CLASS – IX CHEMISTRY

CHAPTER – 1
The Language Of Chemistry
(NOTES)
1. (a) What is a symbol?
(b) What qualitative and quantitative information is conveyed by a symbol?
Ans. (a) A symbol represents short form of an element.
(b) Qualitative meaning
1. A symbol represents a specific element. S represents the element sulphur.
2. A symbol represents one atom of an element. S represents one atom of
sulphur.
Quantitative meaning
A symbol represents the mass of element, equal to its atomic mass.
2. (a) What do you understand by the term chemical formula?
(b) What quantitative information is given by the formula NH3?
Ans. (a) The chemical formula of a substance (element or compound) is the symbolic
representation of actual number of atoms present in one molecule of that
substance.
(b) It contains one atom of nitrogen and 3 atoms of hydrogen.
3. What do you understand by the term valency?
Ans. 1. It represents the number of hydrogen atoms which combine directly or indirectly
with one atom of an element so as to form a compound.
2. Valency is the combining capacity of an element.
3. Valency is equal to the number of electrons lost, gained or shared by an element
during chemical bond formation.
4. (i) What do you understand by the term variable valency?
(ii) How are the elements having variable valency named?
Ans. (i) Certain elements exhibit more than one valency by losing electrons present in
the penultimate (the shell before outermost shell) shell. Such valency is called
variable valency.
(ii) If an element exhibits two different positive valencies, then suffix – ous is
attached at the end of the name of the element for lower valency and suffix – ic is
attached at the end of the name of the element for higher valency.
Example : - Iron (Latin name Ferrum) exhibits two valencies, i.e. 2+ and 3+.
The lower valency of iron (2+) is named Ferrous.
The higher valency of iron (3+) is named Ferric.

5. State the valency and formula of the following radicals or ions :

Ans. Valency Formula
(a) Ammonium 1 NH41+
(b) Calcium 2 Ca 2+
(c) Ferric 3 Fe 3+
(d) Zincate 2 ZnO 22-
(e) Oxide 2 O 2-
(f) Nitride 3 N3-
(g) Hydroxide 1 OH1-
(h) Cupric 2 Cu 2+
(i) Stannic 4 Sn 4+
(j) Barium 2 Ba 2+
6. Write the formula of the following salts :
(a) Zinc carbonate ZnCO 3
(b) Ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4
(c) Lead hydroxide Pb(OH) 2
(d) Barium chloride BaCl2
(e) Sodium nitrate NaNO3
(f) Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7
(g) Potassium zincate K2ZnO2
(h) Calcium bicarbonate Ca(HCO 3)2
(i) Magnesium nitride Mg3N2
(j) Silver chloride AgCl

7. Write the names of the following compounds :

(a) Al2(SO4)3 Aluminium sulphate
(b) Mg(HCO3)2 Magnesium bicarbonate
(c) (NH4)2S Ammonium sulphide
(d) KMnO4 Potassium permanganate
(e) KClO3 Potassium chlorate
(f) Na2PbO2 Sodium plumbite
(g) KClO Potassium hypochlorite
(h) CuSO4 Copper (II) sulphate
(i) Pb(NO3)2 Lead (II) nitrate
8. Give the names of the following :
(a) KOH Potassium hydroxide Caustic Potash
(b) HClO Hydrogen hypochlorite Hypochlorous acid
(c) HCl Hydrogen chloride Hydrochloric acid/Muriatic acid
(d) H2SO4 Hydrogen sulphate Sulphuric acid
(e) NH4OH Ammonium hydroxide Ammoniacal liquor
(f) HNO3 Hydrogen nitrate Nitric acid
(g) Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Lime water
(h) H2CO3 Hydrogen carbonate Carbonic acid
(i) H2SO3 Hydrogen sulphite Sulphurous acid
(j) HNO2 Hydrogen nitrite Nitrous acid

9. (a) What do you understand by trivial names of a compound?

(b) Give the chemical names of three compounds and also state their trivial
names.
Ans. (a) There are certain names of compounds which do not follow any systematic
rule. Such names are called trivial names or common names and they are widely
accepted.
(b) Common name for nitrogen trihydride is ammonia [NH3]
Common name for sodium chloride is table salt [NaCl]
Common name for hydrogen hydroxide is water [H 2O]
10. (a) What do you understand by the term chemical equation?
(b) Why should a chemical equation be always balanced?
Ans. (a) The chemical equation is a statement that describes a chemical change in terms of
symbols and formula.
(b) The chemical equation needs to be balanced in order to comply with the – law of
conservation of mass. A balanced chemical equation occurs when the number of
different atoms of elements in the reactants side is equal to that of the product side.

11. Balance the following equations :

(a) ZnCO3 + HCl ZnCl 2 + H2O + CO2
(b) NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + NH3 + H2O
(c) Cu + H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O

Ans. (a) ZnCO3 + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2O + CO2

(b) 2NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 CaCl2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
(c) Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
12. Balance the following equations :
(a) Na + H2O NaOH + H2
(b) Na2O2 + H2O NaOH + O2
(c) NaNO3 NaNO2 + O2
(d) Cu(NO3)2 CuO + NO2 + O2
(e) Hg(NO3)2 Hg + NO2 + O2

Ans. (a) 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

(b) 2Na2O2 + 2H2O 4NaOH + O2
(c) 2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2
(d) 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2
(e) Hg(NO3)2 Hg + 2NO2 + O2

13. Write the formulae and balance the following equations :

(a) Zinc + dil. Sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate + Hydrogen

Ans. Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 (already balanced)
(b) Ammonium sulphate + Calcium hydroxide Calcium sulphate + Ammonia + Water
Ans. (NH4)2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O
(c) Lead dioxide + Hydrochloric acid Lead chloride + Water + Chlorine
Ans. PbO2 + 4HCl PbCl 2 + 2H2O + Cl2
(d) Aluminium oxide + Sulphuric acid Aluminium sulphate + Water
Ans. Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
(e) Iron + conc. Sulphuric acid Iron (II) sulphate + Sulphur dioxide gas + Water
Ans. Fe + 2H2SO4 FeSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

14. What are the limitations of a chemical equation?

Ans. Limitations of a Chemical Equation are :
1. A balanced chemical equation does not give information about the physical state of reactants
and products.
2. A balanced chemical equation does not tell whether a chemical reaction has come to
completion or not.
3. A balanced chemical equation does not tell about the speed of a chemical reaction.
4. A balanced chemical equation does not tell about the physical conditions, i.e. pressure,
catalyst, heat energy, light energy etc.
5. A balanced chemical equation does not tell about the changes such as precipitation, change
in colour, evolution of heat, light and sound energy during the chemical change.

15. Balance the following equations :

(a) CaCO3 + HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

Ans. CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
(b) Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2
Ans. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2
(c) MnO2 + HCl MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2
Ans. MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2
(d) Na2CO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
Ans. It is already a balanced equation
(e) Mg3N2 + H2O Mg(OH)2 + NH3
Ans. Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3
(f) NH3 + O2 N2 + H2O
Ans. 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2O
(g) MgCl2 + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + NaCl
Ans. MgCl2 + Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2NaCl

16. Write the formulae and then balance the following equations :

(a) Ammonium chloride Ammonia + Hydrogen chloride

Ans. NH4Cl NH3 + HCl (already balanced)
(b) Red lead oxide Lead monoxide + Oxygen
Ans. 2Pb3O4 6PbO + O2
(c) Sodium nitrate Sodium nitrite + Oxygen
Ans. 2NaNO3 2NaNO2 + O2
(d) Calcium + Water Calcium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Ans. Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2
(e) Zinc carbonate Zinc oxide + Carbondioxide
Ans. ZnCO3 ZnO + CO2 (already balanced)
(f) Sodium nitrate + conc. Sulphuric acid Sodium sulphate + Nitric acid
Ans. 2NaNO3 + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2HNO3
(g) Calcium carbonate + Water + Carbon dioxide Calcium bicarbonate
Ans. CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 (already balanced)
(h) Zinc oxide + Nitric acid Zinc nitrate + Water
Ans. ZnO + 2HNO3 Zn(NO3)2 + H2O
(i) Ferrous sulphate + Sodium hydroxide Ferrous hydroxide + Sodium sulphate
Ans. FeSO4 + 2NaOH Fe(OH) 2 + Na2SO4
(j) Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
Ans. 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
(k) Lime water + Carbon dioxide Calcium carbonate + Water
Ans. Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O (already balanced)
(l) Butane + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water
Ans. 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O
(m) Magnesium + Silver nitrate Magnesium nitrate + Silver
Ans. Mg + 2AgNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2Ag
(n) Iron sulphide + Hydrochloric acid Iron chloride + Hydrogen sulphide
Ans. FeS + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2S
(o) Chlorine + Sodium hydroxide Sodium chloride + Sodium hypochlorite + Water
Ans. Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H 2O
(p) Ferric chloride + Ammonium hydroxide Ferric hydroxide + Ammonium chloride
Ans. FeCl3 + 3NH4OH Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
(q) Zinc nitrate + Sodium carbonate Zinc carbonate + Sodium nitrate
Ans. Zn(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 ZnCO3 + 2NaNO3
(r) Lead monoxide + Nitric acid Lead nitrate + Water
Ans. PbO + 2HNO3 Pb(NO3)2 + H2O
(s) Ammonia + Oxygen Nitric oxide + Water
Ans. 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O
(t) Copper (II) sulphide + Oxygen Copper (II) oxide + Sulphur dioxide
Ans. 2CuS + 3O2 2CuO + 2SO2

17. XCl2 is the chloride of metal X. Write down the formulae of sulphate and hydroxide of X.
Ans. Valency of metal ‘X’ is 2+
Formula for Sulphate : XSO4
Formula for hydroxide : X(OH)2

18. MNO3 is the formula of nitrate of a metal M. Write down the formula of :
(a) Oxide of M (b) Nitride of M (c) Sulphate of M
Ans. Valency of metal ‘M’ is 1+
(a) M2O
(b) M3N
(c) M2SO4
19. Define the following terms :

(a) Relative atomic mass :

It is the number, that represents, how many times one atom of an element is heavier than
1/12th of the mass of an atom of carbon [ 126C ].

(b) Relative molecular mass :

It is the number, that represents, how many times one molecule of a substance is heavier
than 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon [ 126C ].

(c) Gram atomic mass :

The relative atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is called Gram atomic mass or
Gram atom.

(d) Atomic mass unit :

One twelfth the mass of an isotope of a carbon atom [ 12 C ] is called atomic mass unit.
6

(e) Radical :
A group of atoms (having some negative or positive charges on them) which can retain its
identity in series of chemical reactions.
20. How can you calculate relative molecular mass and percentage composition of a compound?
Ans. Relative Molecular Mass is calculated by adding together – the relative atomic masses [atomic
weights] of all the various atoms present in the molecule.
Example :- Calculate the molecular weight of calcium sulphate [ CaSO4 ]
[ At. Wt. of Ca = 40, S = 32, O = 16 ]
RMM of CaSO4 = 1 (Ca) + 1(S) + 4(O)
= 1 x 40 + 1 x 32 + 4 x 16
= 40 + 32 + 64
= 136 amu

Percentage composition of a compound is calculated by using the formula :

% composition = Atomic weight of particular element X 100
of an element Total Molecular Mass
OR
% composition = Mass of element X 100
of an element Mass of compound

Example : - Calculate the mass percentage composition of copper in copper sulphate. [ CuSO4 ]
[ At. Wt. of Cu = 64, S = 32, O = 16 ]
RMM of CuSO4 = 1 (Cu) + 1 (S) + 4 (O)
= 1 x 64 + 1 x 32 + 4 x 16
= 64 + 32 + 64
= 160 amu

% composition of Copper = 64 x 100 = 40%

160
Numerical Problems on Molecular Weight ( RMM )

Calculate the molecular weights of the following : -

[ At. Wt. O = 16, H = 1, Al = 27, K = 39, Cr = 52, N = 14, Na = 23, C = 12, Cu = 64, S = 32 ]

(a) Aluminium hydroxide [ Al(OH)3 ]

RMM of Al(OH)3 = 1 (Al) + 3 (O) + 3 (H)
= 1 x 27 + 3 x 16 + 3x1
= 27 + 48 + 3
= 78 amu

(b) Potassium dichromate [ K2Cr2O7 ]

RMM of K2Cr2O7 = 2 (K) + 2(Cr) + 7(O)
= 2 x 39 + 2 x 52 + 7 x 16
= 78 + 104 + 112
= 294 amu

(c) Lead nitrate [ Pb(NO3)2 ]

RMM of Pb(NO3)2 = 1 (Pb) + 2 (N) + 6 (O)
= 1 x 207 + 2 x 14 + 6 x 16
= 207 + 28 + 96
= 331 amu
(d) Ammonium nitrate [ NH4NO3 ]
RMM of NH4NO3 = 2 (N) + 4 (H) + 3 (O)
= 2 x 14 + 4 x 1 + 3 x 16
= 28 + 4 + 48
= 80 amu

(e) Hydrated Sodium carbonate [ Na2CO3.10H2O ]

RMM of Na2CO3.10H2O = 2 (Na) + 1 (C) + 3 (O) + 10 [ 2 (H) + 1 (O) ]
= 2 x 23 + 1 x 12 + 3 x 16 + 10 [ 2 x 1 + 1 x 16 ]
= 46 + 12 + 48 + 10 [ 2 + 16 ]
= 46 + 12 + 48 + 10 x 18
= 46 + 12 + 48 + 180
= 286 amu

(f) Hydrated Copper sulphate [ CuSO4.5H2O ]

RMM of CuSO4.5H2O = 1 (Cu) + 1 (S) + 4 (O) + 5 [ 2 (H) + 1 (O) ]
= 1 x 64 + 1 x 32 + 4 x 16 + 5 [2x1 + 1 x 16 ]
= 64 + 32 + 64 + 5[ 2 + 16 ]
= 64 + 32 + 64 + 5 x 18
= 64 + 32 + 64 + 80
= 250 amu
(g) Hydrated Sodium sulphate [ Na2SO4. 10H2O ]
RMM of Na2SO4. 10H2O = 2 (Na) + 1 (S) + 4 (O) + 10 [ 2 (H) + 1 (O) ]
= 2 x 23 + 1 x 32 + 4 x 16 + 10 [ 2 x 1 + 1 x 16 ]
= 46 + 32 + 64 + 10 [ 2 + 16 ]
= 46 + 32 + 64 + 10 x 18
= 46 + 32 + 64 + 180
= 322 amu

Calculate Percentage Composition of : -

(a) Calcium Carbonate [ CaCO3 ]

RMM of CaCO3 = 1 (Ca) + 1 ( C ) + 3 (O)
= 1 x 40 + 1 x 12 + 3 x 16
= 40 + 12 + 48
= 100 amu
% of Calcium = 40 x 100 = 40 %
100
% of Carbon = 12 x 100 = 12%
100
% of Oxygen = 48 x 100 = 48%
100