Q.

Difference between system analysis and system design:

Sr. System Analysis System Design
No.
1. System analysis is the process of System design is the creation as the system
examination of the problem. which is the solution of the problems.
2. It is related with identifying all the It is related with the co-ordination of the
constraints and influences. activities, job procedures and equipment
utilization in order to achieve system goals.
3. It deals with data collection and a It deals with general and detailed design
detailed evaluation of current specification of input, output, files and
system. procedures. It also deals with program
development, testing and user acceptance.
4. It gives logical model of the system It provides technical specification and
through Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs) reports with which the problem can be
and Data Dictionary etc. tackled.
5. It describes what a system must do. It describes how the system works actually.
Q. What is software and software engineering?
Software:- Software is a set of instruction used to acquire inputs and to manipulate them
to produce the desired output in terms of functions and performance as determined by the
user of the software.
Software engineering:- Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is connected
with all aspects of software production. Software engineering a discipline concerned with
technical and management aspect of software production in a systematic manner.
Q. What is tool? How it is related to software engineering.
Tools supporting the various software engineering methods, technique, and standards are
needed to make them feasible, practical, and automated.
Tools are integrated so that information, created by one tool can be used by another, a
system for the support of software development called Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) is established.
Q. What is DFD? Enlist its type.
• DFD stands for data flow diagram. It is also known as bubble chart through which we can
represent the flow of data graphically in an information system.
• By using DFD we can easily understand the overall functionality of system because diagram
represents the incoming data flow, outgoing data flow and stored data in a graphical form.
• It describes how data is processed in a system in term of input and output.
Types of DFDs:-Logical DFDs are implementation-independent and describe the system, rather
than how activities are accomplished.
Physical DFDs shows how the system will be implemented. A physical DFD specify who does
the operation whether it is down manually or with a computer and also where it is done.
 Q. Enlist type of systems.
Type of system-
i. Physical or Abstract system
Physical- Physical system are tangible entities. We can touch and feel them. Physical
system may be static or dynamic in nature.
Abstract- Abstract system are non-physical entities or conceptual that may be formulas,
representation or model of a real system.
ii. Open or Closed system
Open- An open system must interact with its environment. It receive inputs from and
deliver output to the outside of the system.
Closed- A closed system does not interact with its environment. It is isolated from
environmental influence. A completely closed system is rare in reality.
iii. Adaptive and Non-adaptive system
Adaptive- Adaptive system represent to the change in the environment in a way to
improve their performance and to survive.
Non- adaptive- Non adaptive system is the system which does not respond to the
environment.
iv. Permanent or Temporary system
Permanent- Permanent system persists for long time. For example – business policies.
Temporary- Temporary system is made for specified time and after that they are
demolished.
v. Natural and Manufactured system
Natural- Natural system are created by the nature. For example- solar system.
Manufactured- Manufactured system in the man-made system. For example- trains.
Q.Describe feasibility analysis with its types.
Feasibility is the practical extent to which a project can be performed successfully. To
evaluate feasibility, a feasibility analysis is performed, which determines whether the
solution considered to accomplish the requirements is practical and workable.
Its types-
(i). Technical feasibility:- Technical feasibility checks whether the level of technology required
for the development of the system is available with the software firm, including hardware
resources, software development platforms and other software tools.
(ii). Operation feasibility:- Operation feasibility checks the usability of the proposed software.
If the operation scope is high, then the proposed system will be used more ensuring the
acceptance from the sponsors of the project.
(iii).Economic feasibility:- Economic feasibility checks whether there is scope for enough
return by investing in the software system. All the costs involved in developing the system,
including software licenses, hardware procurement and manpower cost, needs to be
considered while doing this analysis.
 Q. Describe business system concept in detail.
A business system is a combination of policies, personal, equipment and computer facilities
to coordinate the activities of a business organization. It refers to the value-added process,
meaning the supply of goods and services. A business spans one or several business system,
which generates economic benefit.
Benefits of Business systems:-
I. Greater efficiency:- Tasks that can be managed by a business system are usually routine
and repetitive.
II. Consistency:- Having a system that everyone stick to means that the same task is being
done in the same way each time, which should lead to more consistent results. This will
ultimately help the business be more productive so one can serve more customer and
make more money.
III. Clarity:- System give staff a better idea of what expected of them, both in term of behavior
and results.
IV. Scalability:- Developing a good set of business systems that work together to improve the
how efficient and productive the business is will allow to grow at a faster rate.
V. Streamlining:- When system are written down or set out or a flow chart, it let us to see any
double-handling that’s happening. It will also help to find opportunities to streamline
process or remove those that aren’t needed anymore.
VI. Control:- Effective system give business owner confidence that things are going as planned.
They provide a way to monitor and control key aspect of the business.
Q. What is process, methods and tools in software engineering?
Process:- he foundation for software engineering is the process layer. Process defines a
framework for a set of key Process Areas (KPAs) that must be established for effective delivery
of software engineering technology.
Methods:- Methods will include requirements analysis, design, program construction, testing,
and support. This realise on a set of basic principles that govern each area of the technology
and include modelling activities and other descriptive techniques.
Tools:- When tools are integrated so that information, created by one tool can be used by
another, a system for the support of software development called Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) is established.
Q.What is system design.
A good system design is to organize the program modules in such a way that are easy to
develop and change structured design techniques help developers to deal with the size and
complexity of programs. Analysts create instruction for the developers about how code should
be written and how pieces of code should fit together to form a program.
Q. What is SDLC? Explain diagrammatically.
SLDC is a process followed for a software project, within a software organization. It consists of a
detailed plan describing how to develop, maintain, replace and alter or enhance specific
software. The life cycle defines a methodology for improving the quality of software and the
overall development process.

Stage 1- Planning and requirement analysis:- Requirement analysis is the most important and
fundamental stage in SLDC. It is performed by the Senior members of the team with inputs
from the customer, the sales department, marketing.
Stage 2- Defining:- In this stage, all the requirements analysis in done the next step is to clearly
define and documents. The product requirements and get approved from the customer or the
market analysts. Requirements to be designed and developed during the project life cycle.
Stage 3- Designing:- The next phase is about to bring down all the knowledge of requirements,
analysis and design of the Software project. This phase is the product of the last two like input
from the customer and Requirements gathering.
Stage 4- Coding:- Once the system design phase is over the next phase is coding. In this phase,
developing start build. The entire system by writing code using the chosen programming
language.
Stage 5- Testing:- Once the software is complete, and it is deployment in the testing
environment. The testing team. Starts testing the functionality of the entire system. This is
done to verify that the entire application. Works according to the customer requirement.
Stage 6- Deployment:- Once the software testing phase is over and no bugs or error left in the
system then the final. Development process starts. Based on final feedback given by the
project manager, the final software. Is released and checked for deployment issues if any.
Stage 7- Maintenance:- Once when the client using the development system, then the issues.
One up and requirements to be Solved from time to time
 Q. Explain the following models with advantages and disadvantages.
a) Waterfall model:- In this model software testing starts only after the development is
complete. In waterfall model phases do not overlap.
Advantages:-
1. The way of structuring different activities in a software project with waterfall model
appears simple, easy and logical.
2. Every stage in this model produces a concrete deliverable such as requirement documents,
code etc.
3. It provides a simple measure of the development status. Progress from one phase to the
next indicates achievement of an important milestones.
Disadvantages:-
1. In waterfall model, there is the difficulty of accommodating change after the process is
underway. Does not support iteration, so changes can cause confusion.
2. It has high amount of risks and uncertainty.
3. Requires customer patience because a working version of the program does not occur
until the final phase.
b) Spiral Model:- Spiral model was invented by Dr. Barry Boehm in 1988. It follows an
evolutionary approach. Inner spirals focus on identifying software requirements and
project risks; may also incorporate prototyping.
Advantages:-
1. The special model accommodates life-cycle evaluation, growth and requirements changes.
2. It focuses on early error detection and design flaws.
3. It incorporates prototyping as a risk-reduction strategy.
Disadvantages:-
1. Spiral model can be a costly model to use.
2. It is not suitable for low risk projects.
3. Risk analysis in this model requires highly specific expertise.
1. Explain the good attributes for software.
The good attributes software are:-
1) Functionality: It refers to the degree of performance of the software against function its
intended purpose.
2) Reliability: It refers to the ability of software to provide desired functionality under the
given conditions.
3) Usability: It refers to the extent to which the software can be used with ease and simple.
4) Maintainability: Software must evolve to meet changing needs.
5) Dependability: Software must be trustworthy.
6) Efficiency: Software should not make wasteful use of system resources.
7) Acceptability: Software must accepted by the users for which it was designed.
8) Portability: It refers to the ease with which software developers can transfer software from
one platform to another, without changes.
9) Integrity: It refers to the degree to which unauthorized access to the software cab be
prevented.
Q.Explain the following cost and estimation models:
COCOMO:-
• COCOMO stands for Constructive Cost Model, developed by Barry W. Boehm in 1981.
• COCOMO is the best known and most thoroughly documents of all software cost
estimation models.
• COCOMO predicts the efforts and schedule of a software product based on the size of the
software.
COCOMO 2:-
• COCOMO 2 is also a cost estimation model for computing software development cost.
• This model Was developed to overcome the limitations of COCOMO 1 model.
• The main objective of the COCOMO 2 model is to provide quantities analytic structure,
technique, and tools.
• COCOMO 2 model is useful in non-sequential, rapid development, reengineering and reuse
mode of software development.
Q. Enlist characteristics of software.
Software is defined as the tool with designated order of instruction, performing tasks to
provide the desired results after obtaining the requirements of the user.
(i).Software is Developed or Engineered: Software is not Manufactured in the Classical Sense:
• Although some similarities exists between software developed and hardware manufacture,
the two activities are fundamentally different.
• In both activities, high quality is achieved through good design, but the manufacturing
phase for hardware can introduced quality problems that are non existent for software.
• Software cost are concentrated engineering. This means that software projects cannot be
managed as if they were manufacturing projects.
(ii).Software does not “Wear Out”:
• There is a well-known bath-tub curve in reliability studies for hardware.
• The bath-tub curve indicates that, at the beginning of the life of hardware.
(iii).Most software is Custom Built, rather than being Assemble from Existing Components:
• Most software continue to be custom built, although recent developments tend to be
component based.
• Various versions of the software are possible. New modifications or updates are done in
existing software to from a new version of software.
Q.What is DD? Describe the example.
Data dictionary is the major components in the structured analysis model of the system. It lists
all the data items appearing in DFD. A data dictionary in software engineering means a file or a
set of files that includes a database’s metadata (hold records about other objects in the
database), like data ownership, relationships of the data to another object, and some other
data.
Q. What is ERD? Explain with example.
ER diagram depicts entities, the relationships between them and the attributes pictorially in
order to provide a high-level description of system development models.
An ER diagram is used in different phases of software system development. An ER diagram
comprises data objects and entities, data attributes, relationships, and cardinality and
modality.
Q. What is decision tree? Explain with example.
• Decision tree is a graph which uses a branching method in order to display all the possible
outcomes of any decision.
• It helps in processing logic involved in decision making and corresponding action taken.
• It is a diagram that shows conditions and their alternative action within horizontal tree
framework.
• It helps analysis to consider the sequence of decision and identifies the accurate decision
that must be made.
For Example – User login & Register system

Q. Explain physical and logical design of system.

Physical design:-
• Physical design relates to the actual input and output processes of the system. It focuses on
how data is entered into a system, verified, processes, and displayed as output.
• It produces the working system by defining the design specification that specifies exactly
what the candidate system does it is concerned with user interface design, process design,
and data design.
Logical design:-
• Logical design pertains to an abstract representation of the data flow, inputs, and outputs of
the system.
• It describes the inputs (sources), output (destinations), database (data stores), procedures
(data flows) all in a format that meets the user requirements.
Q. Explain the following system design of system.
Top-down design:-
• The top-down strategy uses the modular approach to develop the design of a system. It is
called so because it starts from the top or the highest-level module and moves towards the
lowest level modules.
• A top-down design approach starts by identifying the major components of the system,
decomposing them into their lower-level components and iterating until the desired level of
detail is achieved.
Advantages:-
The main advantages of top-down approach is that its strong focus on requirements helps
to make a design responsive according to its requirements.
Disadvantages:-
Project and system boundaries tends to be application specification oriented. Thus it is
more likely that advantages of components reuse will be missed
Bottom-up design:-
• Bottom-up approach follows the modular approach to develop the design of the system. It is
called so because it starts from the bottom or the most basic level modules and moves
towards the highest level modules.
• Bottom-up methods work with layers of abstraction. Starting from the very bottom,
operations that provide a layer of abstraction are implemented.
Advantages:-
• The economics can result when general solutions can be reused.
• It can be used to hide the low-level details of implementation and be merged with top-down
technique.
Disadvantages:-
• It is not so closely related to the structure of the problem.
• High quality bottom-up solutions are very hard to construct.
Q. What is coding?
1. Computer code is the set of instruction forming a computer program which is executed by a computer.
2. It is one of two components of the software which runs on computer hardware, the other being the data.
3. A computer code is a generic source code for a computer, typically written in computer programming language
like C, C++, Java or FORTAN, that provides instructions to solve a particular problem.
Q. Explain the term structured programming in detail.
1. Structured programming is a subset of procedural programming that enforce a logical structured on the program
being written to make it more efficient and easier to understand and modify.
2. In structured programming, we sub-divide the whole program into small modules so that the program becomes
easy to understand.
3. The purpose of structured programming is to linearize control flow through a computer program so that the
execution sequence follows the sequence in which the code is written.
Q. What is decision table? Define it. Explain the example.
A decision table is a graphical method for explaining the logic of making decision in tabular
format. A decision table is a matrix representation of logic of decisions which specify the
possible conditions for decision and resulting actions.
For example
1. An insurance company uses the following rule to determine the eligibility of a driver for
insurance. The driver will be insured if:
I. The driver lives in the city with populations less than 5000 and he is married man.
II. The driver lives in the city with populations less than 5000 and he is married and he is
married and age is over 30 years old.
III. The driver lives in the city with populations is 5000 or more and it is married female.
IV. The driver is male over 30.
V. The driver is married and under 30.
Q. Compare logical DFD and physical DFD.
Sr.No. Logical DFD Physical DFD
1. The DFD that shows “how it is The DFD that shows “what is going on” is a
going on” is a logical DFD. physical DFD.
2. Logical DFD are more logical in This DFDs are more realistic and
format. implementation oriented.
3. Logical DFDs shows work done Physical DFDs shows physical component and
without referring to order system like people, documents, reports etc.
processing etc.
4. Logical DFD shows an Physical DFD shows an implementation
implementation independent dependent view of the current system.
view of the current system.
5. Logical DFDs are more abstract in Physical DFDs are more detailed in nature.
nature.
6. Logical DFD help to get a clear Physical DFDs just for visualization.
idea of what system is achieving.
Q. Describe web testing in detail with following terms:
1. Web site testing is the name given to software testing that focuses on web applications. A
web application (or web apps)is a client-server computer program that the client (including
the User Interfaces and client-side logic) runs in a web browser.
2. Web testing can also be used to discover specific areas or aspects of a website that can be
improved and so gain better results.
 Q. Define the following terms:
Coding:- coding is an essential part of s/w engineering to develop a dynamic and reliable
software.By using coding we can transform the design of a system into a programming
language.
Testing:- A test is an experiment designed to reveal information, or answer a specific question,
about the software or system. A test is the act of exercising software with test cases.
Reliability:- Software reliability is defined as the probability of failure free operation of a
complete program in a specified Environment for a specified time.
Reuse:- Reuse means the possibility of using something that was developed earlier. In the
context of OOP, something takes the form Of program code. Programmers need to follow
certain simple guidelines in order to make their code reusable.
Q. Describe web testing in detail with following terms:
3. Web site testing is the name given to software testing that focuses on web applications. A
web application (or web apps)is a client-server computer program that the client (including
the User Interfaces and client-side logic) runs in a web browser.
4. Web testing can also be used to discover specific areas or aspects of a website that can be
improved and so gain better results.
Graphics – A graphics is a visual representation of non-text information such as photo, chart,
drawing etc. A graphic is an image or visual representation of an object. Therefore computer
are simply are simply images displayed on a computer screen.
Hyperlinks- A hyperlinks or simply link is used to jump to another part of the same page or to
load a different web pages. The web pages are linked together through a system connections
called as hyperlinks or links which enables the user/client (browser) to jump from one web
page to another by clicking on a link.
Forms – A webform, web from or HTML form on a web page allows a user to enter data that is
sent to a server for processing such as name, email address, password, phone number, etc.
Q. Explain the term verification and validation with differences.
1. Verification refers to a different set of authorities which ensure that software which has been
built is traceable to customer requirements.
2. Verification is a review without actually executing the process. Verification activities include
testing and reviews.
3. Verification implies code review and syntax check.
4. Validation is the process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the
development process to determine whether it satisfied requirements.
5. Validation is checking the product with actual e
Sr.no Verification Validation
1. Verification is doing things right. Validation is doing right things.
2. It is process based. It is product based.
3. It ensures that the software system It ensure that the functionalities meet the
meets all the functionality. intended behavior.
4. Done by developers. Done by testers.
 Q. Compare structured programming and OO programming.
Sr.no Structured programming OO programming
1. It is a subset of procedural It relies on concept of objects that contain
programming. data and code.
2. Programs are divided into small Programs are divided into objects or
programs or functions. entities.
3. It generally follows “Top-Down It generally follows “Bottom-Up Approach”.
Approach”.
4. In this, methods are written globally In this, method works dynamically, make
and code lines are processed one by calls as per need of code for certain time.
one i.e., Run sequentially.
5. It gives more importance of code. It gives more importance to data.
Q. what is Gray box testing? Explain diagrammatically.
1. Gray box testing is a perfect fit for web-based applications. Grey box testing is testing
technique performed with limited information
2. about the internal functionality of the system.
3. Grey box testing is a software testing technique which a combination of black box testing
technique and white box testing technique.
4. In black box testing technique, tester is unknown to the Internal structure of the item being
tested and in white box testing the internal structure is known to tester.

Black box White box Grey box

+ testing = testing
testing

Q. Explain black box testing with diagram and example.

1. Black Box (or functional) testing checks the function requirements and examples the
input and output data of these requirements.
2. Black Box testing, also known as Behavioral Testing, is a software testing method in
which the internal structure/design/implementation of the item being tested is not
known to the tester.
3. In black box testing the tester in concentrating on what the software does, not how it
does it.
Q. Describe white box testing with diagram and example.
1. White Box testing is also called Structured Testing and Glass Box Testing. White box is a
testing technique that takes into account the internal mechanisms of a system or
component. In this testing, test the artifact from internal point of view internal structure of
the application.
2. White box testing is a method of testing the application at the level of the source code. In
white box testing the tester is concentration on how the software does it.
3. White box needs more structural understanding and knowledge of the software structure
and implantation.

Q. What is configuration testing?

1. Computers and software are highly involved in different aspects of our daily life, system
handing different tasks are used daily in different fields, system that are usually formed
through a combination of a set of hardware and software working together.
2. In order for these system to perform properly, different sets of hardware and software
forming the system need to be configured together correctly.
3. Configuring testing is testing the performance of the system under development against
various combinations of software and hardware to find out the best combination under
which the system can work with any flaws or issues while matching its functional
requirements.
Q. What is compatibility testing? Explain in detail.
1. Compatibility is nothing but the capability of existing or living together. In normal life, oil
is not compatible with water but milk can be easily combined with water.
2. Compatibility Testing is a type of software testing to check whether the software is
capable of running on different hardware, operating systems, applications, network
environment or Mobile devices.
3. Compatibility testing is a non-functional testing conducted on the application to
evaluate the application’s compatibility within different environments.
Q. What is UI? How to test it? Explain with example.
(i).A computer user uses to interact with a software program is called as User Interfaces (UI). The user
interface is that part of the computer system with which a user interacts in order to undertake his or her tasks
and achieve his or her goals.
(ii)User Interfaces (UI) provides communication means between an user and the computer. There are two types
of user interface Command Line Interface (test/typing type) and Graphical User Interfaces (icon/mouse type).
Q. What is project management?
1. Project management is the practice of initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and
closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals and meet specific success criteria at the
specified time.
2. The primary challenge of project management is to achieve all of the project goals within
the given constraints. This information is usually described in project documentation,
created at the beginning of the development process.
3. The primary constraints are scope, time, quality and budget.
4. The objective of project management is to produce a complete project which complies with
the client's objective/goals.
Q. What is project scheduling?
1. Project scheduling is a mechanism to communicate what tasks need to get done and which
organizational resources will be allocated to complete those tasks in what timeframe.
2. Project scheduling provides details like start and end date of the project, milestones, and
tasks for the project. Project scheduling specifies the resources like people, equipment etc.
required to complete the project and dependencies of tasks of the project on each other.
3. A project schedule is a document collecting all the work needed to deliver the project on
time. Project scheduling in a project refers to roadmap of all activities to be done with
specified order and within time slot allotted to each activity.
Q. What is software quality assurance?
1. Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is simply a way to assure quality in the software. It is the
set of activities which ensure processes, procedures as well as standards are suitable for
the project and implemented correctly.
2. Software Quality Assurance is a process which works parallel to development of software.
It focuses on improving the process of development of software so that problems can be
prevented before they become a major issue.
3. Software Quality Assurance is a kind of Umbrella activity that is applied throughout the
software process.
Q. Enlist principle for project scheduling?
Software project scheduling is an activity that distributes estimated effort across the planed
project duration by allocating the effort to specific software engineering tasks.
Q. Explain the term project tracking in detail.
1. The software project tracking process provides insight into actual project progress so that
management can take effective actions when the software project's performance deviates
significantly from the software plans.
2. The schedule has to be feasible in terms of the allocated time and resources. It also has to
be easy to track. Tracking the progress of a project can reduce risks related to the late
delivery of the product.
3. Project tracking is one of the critical tasks that have to be performed by a project
manager. Tracking a project can either rely on a qualitative or quantitative assessment of
the progress made during the execution of the project.
Q.Define the following terms:
Project- A project is well-defined task, which is collection of several operations done in order
to achieve a goal (for example, software development and delivery).
SCM- SCM can define as, ”a discipline of managing how software is built and modified using
techniques such as source code control, revision control and release construction ”.
SQA- Software quality assurance (SQA) is a planned and systematic way to evaluate quality of
software product standards, processes and procedures. It is concerned with process quality
and refers to planned and systematic sets of activities, which ensure that software
development life cycle process and products conform to desired requirements, standards and
procedures.
QA- QA consist of auditing and reporting procedures, which are used to provide necessary
data to management in order to make proactive decisions. The goal of QA is to provide
adequate confidence that a product services is of the type and quality expected by the
customer.
QC- Quality control focuses on operation technique and the activities used to fulfil and verify
requirements of quality. It involves the series of inspections, reviews, and tests used
throughout the software process to ensure that each work product meets its
specifications/requirements.
Staffing- Staffing is that part of management which is concerned with obtaining, utilizing, and
maintaining capable people to fill all positions in the organization from top-level to bottom
level. It involves the scientific and systematic procurement, allocation, utilization,
conservation, and development of human resources. It is the art of acquiring, developing, and
maintaining a satisfactory and satisfied workforce.
Quality- Quality software refers to a software which is reasonably bug or defect free, is
delivered in time and within the specified budget, meets the requirements and/or
expectations, and is maintainable. In the software engineering context, software quality
reflects both functional quality as well as structural quality.
EVA- Earned Value Analysis (EVA) is one of the key tools and techniques used in Project
Management, to have an understanding of how the project is progressing. EVA graphs the
progress based on earnings or money. Both, schedule and cost are calculated on the basis of
EVA.
Q. What is SCM? Give need for SCM.
1. Software Configuration Management (SCM) is an umbrella activity which manages these
changes by identifying them, establishing a relationship between them, controlling them,
ensuring that they are properly implemented, and auditing and reporting on the changes
made.
2. SCM can be defined as, "a discipline of managing how software is built and modified using
techniques such as source code control, revision control and release construction".
3. SCM is the task of tracking and controlling changes in the software, part of the larger cross-
disciplinary field of configuration management.
Q. Describe CPM with example.
1. The Critical Path Method (CPM), or Critical Path Analysis (CPA), is an algorithm for
scheduling a set of project activities. CPM is a schedule network analysis technique.
2. A critical path is the sequence of project network activities which add up to the longest
overall duration regardless if that longest duration has float or not. This determines the
shortest time possible to complete the project.
3. CPM calculates the minimum completion time for a project along with the possible start
and finish times for the project activities.
4. What is project staffing plan? Explain in detail.
5. The comprehensive staffing plan identifies the required skills and schedules the right
people to be brought onto the project at appropriate times and released from the project
when their tasks are complete.
6. The staffing plan describes the number of individuals required for a project. It includes
selecting and assigning tasks to the project management team members.
7. The staffing plan provides information about the appropriate skills required to perform the
tasks produce the project deliverables and manage the project.
8. Staff planning is performed by a staff planner, who is responsible for determining the
individua available for the project.
Q. What is software tester? Describe carrier as a software tester.
1. A software tester is an individual that tests software for bugs, errors, defects or any
problem that can affect the performance of computer software or an application.
2. Carrier as a software tester.
3. This sections explain a few of the possible career options as software tester. Software
testers play a critical role in software application development.
4. Testing is the process of evaluating a system or its component(s) with the intent to find
whether it satisfies the specified requirements or not.
5. A software tester is an individual that tests software for bugs, errors, defects or any
problem that can affect the performance of computer software or an application.
Q. Explain the future of SQA.
The scope of Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is increasing with the growing demand for
qualty products in the market. Imagine a baby product that is not tested for quality before use.
Now picture the chaos it might create if the end-user senses it. Just like every product, the
software product also requires quality assurance before it reaches the consumer or the
stakeholder. In short, the SQA is a never-ending process without which the acceptance levels
of the software product seems to be far-fetched.
Q. What is CASE? Enlist types of CASE tools.
CASE stands for Computer Aided software Engineering. It means, development and
maintenance of software projects with help of various automated software tools. A CASE
(Computer Aided Software Engineering) tools is a standard term used to indicate any from of
automated support for software engineering.
Types of tools:-
1. Diagram Tools:- These tools are used to represent system components, data and control
flow among various software components and system structure in a graphical form. For
example, Flow Chart Maker tool for creating state-of-the-art flowcharts.
2. Process Modelling Tools:- Process modelling is method to create software process model,
which is used to develop the software.
3. Project Management Tools:- These tools are used for project planning, cost and effort
estimation, project scheduling and resource planning. Managers have to strictly comply
project execution with every mentioned step in software project management.
4. Documentation Tools:- Documentation in a software project starts prior to the software
process, goes throughout all phases of SDLC and after the completion of the project.
5. Analysis Tools:- These tools help to gather requirements, automatically check for any
inconsistency inaccuracy in the diagrams, data redundancies or erroneous omissions.
6. Design Tools:- These tools help software designers to design the block structure of the
software.
Q. Describe the term ISO 9000 in details.
1. The International Organization for Standardization established the term ISO 9000, which
refers to a set of quality management standards.
2. The ISO 9000 standards are maintained by ISO and administered by accreditation and
certification bodies. ISO's purpose is to facilitate international trade by providing a single
set of standards that is recognized everywhere.
3. ISO first published its quality standards in 1987, revised them in 1994 and then republished
an updated version in 2000. These new standards are referred to as the "ISO 9000: 2000
Standards".
4. ISO 9000:2000 Standards apply to all kinds of organizations in all kinds of areas. Some of
these areas include manufacturing, processing, printing, forestry, electronics, banking,
telecommunications, agriculture, government, education, software development,
biotechnology and so on.
5. The popular set of standards related to software quality is the International Organization
for Standardization's (ISO) 9000. ISO is an international standards organization that sets
standards for everything from nuts and bolts to, in the case of ISO 9000, quality
management and quality assurance.
Q. What are the usages and application of CASE tools?
1. CASE tools are used for developing high-quality, defect-free, and maintainable software.
CASE software is often associated with methods for the development of information
systems together with automated tools that can be used in the software development
process.
2. CASE tools which involves the use of specialized software programs that do nothing but
write new software code for new software applications. To improve the speed and quality
of system development organizations use CASE tools.
3. CASE tools help the organization to standardize the development process. CASE tools are
used for improve the quality and uniformity of documentation.
4. CASE tools are used for applications analysis and design. CASE tool means any tool used to
automate some activity associated with software development which includes Web
Development, Mobile application Development, eCommerce web development etc.
5. CASE tools used for creation of database applications such as Creation of data flow and
entity models, Establishing a relationship between requirements and various models etc.
Q. What is CMM?
1. CMM stands for Capability Maturity Model. CMM helps to solve the maturity problem by
defining a s of practices and providing a general framework for improving them.
2. The focus of CMM is on identifying key process areas and the exemplary practices that may
comprise a disciplined software process.
3. CMM is a model that helps in judging the maturity of a software process of an organization.
CMM also helps to identify the main process that will help in increasing the maturity of
these processes. CMM has become a standard for assessing and improving software
processes.
Q. Compare QA and QC.
Quality Assurance (QA) Quality Control (QC)
It focuses on providing assurance that the It focuses on fulfilling the quality requested.
quality requested will be achieved.
It is the technique of managing quality. It is the technique to verify quality.
It is involved during the development phase. It is not included during the development
phase.
It does not include the execution of the It always includes the execution of the
program. program.
It is a managerial tool. It is a corrective tool.
The aim of quality assurance is to prevent The aim of quality control is to identify and
defects. improve the defects.
It is a proactive measure. It is a reactive measure.