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Unit 3

The document discusses finite element modeling techniques for two-dimensional stress analysis, focusing on isoparametric formulation and its advantages in handling curved boundaries. It outlines the basic theorems of isoparametric formulation, the uniqueness of meshing, and the distinctions between isoparametric, superparametric, and subparametric elements. Additionally, it covers the modeling of axisymmetric solids and the calculation of nodal forces and stiffness matrices.

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Nupur Debnath
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2 views53 pages

Unit 3

The document discusses finite element modeling techniques for two-dimensional stress analysis, focusing on isoparametric formulation and its advantages in handling curved boundaries. It outlines the basic theorems of isoparametric formulation, the uniqueness of meshing, and the distinctions between isoparametric, superparametric, and subparametric elements. Additionally, it covers the modeling of axisymmetric solids and the calculation of nodal forces and stiffness matrices.

Uploaded by

Nupur Debnath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CONTINUUM ELEMENTS

Finite element modeling of two-dimensional stress analysis with constant strain triangles and treatment of
boundary conditions. Estimation of load vector and stresses.
Finite element modeling of Axisymmetric solids subjected to Axisymmetric loading with triangular
elements. Two dimensional four nodded isoparametric elements and problems. Analysis of a uniform shaft
subjected to torsion.
Iso-parametric Formulation
• The various elements so far we have seen are having straight edges. To take care
of curved boundaries refined meshes are to be used when straight edged
elements are employed. Even with refined meshes analysts were not happy with
the results since unnecessary stress concentrations are introduced. Higher order
elements also do not overcome the problem of suitably approximating curved
boundaries.
• The isoparametric concept revolutionized the finite elements analysis and it also
helped in properly mapping the curved boundaries.

Parent elements in natural Mapped element if global


coordinate system system
Isoparametric formulation
Iso-parametric Formulation
• So far we have used the shape functions for defining deflection at any point in terms of the nodal
displacement.
• Use of shape function for coordinate transformation form natural local coordinate system to
global Cartesian system and successfully achieved in mapping parent element to required shape
in global system.
Cartesian coordinate of a point in an element may be expressed as
Iso-parametric Formulation
The parent rectangular element shown in Fig. has nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 and
their coordinates are (–1, –1), (–1, 1), (1, 1) and (1, –1). The shape
functions of this element are

P is a point with coordinate (𝝃,η). In global system the coordinates of the


nodal points are

Noting that shape functions are such that at node i, Ni = 1 and all others are
zero, it satisfy the coordinate value at all the nodes. Thus any point in the
quadrilateral is defined in terms of nodal coordinates. Similarly other parent
elements are mapped suitably when we do coordinate transformation.
Basic Theorems of Isoparametric Formulation
Theorem I:
• If two adjacent elements are generated using shape functions, then there is
continuity at the common edge.

for any point on edge AB, shape functions Ni = 0 for nodes not on the edge and
Ni exists for nodes on the edge. Hence the final function is the same for the
common edge AB in any two adjacent elements, when we give the same
coordinate values for the nodes on common edge.
Basic Theorems of Isoparametric Formulation

Theorem II:
• It states, if the shape functions used are such that continuity of displacement is represented in
the parent coordinates, then the continuity requirement, will be satisfied in the isoparametric
elements also.

Theorem III:
• The constant derivative conditions and condition for rigid body are satisfied for all isoparametric
elements if,

The shape functions developed in natural coordinate systems satisfy


this requirement. Hence they can be safely used for isoparametric
representation. This theorem is known as convergence criteria for
isoparametric elements.
Unique of Meshining
• It is absolutely necessary that a point in parent element represents only
one point in the isoparametric element. Some times, due to violent
distortion it is possible to obtain undesirable situation of nonuniqueness.
• If this requirement is violated determinant of Jacobiam matrix becomes
negative. If this happens coordinate transformation fails and hence the
program is to be terminated and mapping is corrected.
Iso-parametric, Superparametric & Subparametric

• In the finite element analysis with isoparametric elements, shape functions


are used for defining the geometry as well as displacements.

• If the shape functions defining the boundary and displacements are the
same, the element is called as isoparametric element.

• The element in which more number of nodes are used to define geometry
compared to the number of nodes used to define displacement are known
as superparametric element.

• Subparametric element in which less number of nodes are used to define


geometry compared to the number of nodes used for defining the
displacements. Such elements can be used advantageously in case of
geometry being simple but stress gradient high.
Iso-parametric, Superparametric & Subparametric
Concentrated loads and sudden change in the intensity of uniformly distributed loads are the sources of
discontinuity of loads. A node or a line of nodes should be there to model the structure. Some of these
situations are shown in Fig.
If the boundary condition
for a structure suddenly
change we have to
discretize such that there
is node or a line of nodes.
This type of situations are
shown in Fig
To get better results the finite element mesh should be refined in
the following situations
The shape of the element also affects the accuracy of analysis. Defining the aspect ratio as ratio of largest to smallest
size in an element, the conclusion of many researchers is aspect ratio should be as close to unity as possible. For a two
dimensional rectangular element, the aspect ratio is conveniently defined as length to breadth ratio. To study the effect
of aspect ratio on the accuracy of results,
Finite element modeling of two-dimensional stress analysis with constant strain triangles and
treatment of boundary conditions

Let the constant stresses be


The equivalent nodal forces to be found are F1, F2, F3 … F6 as shown in Fig.

We have six unknown


nodal forces, but only three equations of equilibrium. Hence it is not possible to determine F1, F2 … F6 in
terms of mathematically. Turner resolved the uniform stress distribution into an equivalent
force system at midsides as shown in Fig
After this Turner transferred half of mid side forces to nodes at the end of sides to get equivalent nodal
forces.
The expression for consistent load vector due to self weight in a CST element

The general expression for the consistent load in any element due to the body force is
Find the nodal displacements and element stresses in the propped beam shown in Fig. Idealize the beam into two CST
elements as shown in the figure. Assume plane stress condition. Take  = 0.25, E = 2 × 105 N/mm2, Thickness = 15mm.

For element (1), global nodal numbers are 1, 3, 4. Local numbers


1, 2, 3 selected are indicated in Fig.. Selecting node 4 as the
origin of global coordinate system.
Two dimensional four nodded isoparametric elements and problems

The typical parent element and isoparametric quadrilateral element

The above functions for defining the displacement as well as


for defining the geometry of any point within the element in
terms of nodal values.
using the same functions for defining the displacement at any point in the element
using chain rule of partial differentiation

The matrix [J] shown above is


called Jacobian matrix. It relates
derivative of the function in local
coordinate system to derivative in
global coordinate system
Substituting it in equation strain displacement matrix [B] is obtained
Example : In the element shown in Fig., P is the point (6, 5). On this point the load components in x and y directions
are 8 kN and 12 kN respectively. Determine its nodal equivalent forces.
Axisymmetric Elements
Most of the three dimensional problems are symmetry about an axis of rotation. Those types of problems are
solved by a special two dimensional element called as Axisymmetric element.
Equation of shape function for Axisymmetric element
Equation of Stiffness Matrix [K] for Axisymmetric element

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