areas of corrosions on ships

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used in ballast systems due to their strength, environment. The general mechanism of corrosion
durability, and cost-effectiveness. They are suitable involves several steps [8]:
for transporting seawater and are commonly used for • Initiation: Corrosion typically starts with the
ballast tanks, ballast lines, and associated piping. initiation of a corrosion cell or a localized
• Stainless Steel Pipes: Stainless steel pipes are electrochemical reaction on the metal surface. Factors
corrosion-resistant and offer better resistance to such as exposure to corrosive substances, the
seawater and chemical corrosion compared to carbon presence of impurities, or mechanical damage can
steel. They are often used in ballast systems where initiate the corrosion process.
there is a higher risk of corrosion or when specific • Anodic Reaction: In the presence of an electrolyte
regulations or vessel requirements demand corrosion- (e.g., moisture, water, or a corrosive solution), the
resistant materials. metal surface undergoes an oxidation reaction,
• PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) Pipes: PVC pipes are known as the anodic reaction. This leads to the
lightweight, affordable, and resistant to corrosion, formation of metal ions and the release of electrons.
making them suitable for certain applications in For example, iron can oxidize to form ferrous ions
ballast systems. They are commonly used for smaller (Fe2+) in an aqueous environment. The anodic
ballast lines, drainage systems, and non-critical reaction is shown as the following process Fe → Fe2+
components. + 2e-.
• Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Pipes: FRP pipes • Cathodic Reaction: Simultaneously, a reduction
are lightweight, corrosion-resistant, and have high reaction, known as the cathodic reaction, occurs in
strength-to-weight ratios. They are used in specific another region on the metal surface or a different
applications where corrosion resistance and durability metal. This reaction involves the consumption of
are essential, such as in corrosive environments or electrons and often involves the reduction of oxygen
where weight reduction is desired. or hydrogen ions. The oxygen reduction is shown by
• Copper-Nickel Alloy Pipes: Copper-nickel alloy the following process O2 + 2H2O + 4e- → 4OH-, and
pipes, specifically Cu-Ni 90/10 and Cu-Ni 70/30, are the hydrogen evolution defined as 2H+ + 2e- → H2
highly resistant to seawater corrosion. They are • Ion Migration: The metal ions produced by the
commonly used in shipbuilding for ballast systems anodic reaction move away from the metal surface,
and other applications where excellent resistance to typically through the electrolyte, due to the
corrosion and biofouling is required. concentration gradient or fluid flow. This step is
crucial for the continuation of the corrosion process.
B. Corrosion Mechanism • Electrolyte Diffusion: The electrolyte (such as water
Corrosion is a complex electrochemical process that or moisture) continuously supplies ions and dissolved
occurs when metals or alloys react with their surrounding gases to the metal surface, sustaining the

Carbon Steel Pipes Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes Stainless Steel Pipes

FRP Pipes Copper-Nickel Alloy

Figure. 2. Common areas of corrosions on ships

International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, Vol. 8(3), Sept. 2023. 477-488
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electrochemical reactions and enabling the transfer of corrosion rate in mm/y.

reactants and products.
• Corrosion Product Formation: As metal ions migrate B. Experiment
away from the metal surface, they may react with For the experiment, the following steps should be
other substances present in the environment to form conducted as follows:
corrosion products, such as rust, scales, or oxides. • Preparing specimens
These products often have different physical o Cut 27 pieces of galvanized steel pipe SCH 40
properties and may provide some level of protection and stainless steel 304 into dimensions of
to the underlying metal. 30x40x4 mm each.
o Ensure the specimens have a thickness of 4mm.
II. METHOD o Validate the dimensions using a caliper to
A. Weigh Loss Methods ensure accuracy.
The weight loss method was used as the method in • Testing procedures
this research. The weight loss method is a technique used o Prepare a test solution by mixing distilled water
to assess or measure the corrosion rate of a material. It with NaCl to achieve a salinity concentration of
involves subjecting a metal sample to a corrosive 3%, 6%, and 9% for each experiment.
environment for a specific duration of time and then o Immerse the test specimens in the designated
measuring the weight loss of the sample due to corrosion salinity levels for a specified immersion time
[9][10]. This method is widely used in corrosion research t=240 hours, t=360 hours, and t=720 hours.
and provides valuable information on the corrosion o Clean the test specimens by immersing them in
behavior and rate of a material [11-13]. a solution of HF (20mL) and HNO3 (100mL)
The corrosion rate may be calculated from the mass mixed with 1000mL of water for SS 304 pipe
loss as follows [14-16]: material. For galvanized pipes, use a solution of
NH4OH (150mL) mixed with 1000mL of water.
o Measure the weight of the test specimens using
an analytical balance digital scale.
o Capture surface images of the specimens using
Where: a 1000x microscope.
o K is Constant
o T is the time of exposure, h, III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
o A is an area, cm2
o W is mass loss, g, and By variating the experiment with the different salinity
o D is defined as density, g/ cm3 (D for steels and and flow velocities, the results of the corrosion rate
stainless steels -7.9 g/m3, for copper 8.9 g/cm3 between galvanized steel pipe SCH 40 and stainless steel
for aluminum =2.7g/cm3). 304 are shown as follows:
o K is 3.45 x 106 for a corrosion rate in mpy.
o Other constants include K= 8.76 x 104 for a

Figure. 3. Specimen immersion of galvanized steel pipe SCH 40 and stainless steel 304
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A. Results of Corrosion Rate of t=240 hours with indicate that the corrosion rate of galvanized pipes is
salinity 3% higher than that of SS 304 pipes. The difference in
Tables 1 and 2 below present the results of the corrosion rate between SS 304 and galvanized pipes can
corrosion rate calculation for SS 304 pipes and be clearly shown by the comparison graph of the test
galvanized pipes after 240 hours of immersion in a NaCl specimens and corrosion rates in Figure 4.
solution with a salinity of 3%. The corrosion rate values
obtained for SS 304 pipes are as follows: E1 = 0.039, E2 B. Results of Corrosion Rate of t= 240 hours with
= 0.036, and E3 = 0.037 mm/y. Meanwhile, the salinity 0.6%
corrosion rate values for galvanized steel pipes are H1 = Tables 3 and 4 below present the results of the
0.336, H2 = 0.339, and H3 = 0.344 mm/y. These values corrosion rate calculation for SS 304 pipes and

TABLE 1.
CORROSION RATE OF SS 304 WITH T=240 HOURS WITH SALINITY 3%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)

E1 4.02 2.93 0.40 37.302 37.278 0.039

E2 4.04 3.00 0.40 37.749 37.726 0.036

E3 3.94 2.96 0.40 35.708 35.685 0.037

Corrosion Rate Average 0.037

TABLE 2.
CORROSION RATE OF GALVANIZED PIPES WITH T=240 HOURS WITH SALINITY 3%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)

H1 4.12 2.95 0.52 49.844 49.615 0.336

H2 4.03 2.97 0.52 49.495 49.268 0.339

H3 4.05 2.95 0.52 48.819 48.588 0.344

Corrosion Rate Average 0.340

Figure. 4. Comparison of corrosion rate t=240 with salinity 3%

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galvanized pipes after 240 hours of immersion in a NaCl The average corrosion rate values are presented, with
solution with a salinity of 6%. The corrosion rate values galvanized pipes showing a corrosion rate of 0.939 mm/y
obtained for SS 304 pipes are as follows: H1 = 0.048, H2 (millimeters per year) and SS 304 pipes showing a
= 0.046, and H3 = 0.046 mm/y. Meanwhile, the corrosion rate of 0.047 mm/y. There is an increase in the
corrosion rate values for galvanized steel pipes are D1 = corrosion rate between SS 304 and galvanized pipes due
0.973, D2 = 0.922, and D3 = 0.923 mm/y. These values to a 6% increase in salinity during the same 240-hour
indicate that the corrosion rate of galvanized pipes is immersion period.
higher than that of SS 304 pipes.

TABLE 3.
CORROSION RATE OF SS 304 WITH T=240 HOURS WITH SALINITY 6%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)
H1 3.99 2.99 0.4 36.316 36.286 0.048

H2 3.95 3.01 0.4 37.134 37.105 0.046

H3 4.09 3.01 0.4 37.610 37.580 0.046

Corrosion Rate Average 0.047

TABLE 4.
CORROSION RATE OF GALVANIZED PIPES WITH T=240 HOURS WITH SALINITY 6%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)

D1 4.04 2.99 0.52 49.225 48.565 0.973

D2 3.98 2.97 0.52 48.827 48.214 0.922

D3 4.17 2.94 0.52 49.524 48.890 0.923

Corrosion Rate Average 0.939

Figure. 5. Comparison of corrosion rate t=240 with salinity 6%

International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, Vol. 8(3), Sept. 2023. 477-488
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TABLE 5.
CORROSION RATE OF SS 304 WITH T=240 HOURS WITH SALINITY 9%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)
A1 3.94 2.98 0.4 36.008 35.972 0.058

A2 3.94 2.9 0.4 35.791 35.755 0.059

A3 4.08 2.92 0.4 37.748 37.712 0.057

Corrosion Rate Average 0.058

TABLE 6.
CORROSION RATE OF GALVANIZED PIPES WITH T=240 HOURS WITH SALINITY 9%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)

C1 3.93 3.03 0.52 48.696 48.022 1.009

C2 4.03 2.93 0.52 49.004 48.308 1.048

C3 4.06 2.92 0.52 48.700 48.017 1.026

Corrosion Rate Average 1.028

Figure. 6. Comparison of corrosion rate t=240 with salinity 9%

This demonstrates that increasing salinity leads to an galvanized steel pipe are C1 with a value of 1.009, C2
increase in corrosion rate. The difference in corrosion with a value of 1.048, and C3 with a value of 1.026. This
rate between SS 304 and galvanized pipes can be clearly indicates that the corrosion rate of galvanized pipes is
shown by the comparison graph of the test specimens greater than that of SS 304 pipes.
and corrosion rates in Figure 5. The difference in corrosion rates between SS 304
pipes and galvanized pipes can be clearly shown through
C. Results of Corrosion Rate of t=240 hours with the comparison graph of test specimens and corrosion
salinity 9% rates in Figure 6. When comparing the corrosion rate
Table 5 and Table 6 below show the results of values for NaCl solutions with salinities of 3%, 6%, and
corrosion rate calculations for SS 304 pipes and 9%, an increase in the corrosion rate is observed for both
galvanized pipes immersed in a NaCl solution with a SS 304 and galvanized pipes during the same immersion
salinity of 6% for 240 hours. The corrosion rate values time of 240 hours. This indicates that increasing salinity
obtained for each SS 304 pipe are A1 with a value of leads to an increase in the corrosion rate.
0.058, A2 with a value of 0.059, and A3 with a value of
0.057. Meanwhile, the corrosion rate values for each
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TABLE 7.
CORROSION RATE OF SS 304 WITH T=360 HOURS WITH SALINITY 3%
Lenght Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)
D1 3.98 2.91 0.4 36.352 36.313 0.042

D2 3.94 2.98 0.4 36.738 36.702 0.039

D3 4.00 2.93 0.4 37.023 36.990 0.035

Corrosion Rate Average 0.039

TABLE 8.
CORROSION RATE OF GALVANIZED PIPES WITH T=360 HOURS WITH SALINITY 3%
Lenght Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)

B1 4.00 2.92 0.52 47.843 47.498 0.350

B2 4.09 3.04 0.52 48.797 48.452 0.331

B3 4.03 2.90 0.52 48.655 48.318 0.341

Corrosion Rate Average 0.341

Figure. 7. Comparison of corrosion rate t=360 with salinity 3%

D. Results of Corrosion Rate of t=360 hours with This indicates that the corrosion rate of galvanized pipes
salinity 3% is greater than that of SS 304 pipes.
Table 7 and Table 8 below show the results of The difference in corrosion rates between SS 304
corrosion rate calculations for SS 304 pipes and pipes and galvanized pipes can be clearly shown through
galvanized pipes immersed in a NaCl solution with a the comparison graph of test specimens and corrosion
salinity of 3% for 360 hours. The corrosion rate values rates in Figure 7. When comparing the results of
obtained for each SS 304 pipe are D1 with a value of corrosion rates for SS 304 and galvanized pipes during a
0.042, D2 with a value of 0.039, and D3 with a value of 240-hour immersion in a 3% salinity NaCl solution,
0.035. Meanwhile, the corrosion rate values for each there is an increase in corrosion rate, though not
galvanized steel pipe are B1 with a value of 0.350, B2 significantly, and the results approach the corrosion rate
with a value of 0.331, and B3 with a value of 0.341. of the 360-hour immersion.
International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, Vol. 8(3), Sept. 2023. 477-488
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E. Results of Corrosion Rate of t=360 hours with graph of test specimens and corrosion rates in Figure 8.
salinity 6% There is an increase in corrosion rate between SS 304
Table 9 and Table 10 below show the results of and galvanized pipes due to the 6% increase in salinity
corrosion rate calculations for SS 304 pipes and during the 360-hour immersion. In the comparison of
galvanized pipes immersed in a NaCl solution with a corrosion rates for SS 304 and galvanized pipes during a
salinity of 6% for 360 hours. The corrosion rate values 240-hour immersion in a 6% salinity NaCl solution,
obtained for each SS 304 pipe are G1 with a value of there is a slight increase in corrosion rate, but it is not
0.049, G2 with a value of 0.049, and G3 with a value of very significant, and the results approach the corrosion
0.048. Meanwhile, the corrosion rate values for each rate of the 360-hour immersion.
galvanized steel pipe are F1 with a value of 1.168, F2 F. Results of Corrosion Rate of t=720 hours with
with a value of 1.039, and F3 with a value of 1.087. This salinity 3%
indicates that the corrosion rate of galvanized pipes is Table 11 and Table 12 below show the results of
greater than that of SS 304 pipes. The difference in corrosion rate calculations for SS 304 pipes and
corrosion rates between SS 304 pipes and galvanized galvanized pipes immersed in a NaCl solution with a
pipes can be clearly shown through the comparison salinity of 3% for 720 hours. The corrosion rate values

TABLE 9.
CORROSION RATE OF SS 304 WITH T=360 HOURS WITH SALINITY 6%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)
G1 4.00 2.91 0.40 35.852 35.807 0.049

G2 4.12 2.96 0.40 37.928 37.881 0.049

G3 4.04 2.95 0.40 38.065 38.020 0.048

Corrosion Rate Average 0.049

TABLE 10.
CORROSION RATE OF GALVANIZED PIPES WITH T=360 HOURS WITH SALINITY 6%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)

F1 4.00 2.97 0.52 49.161 47.993 1.168

F2 4.12 2.95 0.52 48.693 47.632 1.039

F3 4.05 2.92 0.52 48.736 47.652 1.087

Corrosion Rate Average 1.098

Figure. 8. Comparison of corrosion rate t=360 with salinity 6%

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obtained for each SS 304 pipe are I1 with a value of slight increase in corrosion rate, but it is not very
0.041, I2 with a value of 0.042, and I3 with a value of significant, and the results approach the corrosion rate of
0.041. Meanwhile, the corrosion rate values for each the 720-hour immersion.
galvanized steel pipe are A1 with a value of 0.341, A2
with a value of 0.347, and A3 with a value of 0.349. This G. Results of Corrosion Rate of t=720 hours with
indicates that the corrosion rate of galvanized pipes is salinity 6%
greater than that of SS 304 pipes. Table 13 and Table 14 below show the results of
The difference in corrosion rates between SS 304 corrosion rate calculations for SS 304 pipes and
pipes and galvanized pipes can be clearly shown through galvanized pipes immersed in a NaCl solution with a
the comparison graph of test specimens and corrosion salinity of 6% for 720 hours. The corrosion rate values
rates in Figure 9. There is a difference in corrosion rates obtained for each SS 304 pipe are F1 with a value of
between SS 304 and galvanized pipes during the 240- 0.050, F2 with a value of 0.050, and F3 with a value of
hour, 360-hour, and 720-hour immersion periods. When 0.051. Meanwhile, the corrosion rate values for each
comparing the results of corrosion rates for SS 304 and galvanized steel pipe are E1 with a value of 1.182, E2
galvanized pipes during the 240-hour and 360-hour with a value of 1.172, and E3 with a value of 1.215. This
immersions in a 3% salinity NaCl solution, there is a indicates that the corrosion rate of galvanized pipes is

TABLE 11.
CORROSION RATE OF SS 304 WITH T=720 HOURS WITH SALINITY 3%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)
I1 4.11 2.93 0.40 37.697 37.618 0.041

I2 4.01 3.05 0.40 37.990 37.909 0.042

I3 4.06 3.05 0.40 38.342 38.262 0.041

Corrosion Rate Average 0.041

TABLE 12.
CORROSION RATE OF GALVANIZED PIPES WITH T=720 HOURS WITH SALINITY 3%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)

A1 4.10 2.99 0.52 49.366 48.665 0.341

A2 4.10 2.90 0.52 48.979 48.283 0.347

A3 4.01 3.02 0.52 49.487 48.775 0.349

Corrosion Rate Average 0.346

Figure. 9. Comparison of corrosion rate t=720 with salinity 3%

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TABLE 13.
CORROSION RATE OF SS 304 WITH T=720 HOURS WITH SALINITY 6%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)
F1 4.10 2.96 0.40 37.922 37.826 0.050

F2 4.05 2.91 0.40 36.986 36.893 0.050

F3 3.95 2.95 0.40 35.718 35.623 0.051

Corrosion Rate Average 0.050

TABLE 14.
CORROSION RATE OF GALVANIZED PIPES WITH T=720 HOURS WITH SALINITY 6%
Length Wides Thickness Initial weight Final weight Corrosion Rate
Specimen Code
(cm) (cm) (cm) (gram) (gram) (mm/y)

E1 4.07 2.91 0.52 48.759 46.397 1.182

E2 4.06 2.98 0.52 49.119 46.733 1.172

E3 4.12 2.95 0.52 49.842 47.357 1.215

Corrosion Rate Average 1.190

Figure. 10. Comparison of corrosion rate t=720 with salinity 6%

greater than that of SS 304 pipes. solutions. This indicates that the corrosion rate is
The difference in corrosion rates between SS 304 dependent on the level of salinity in the solution.
pipes and galvanized pipes can be clearly shown through
the comparison graph of test specimens and corrosion
rates in Figure 10. There is a difference in corrosion rates IV. CONCLUSION
between SS 304 and galvanized pipes during the 240-
hour, 360-hour, and 720-hour immersion periods. When Based on the conducted experiments, it can be observed that the
corrosion rate in both SS 304 and galvanized pipes is influenced by the
comparing the results of corrosion rates for SS 304 and immersion duration and the percentage of salinity. The corrosion rate is
galvanized pipes during the 240-hour, 360-hour, and directly proportional to the immersion time and the salinity percentage
720-hour immersions in a 6% salinity NaCl solution, in the NaCl solution. The longer the immersion duration, the higher the
there is a slight increase in corrosion rate, but it is not corrosion rate. Similarly, as the salinity percentage increases, the
corrosion rate tends to increase as well. When comparing the results of
very significant, and the results approach the corrosion the corrosion rates between SS 304 and galvanized pipes, it can be
rate of the 720-hour immersion. The same trend is concluded that SS 304 pipes are more suitable for ballast systems.
observed when comparing the corrosion rates for SS 304
and galvanized pipes during the 240-hour, 360-hour, and
720-hour immersions in both 3% and 6% salinity NaCl
 International Journal of Marine Engineering Innovation and Research, Vol. 8(3), Sept. 2023. 477-488
(pISSN: 2541-5972, eISSN: 2548-1479)
488

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