Unit1: Introduction to objected oriented programming

• Programming:

– The art and science of creating programs

– Art: application of human creative skill and imagination.

– Science: systematic study through observation and experiment.

• So, to be a good programmer you should do a lot of experiment

and observation of programs by using your own creative skill

and imagination.

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• Program:

– Program outlines exactly the steps needed to perform

a certain task.

– E.g.,

• Prepare coffee

• Add two numbers

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• Programming language:

– A programming language is a tool used by

programmers for instructing a computer or computing

device to perform specific tasks.

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• Classification Of Programming Languages:
– Machine Language:
• use 0 and 1 to express the instructions

– Assembly Language:
• This language uses mnemonics to express the instructions

– High-level language:
• This language uses human understandable like language
to express the instructions

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• The Top Programming Languages?

– IEEE Ranking of programming language:

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 Programming Paradigms
• Program organizing principles are called programming

paradigms.

• Following are the five types of programming paradigm:

– Unstructured programming

– Procedural programming

– Structured programming

– Object-oriented programming

– Object-based programming

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• Unstructured Programming paradigm:

– A Technique for organizing and coding computer

programs in which programmers put all their code in

one program.

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• This programming technique provides tremendous
disadvantages (duplicacy and redundancy of code, code
maintenance problem, readability and many more ) once the
program gets sufficiently large
• For example, if the same statement sequence is needed at
different locations within the program, the sequence must be
copied.
• This has lead to the idea of extracting these sequences, naming
them and offering a technique to call and return from these
procedures. i.e., Reuse the same code at different places in the
program without copying it.
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• Procedural Programming:
– Combine returning sequences of statements
into one single place

– A procedure call is used to invoke the

procedure

– After the sequence is processed, flow of

control proceeds right after the position
where the call was made

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• With the introduction of parameters as well as procedures of procedures ( sub-
procedures) programs can now be written more structured and error free
– For example, if a procedure is correct, every time it is used it produces correct results

• The main program is responsible to pass data to the individual calls, the data is
processed by the procedures and, once the program has finished, the resulting
data is presented

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• Now we have a single program which is divided into small
pieces called procedures

• To enable usage of general procedures or groups of

procedures also in other programs, they must be separately
available

• For that reason, modular programming allows grouping of

procedures into modules

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• Structured Programming (Modular Programming) Paradigm:
– During the 1970s it became clear that even well-structured programs were
not enough for mastering the complexity involved in developing a large
program system

– It was also recognized that it was necessary to support the division of the
program into well-defined parts or modules, that could be developed and
tested independently of one another, so that several people could work
together within one large programming project

– Modular programming (subset of procedural programming)is thus

concerned with the subdivision of programs into manageable "chunks"

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• With modular programming procedures of a common
functionality are grouped together into separate modules

• A program therefore no longer consists of only one single

part.

• It is now divided into several smaller parts which interact

through procedure calls and which form the whole
program
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• Each module can have its own data. This allows each module to manage an

internal state which is modified by calls to procedures of this module

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Unstructured, procedural, modular programming

Unstructured programming.
Procedural programming.
The main program directly
The main program
operates on global data
coordinates calls to Modular programming. The main
procedures and hands over program coordinates calls to
appropriate data as parameters procedures in separate modules
and hands over appropriate data
as parameters
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• Features of structured programming:

– Emphasis is given on algorithm rather than on data.

– Large programs are divided into smaller programs known

as functions and functions are grouped into modules.

– Most of the functions share global data.

– Data move openly around the system from function to

function.
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• Advantages of structured programming: The

following are the major advantages of structured

programming.

– Reduced complexity

– Increased productivity

– Portability
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• Problems with structured programming: Some

problems with structured programming are:

– Complexity of managing large projects

– Data under-valued

– Relationship to real world

– New data types

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• Complexity of managing large projects:

– As programs grow larger, even structured programming

approach begins to show signs of strain.

– No matter how well the structured programming approach is

implemented, the project becomes too complex, the schedule

slips, more programmers are needed, and costs increase.

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• Data Undervalued:

– Data is given second-class status in the organization of

procedural languages.

– A global data can be corrupted by functions. Since many

functions access the same global data, the way the data is

stored becomes critical.

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• Relationship to the Real World:

– Procedural programs are often difficult to design

because their chief components – functions and data

structures – don’t model the real world very well.

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• New Data Types:

– It is difficult to create new data types with procedural languages.

– Furthermore, most Procedural languages are not usually extensible

and hence procedural programs are more complex to write and

maintain.

The problems faced in the structured programming approach are the

motivating factor in the invention of objected oriented approach.
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 Object Oriented Programming(OOP) Paradigm:
• In the OOP approach, data and the functions, which are supposed to have the
access to the data, are packed together into a single unit known as an object

• An objected-oriented program may thus consists of number of objects .

• Each object of the program is capable of receiving message, processing data ,

and sending messages to other objects thus, can be viewed as an independent
machine with a distinct role and responsibility.

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Characteristics(features) of object oriented languages:

• Different features of object oriented programming are:

– Objects

– Classes

– Data abstraction and Encapsulation

– Inheritance

– Polymorphism and Overloading

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• Objects:
– Objects are the basic run- time entities in an object-oriented program.

– They may represent a person, place, table etc. They are identified by its

unique name.

– An object is a particular instance of a class. There can be more than one

instance.

– Each object contains data and code to manipulate the data. So, they occupy

space in memory.

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• Classes:
– Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical
entity. So, it does not occupy space.

– Classes are user defined data types and objects are

variables of class.

– Once a class has been defined we can create any

number of objects for that class

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• Abstraction:
– Abstraction means the representation of the essential
features without providing the internal details and
complexities. i.e. give input get output is only
concern
• For example: phone call, we don't know the internal
processing.

– In OOP, abstraction is achieved by the help of class,

where data and methods are combined to extract the
essential features only.
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Contd…

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• Encapsulation:
– Encapsulation is the process of combining the data (called
fields or attributes) and functions (called methods or
behaviors) into a single framework called class.
– Encapsulation helps prevent the modification of data
from outside the class by properly assigning the access
privilege to the data inside the class.
– So the term data hiding is possible due to the concept of
encapsulation, since the data are hidden from the outside
world.

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• Inheritance:
– Inheritance is the process of acquiring certain
attributes and behaviors from parents.
• For examples, cars, trucks, buses, and motorcycles inherit
all characteristics of vehicles.

– Inheritance leads to reusability:

• Class can be inherited and modified to accommodate new
features.

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– Object-oriented programming allows classes to inherit
commonly used data and functions from other classes.

– If we derive a class(called derived class) from another class

(called base class), some of the data and functions can be
inherited so that we can reuse the already written and tested
code in our program, simplifying our program.

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• Polymorphism and Overloading

– The word polymorphism means having many forms.

– Real life example of polymorphism, a person at a same

time can have different characteristic. Like a man at a

same time is a father, a husband, a employee. So a same

person posses have different behavior in different

situations. This is called polymorphism.

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• Polymorphism is considered as one of the important features of
Object Oriented Programming.

• In C++ polymorphism is mainly divided into two types:

– Compile time Polymorphism : This type of polymorphism is
achieved by:
• Function overloading or

• Operator overloading

– Runtime Polymorphism : This type of polymorphism is achieved by

Function Overriding.

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• Advantages of OOPs:
– Code recycle and reuse.

– Easy to partition the work in a project based on objects. So, Software

Complexity can be easily handled and managed.

– Message passing technique between objects for communication makes

interface description with external systems much more straightforward.

– Possible to map objects in a problem domain within a program.

– Data hiding is possible.

– Use of inheritance can eliminate redundant codes in a program.

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• Disadvantages of OOPs:

– Compile and runtime overhead.

– Re-orientation of software developer to object-oriented thinking.

– Requires the mastery in software engineering and programming

methodology.

– Benefits only in long run while managing large software projects.

– The message passing between many object in a complex application

can be difficult to trace and debug.

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 Structured Programming Object Oriented Programming
Structured Programming is designed which Object oriented programming is designed
focuses on procedure and then data which focuses on data.
required for that procedure.
Structured programming is also known Object oriented programming
as modular Programming and a subset supports inheritance, encapsulation,
of procedural programming language. abstraction, polymorphism, etc.
In structured programming, programs are In Object oriented programming, Programs
divided into small self contained functions. are divided into small entities
called objects.
Structured programming is less secure as Object oriented programming is more
there is no way of data hiding. secure as having data hiding feature.
Structured programming can Object oriented programming can solve
solve moderately complex programs. any complex programs.
Structured programming Object oriented programming provides
provides less reusability, more function more reusability, less function dependency.
dependency.
Less abstraction and less flexibility. More abstraction and more flexibility.
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 Assignment-1
1. Explain characteristics and limitations of procedural programming?

How OOP overcomes those limitations.

2. What is objected oriented programming? Explain objects, class,

encapsulation, data hiding, inheritance, and polymorphism.

3. Differentiate between structured programming and OOP

4. “Inheritance and polymorphism is important features of OOPs”

explain and justify this statement.

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End of Unit 1
Thank You !

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