Interactive Geography (2nd edition)

Landslide
3.1 What is the relief of Hong Kong?  Refer to textbook P. 28-29

Concept: Relief • Definition and the relief features of Hong Kong

1. What is relief?
Relief refers to the changes in the height of the land.

2. What are the relief features of Hong Kong?

Two thirds of the total land area of Hong Kong it is hilly. Natural lowlands are scarce.

Feature Distribution Example

a. Highlands
Central and eastern New
Tai Mo Shan and Ma On Shan
Territories

Central part of Lantau Island Lantau Peak and Sunset Peak

b. Natural lowlands
Northwestern and northern Yuen Long Plain and Sheung
New Territories Shui-Fanling Plain

On both sides of Victoria

Mong Kok
Harbour

c. Man-made lowlands
Along the Victoria Harbour Central

Some new towns Sha Tin and Tung Chung

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3.2 Why do landslides occur in Hong Kong?  Refer to textbook P. 30-33

Concept: Landslide • Formation and causes

1. What is a landslide?
Landslide is the rapid movement of a mass of soil or rocks down a slope due to the pull of
gravity.

2. The table below summarises the natural factors causing landslides in Hong Kong.

Natural factor Description Impact on slope stability

Rainwater fills
the pores
Rainwater
 Heavy rainfall in between soil
makes slope
a. Heavy rainfall summer is the major particles.
materials
cause of landslides 
(heavier /
in Hong Kong. Cohesion
lighter).
(increases /
 About 80% of rain
reduces).
falls between May
and September.
The slope becomes unstable.

b. Steep slopes  With a hilly relief,

60% of the natural
 The (steeper / gentler) the slope,
slopes in Hong
the higher the risk of landslides.
Kong have an angle
greater than 20°.

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Natural factor Description Impact on slope stability

c. Strong weathering  The hot and wet climate of

Hong Kong favours the
 These materials are
weathering of rocks.
prone to collapse under
 Well-jointed rocks such as
heavy rain, triggering a
granite are strongly weathered,
landslide.
producing thick layers of loose
materials on slopes.

3. The table below summarises the human factors causing landslides in Hong Kong.

Human factors Description Impact on slope stability

 Steep man-made
 To provide more land for urban slopes, if not properly
development, many natural designed or
slopes have been cut or filled to constructed, may have
a. Development on
create man-made slopes. a higher risk of
natural slopes
landslides.
 Many man-made slopes built in
the early years were poorly  Poorly-designed
designed and below standard. man-made slopes have

 In the 1970s, both landslides a high risk of

that occurred in Sau Mau Ping landslides when there

involved fill slopes of poor is heavy rainfall.

quality.

 Some man-made slopes lack

b. Poor maintenance of
regular repair and maintenance.  Water can seep into the
man-made slopes
 Cracked slope surfaces, blocked slopes easily,

drainage channels and increasing the risk of

underground water pipe landslides.

leakages are common.

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3.3 What are the negative impacts of landslides on Hong Kong?

 Refer to textbook P. 34-35

Concept: Landslide • Negative impacts

Negative impact Explanation Example

 Landslides took place at

1. Casualties  In the early years, most Sau Mau Ping and Po
landslides that happened Shan Road in 1972
in densely populated  Killing 138 people in
urban areas caused serious total
casualties.  The two most fatal
landslides in history

 Landslide occurred on
Lantau Island in June
2008
2. Traffic disruption  Collapsed soil often  Major roads were cut
blocks roads and disrupts off, and transport
traffic. links were blocked.
Many residents and
tourists were
affected.

 Landslides damage  In 2017, 143 facilities

3. Economic loss infrastructure, resulting in were damaged by
property loss. landslides.

 Clearing debris and  Roads, pavements and

repairing damaged footpaths were the most
facilities are also costly. commonly affected.

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3.4 How does Hong Kong prepare for and respond to landslides?
 Refer to textbook P. 36-39

Concept: Landslide • Preventive and remedial measures

The table below shows the preventive measures of landslides adopted in Hong Kong.
Preventive measure Description Function
 Increase the stability of  To reduce the risk of
man-made slopes by landslides
engineering works

Engineering work Function

To prevent rainwater from

a. Concrete covers
seeping into the slopes
1. Engineering works
b. Weep holes and surface
To help drain excess water
channels

c. Soil nails and retaining To offer physical support to

walls slopes

d. Flexible barriers and rigid To trap soil and rock debris

barriers that are sliding down

 Greening on engineered  To improve the

slopes appearance of the slopes

2. Land use planning  Determine how the land on

and around slopes should be  To reduce the risk of
used based on the stability landslides
and safety of the slopes

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Preventive measure Description Function

In the 1980s, the government:
a. Clearing squatter
 Started to clear squatter huts
areas
located on hillsides.
 Performed engineering
works.
 Restricted development on
slopes.
 Landslide risk assessments
 To reduce the risk of
are conducted for
landslides
development projects near
b. Risk assessment
dangerous slopes.

 Example: Due to the high

risk of landslides, the land
near Castle Peak that had
been proposed for residential
development was changed to
recreational use.

 Two thirds of the man-made

3. Regular maintenance slopes are regularly checked

and maintained by the
 To ensure the slopes
government.
meeting safety standards
 Owners of private slopes are
responsible for ensuring the
slopes’ safety.

4. Setting up warning  Warning signs are posted

systems near dangerous slopes
 To remind people to stay
 A Landslip Warning is issued away from these slopes
when there is heavy rainfall
and a high risk of landslides.

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Preventive measure Description Function

5. Education
 Provide useful information
for citizens through  To raise public awareness
exhibitions, TV of slope safety
advertisements and websites

The table below shows the remedial measures of landslides adopted in Hong Kong.
Remedial measure Description Function

 Send rescue teams to the

sites of landslide

 Open temporary shelters to

1. Emergency relief
 To minimise casualties
people in need

 Provide food, water and

emergency supplies

 Clear rock debris on the  To restore transport

roads services

2. Slope rehabilitation

 Carry out engineering works  To repair collapsed slopes

 Example: build retaining  To prevent landslides
walls and weep holes from happening again

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Landslide in Gansu  Refer to textbook P. 40-41

Case study

Date 8 August, 2010

 Massive amounts of soil and mud buried extensive farmlands,

villages and houses.
Impacts
 Power and water supplies were cut off.
 More than a thousand of people were killed and went missing.

Natural
Heavy rainfall, hilly relief and loose soil
factors
Causes
Human
Poor land use planning, deforestation and over-development
factors

Remedial Sending rescue teams, delivering emergency supplies and blowing up

measures blocked river channels

Measures Building retaining walls and adopting soil conservation practices,

Preventive identifying dangerous slopes in the country, making landslide risk maps,
measures resettling people living in high-risk areas and training government
officials

 Relief of Hong Kong

Relief 地勢 Yuen Long Plain 元朗平原
Lowland 低地 Sheung Shui-Fanling Plain 上水—粉嶺平原

Highland 高地 Victoria Harbour 維多利亞港

New Territories 新界 Reclamation 填海

Lantau Island 大嶼山 New town 新市鎮

Tai Mo Shan 大帽山

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 Formation of landslides
Landslide 山泥傾瀉 Gravity 重力

 Causes of landslides
Slope angle 坡度角 Cut slope 削土坡
Granite 花崗岩 Fill slope 填土坡
Joint 節理 Sau Mau Ping 秀茂坪

Weathering 風化 Drainage channel 排水渠

 Negative impacts of landslides

Po Shan Road 寶珊道 Tung Chung Road 東涌道
North Lantau Highway 北大嶼山公路 Keung Shan Road 羗山道
Yu Tung Road 裕東路 Tai O 大澳
Yat Tung Estate 逸東邨

 Measures to cope with landslides

Concrete 混凝土 Rigid barrier 泥石壩
Weep hole 排水孔 Squatter hut 寮屋

Surface channel 排水明渠 Risk assessment 風險評估

Soil nail 泥釘 Castle Peak 青山

Retaining wall 擋土牆 Landslip Warning 山泥傾瀉警告

Stone pitching 砌石護面 Rehabilitation 復修
Flexible barrier 柔性防護網

 Landslide in Gansu
Gansu 甘肅 Commercial logging 商業性伐木
Zhouqu 舟曲 Soil erosion 土壤侵蝕
Deforestation 濫伐林木 Hydro-electric power 水力發電

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Let’ s review (Unit 3) – Answer sheet  Refer to textbook P. 42-45 for the questions

Name: ( ) Class: Date:

Part 1 Multiple-choice questions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

B B C A D C D

Part 2 Data-response question

1. a. Distribution of rainfall and the locations of landslides showed a positive relationship / the
total rainfall western Lantau Island received was mainly between 500 and 600 mm, higher
than that of the eastern part (400-500 mm) / more landslides were recorded on western
Lantau Island than in the eastern part / more landslides occurred in areas with heavier
rainfall (any 3 or other reasonable answers)
b. Rainwater makes slope materials heavier / water fills the pores between soil particles /

reducing the cohesion of slope materials

2. Vertical distance of XY = (420–40) m = 380 m

Horizontal distance of XY= (6.3×120) m = 756 m (±24 m)

380 m
Gradient of XY = = 1: 1.99
756 m

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3. a.

1: 10 000 1
b. = × 12 000 = 1.2 times
1: 12 000 10 000

4. Measure A: Rigid barrier

Measure B: Flexible barrier

Function: Trap soil and rock debris that are sliding down

Part 3 Short essay question

– Engineering works can reduce the risk of landslides effectively / for example, concrete drain

covers prevent rainwater from seeping into the slopes / weep holes and surface channels

excess water / soil nails and retaining walls offer physical support to slopes / flexible barriers

and rigid barriers trap soil and rock debris that are sliding down (any 4)

– Other measures are also important for improving slope stability, such as land use planning /

regular maintenance of slopes / warning systems / education (any 2)

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Earthquake
4.1 What is the structure of Earth?  Refer to textbook P. 48-49

Concept: Structure of Earth • Structure and plate

1. The table below summarises the structure of Earth.

Crust Mantle Core

Crust
Include Include
continental uppermost The innermost
Description
crust and mantle and layer of Earth
oceanic crust magma

Solid material The outer core

and is molten; the
Composition Solid rock
semi-molten inner core is
magma solid

Thickness Thin Thick Thickest Mantle Core

Temperature Low High Highest

2. The crust is made up of the seven major plates and some smaller plates. The place where two
plates meet is the plate boundary.

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4.2 How does plate movement lead to earthquakes?

 Refer to textbook P. 50-51

Concept: Plate movement • Ways of movement and formation of earthquakes

1. Identify the following three ways of plate movement.

a. Moving towards each other

b. Moving away from each other

c. Sliding past each other

2. How does the convection currents in the mantle drive plates to move?

Mantle near the core is heated and (rises / sinks).

Mantle cools near the crust and then (rises / sinks).

Mantle is heated near the core and rises again.

Convection currents are formed in the mantle, driving the plates above to move.

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3. How does an earthquake form?

When plates move, pressure builds up along the plate boundaries.

Pressure exceeds the limit the rocks can withstand.

Rocks break and move suddenly.

The huge amount of energy stored is released in the form of seismic waves,
causing the ground to shake.

Identify A to D in the figure below.

A: Epicentre

B: Focus

C: Depth of focus

D: Seismic waves

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4.3 What are the negative impacts of earthquakes?

 Refer to textbook P. 52-54

Concept: Earthquake • Global disribution and impacts

1. What are the two main earthquake zones in the world?

b. Circum-Pacific Belt, also called

a. Alpine-Himalayan Belt
the Pacific Ring of Fire

2. What is the Richter scale?

 The magnitude of an earthquake is
measured by the Richter scale.

 The higher the magnitude, the (more /

less) the energy is released and the
(larger / smaller) the destruction.

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3. The table below shows the primary and secondary effects of earthquakes.

Impact Example

a. Primary effects
 The immediate and direct destruction
caused by ground shaking

 Building collapses

 Roads and bridges cracking

 Damage to power cables and water pipes

b. Secondary effects  Fire, flooding, landslide and tsunami

 Damages caused by primary effects
 2011 Japan earthquake

 The number of deaths caused by

earthquake-induced tsunami is much
higher than that of building
collapsing.
 This shows that secondary effects are
sometimes more destructive than
primary effects.

2015 Nepal Earthquake  Refer to textbook P. 55

Case study

Date 25 April and 12 May, 2015

Primary Many casualties, people became homeless and buildings were damaged or
effects collapsed
Impacts
Secondary
Avalanche on Mount Everest, causing many casualties
effects

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4.4 How do we prepare for and respond to earthquakes?

 Refer to textbook P. 56-58

Concept: Earthquake • Preventive and remedial measures

Type Measure Content

1. Monitoring and  Set up monitoring systems and use

warning systems seismometers to detect earthquakes

 Warnings are issued when unusual ground

motions are detected so that people can
evacuate in time

 Take earthquake risks into consideration when

carrying out land use planning
2. Land use zoning
 Common planning practices in high-risk areas
include:
Preventive
 Restricting building heights
measures
 Zoning land for low density development
 Avoiding building high-risk facilities
 Designating schools and parks as
temporary evacuation sites

 Some countries require buildings to meet

shock-proof standards by law.
3. Shock-proof
 Regular maintenance should also be carried
designs
out to ensure the shock-proof installations are
in good conditions

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Type Measure Content

 Educate the public on earthquakes and

survival skills.
4. Education
 In Taiwan, large-scale earthquake drills are

Preventive held every year:

measures  To improve the efficiency of rescue work

 Allow people to get familiar with the

escape routes and the locations of
temporary evacuation sites

 Send rescue teams

1. Emergency relief
 Provide basic necessities for the victims

 Sanitised affected areas and monitor cases of

infectious diseases to prevent disease
outbreaks

Remedial
measures

2. Rehabilitation
 Rebuild and restore damaged buildings and
infrastructure are rebuilt and restored after
earthquakes.

 Provide post-hazard counselling services to

help survivors cope with emotional problems

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Earthquake prevention in Japan  Refer to textbook P. 59

Case study

Measure Content

 Set up an extensive monitoring network and issue warnings when

1. Earthquake necessary

monitoring  Install earthquake detectors in facilities which will be shut off

immediately when an earthquake occurs

 Pass the Building Standard Law and review regularly

2. Shock-proof
 Provide subsidies for developers and property owners to carry out
designs
building strengthening works

 Educate students on disaster preparedness and survival skills

3. Education  Hold earthquake drills annually

 People are advised to prepare an emergency kit at home

 Structure of Earth
Crust 地殼 Magma 岩漿
Mantle 地幔 Continental crust 大陸地殼

Core 地核 Oceanic crust 大洋地殼

Semi-molten 半熔融

 Plates
Plate 板塊 Pacific Plate 太平洋板塊
Plate boundary 板塊邊界 North American Plate 北美洲板塊

Eurasian Plate 歐亞板塊 South American Plate 南美洲板塊

African Plate 非洲板塊 Antarctic Plate 南極洲板塊

Indo-Australian Plate 印度—澳洲板塊 Philippine Plate 菲律賓板塊

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 Formation of earthquake
地震 Earthquake 震源 Focus
對流 Convection current 震央 Epicentre
地震波 Seismic wave 震源深度 Depth of focus

 Major earthquake belts

Earthquake zone 地震帶 Pacific Ring of Fire 太平洋火環
Circum-Pacific Belt 環太平洋帶 Alpine-Himalayan Belt 阿爾卑斯—喜馬拉雅山帶

 Impacts of earthquakes
Magnitude 強度 Tsunami 海嘯
Richter scale 黎克特震級 Mount Everest 珠穆朗瑪峰
Aftershock 餘震 Avalanche 雪崩

 受地震影響的國家 Countries affected by earthquakes

Indonesia 印尼 New Zealand 新西蘭
Japan 日本 Haiti 海地
Nepal 尼泊爾

 Measures to cope with earthquakes

Seismometer 地震儀 Earthquake drill 地震演習
Land use zoning 土地利用分區 Infectious disease 傳染病
Green belt 綠化帶 Counselling 輔導

Temporary evacuation site 臨時避難地點 Monitoring network 監察網絡

Shock-proof 防震 Subsidy 資助

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Let’ s review (Unit 4) – Answer sheet  Refer to textbook P. 60-63 for the questions

Name: ( ) Class: Date:

Part 1 Multiple-choice questions

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

A C B B D A D

Part 2 Data-response question

1. a. A: Indo-Australian Plate

B: Eurasian Plate

b.

2. a. Primary effects Secondary effects

 Building collapses  Landslides

 Roads cracking  Tsunami

 Damage to airport runways

 Disruption of communication

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2. b.
Damaged roads prevented rescue teams from reaching the affected areas / disruption of
communication hindered the coordination of rescue efforts / damage to hospitals
lowered rescue efficiency (any 2 or other reasonable answers)

3. a. Inspect and maintain tsunami detectors regularly to ensure they work properly / improve

the tsunami warning system so as to alert the public to take precautionary measures

b.  Building design: Require buildings to meet shock-proof standards by law / carry out
regular inspection to identify buildings that fail to meet the standards (any 1 or other
reasonable answers)
 Education: Provide disaster preparedness education / hold earthquake drills regularly

to raise public awareness of hazards (any 1 or other reasonable answers)

Part 3 Short essay question

The Circum-Pacific Belt is an earthquake zone located on several plate boundaries surrounding

the Pacific Ocean / it is where the Pacific Plate meets the Eurasian Plate, the Philippine Plate, the

North American Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate / the plates move towards or slide past each

other / when plates move, pressure builds up along the plate boundaries / when the pressure

exceeds the limit the rocks can withstand, the rocks break and move suddenly, releasing a huge

amount of energy in the form of seismic waves, causing earthquakes / 90% of the world’s

earthquakes occur along this belt

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Reasons why people stay in hazard-prone areas

5.1 Do more developed countries (MDCs) and less developed

countries (LDCs) suffer the same impacts?  Refer to textbook P. 64-65

Concept: Impacts of natural hazards • On countries with different levels of development

The table below compares the impacts of the 2010 New Zealand and Haiti earthquakes.

New Zealand Haiti

Less developed country / Less developed country /

Type of country
More developed country More developed country

Date 4 September, 2010 12 January, 2010

Time 4:35 a.m. 4:53 p.m.

Magnitude 7.1 7.0

Depth of
10 km 10 km
focus
 Many houses and historical
2010 buildings collapsed
 Numerous buildings collapsed
earthquake  Roads and railways were
 Roads and the airport were
destroyed
Major severely damaged
 Water pipes, power cables
impacts  Communication was cut off
and communication
 Two million people were left
networks were damaged
without food or water supply
 Tourism was significantly
affected

Casualties More / Fewer More / Fewer

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5.2 Why are LDCs more vulnerable to natural hazards?

 Refer to textbook P. 66-67

Concept: Impacts of natural hazards • Factors

Reason Explanation Example

1. Lack of capital  Most LDCs are very poor.  In Haiti, most buildings

 They have little capital to are made of bricks and

carry out effective concrete. They can barely

measures to combat withstand even minor

natural hazards. earthquakes.

 Lack advanced
technology to monitor
and assess hazard risks
2. Low level of technology  A low level of technology
 Slow development of
leads to a (higher / lower)
earthquake-resistant
ability of LDCs to cope
technology
with natural hazards.
 Insufficient
communication and
medical facilities

 In Haiti, the government

3. Poor government efficiency
fails to regulate the
 Corruption is common.
shock-proof standards of
 Many hazard-fighting buildings.
policies are poorly
 Many developers use
enforced.
poor-quality materials in
their housing projects.

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Reason Explanation Example

 In the 2004 Indian Ocean

4. Low level of education earthquake, many people
were buried in rubble or
 People in LDCs receive
swept away by the
little education and lack
tsunami because they did
hazard awareness.
not know how to respond
when natural hazards
occur.

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5.3 Why do many people still stay in hazard-prone areas?

 Refer to textbook P. 68-71

Concept • Factors

Reason Explanation

1. High level of economic development  Some earthquake-prone areas are well

developed with good infrastructure. There are
(many / a few) job opportunities and people can
enjoy (high / low) standards of living.

 These places also have effective measures to

cope with hazards.

 Some volcanic areas are rich in natural

2. Rich natural resources
resources, which favours economic
development.

 Examples: Soil, minerals, geothermal energy

and tourism resources, including volcanoes and
hot springs

 Many hazard-prone areas have mild climates.

3. Mild climate
Some also receive abundant rainfall, which is
good for farming.

 For example, Indonesia has high annual rainfall

and a warm climate which is favourable to rice
farming.

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Reason Explanation

 Economic conditions: Poverty

 Education level: Language barrier and a lack of

4. Personal factors
skills

 Family background: Strong social ties with

families and friends

 Personal consideration: Religion, unfamiliarity

with new environments and underestimation of
hazard risks

 Policies: Tight immigration policies

 Impacts of natural hazards on different countries

More developed country (MDC) 較發達國家 Port-au-Prince 太子港
Less developed country (LDC) 欠發達國家 Caribbean Plate 加勒比板塊
Christchurch 基督城

 Reasons why LDCs are more vulnerable to natural hazards

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 人均本地生產總值 Corruption 貪污
per capita
Earthquake-resistant 抗震

 Reasons why people still stay in hazard-prone areas

三藩市 San Francisco 溫泉 Hot spring
東京 Tokyo 社會關係 Social ties
生活水平 Standard of living 移民政策 Immigration policy
硫磺 Sulphur 冰島 Iceland
地熱能 Geothermal energy 美國 United States of America
火山 Volcano 智利 Chile

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Let’ s review (Unit 5) – Answer sheet  Refer to textbook P. 72-77 for the questions

Name: ( ) Class: Date:

Part 1 Multiple-choice questions

1. 2. 3. 4a. 4b. 5a. 5b. 6a. 6b.

C D A A B A C D C

Part 2 Data-response question

1. Lower-middle Upper-middle
Type Low income High income
income income
Indonesia,
Myanmar, China, Russia,
Country Haiti Italy
Pakistan, Sri Iran
Lanka, India
Total number
310 000 495 006 170 008 20 089
of deaths

2.

3. A country with a lower income level has a higher number of deaths caused by natural hazards.

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4. Countries with lower income levels are usually (MDCs / LDCs).

They are poorer and have less capital to carry out hazard-fighting measures, such as monitoring
hazards with advanced technology / they have lower government efficiency, and poorer
enforcement of policies; for example, laws to regulate the shock-proof standards of buildings
are lacking / people have a lower level of education and are less aware of hazard risks; for
example, they are not familiar with hazard escape routes or the preparation of emergency kits
(any 2)
Part 3 Short essay question

(Free response)

Map reading - Let’s practise

1.  Electricity substation  Sports ground  Signal station

 Service reservoir  Artificial slope  Watercourses

2. 1486, 1487

3. a. i. SE

ii. 135° (±2°)

iii. S45°E (±2°)

b. (3.7 × 50) m = 185 m (±10 m)

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 Interactive Geography (2nd edition)

4. A: Spur B: Steep slope

C: Valley D: Gentle slope

5. 10 m

6. a. (200 − 140) m
i. = 1: 1.4
(1.7 × 50) m
(170 − 130) m
ii. = 1: 2.6
(2.1 × 50) m

b. Slope PQ / it has a steeper gradient /materials on the slope are more likely to move

downward / under the pull of gravity

7. a.

1: 5 000
b. = 1 time
1: 5 000

© 2022 Aristo Educational Press Ltd. 44