CHEMISTRY

PROJECT
Submitted By:

Anukriti Agrawal

Class- 11 sec- A

Roll no. 02
 CHEMISTRY
All India Senior Secondary Certificate Examination 2024-25

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of degree of

CLASS - 11 SECTION - A

ANUKRITI AGRAWAL

July 2024 – March 2025

ST. JOHN’S ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL KHARSIA

GUIDED BY :
AINUL HASAN
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT

I am highly grateful to Sir Hasan our chemistry teacher for providing this
opportunity to carry out the Major Project .

I would like to expresses my gratitude to other faculty members for

providing academic inputs, guidance & encouragement throughout this
period.

I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks Principal of our
School, without his permission, wise counsel and able guidance, it would
not have been possible to carry out this project in this manner.

The help rendered by sir Hasan and Fr. Suresh Toppo for experimentation is
greatly acknowledged.

Finally, I express my indebtedness to all the group members and those who
have directly or indirectly contributed to the successful completion of my
major project.

ANUKRITI AGRAWAL

Class -11
 ABSTRACT

I have prepared this project by taking help of my books and from

internet too. I had also mentioned some material
requirements .While working on this project i had came to learn a
lot of things for presentation our project and our class teacher
too helped me to work on this project .

So basically this project investigates the foaming capacity of

different soaps to understand the factors influencing their
performance. Foaming capacity, an essential property of soaps,
is influenced by chemical composition, pH, and water quality.
The study involves testing various soap samples in solutions of
different hardness levels to measure foam stability and volume.

. By analyzing the results, we aim to determine the relationship

between soap composition and its ability to produce and sustain
foam. This research provides insights into the effectiveness of
soaps for cleaning purposes and highlights the impact of water
hardness on their efficiency.

Anukriti Agrawal
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Anukriti Agrawal has

successfully completed

her Chemistry project entitled

“The Foaming Capacity Of Soaps”

under the supervision and guidance

of Sir Ainul Hasan , in the partial

fulfillment of

the chemistry practical assessment

conducted during the

academic session 2024-2025.

INDEX
 The Foaming
Capacity of Soaps
 AIM

Aim is to investigate foaming capacity of different washing soap.

Soaps and detergents are cleaning ingredients that are able to
remove oil particles from surfaces because of their unique
chemical properties.
 EXPERIMENT
SOAPS
soap is a salt of fatty acid used in a variety of cleansing and
lubricating products. In a domesting setting, soaps are
surfactants usually used for washing, bathing, and other
types of housekeeping. In industrial settings, soaps are used
as thickeners, components of some lubricants, and
precursors to catalysts.
When used for cleaning, soap solublizes particles and grime,
which can then be seperated from the article being cleaned.
In hand washing, as a surfactants, when lathered with a little
water, soap kills microorganisms by disorganizing then
membrane lipid bilayer and denaturing their proteins. It aso
emulsifies oils, enabling them to be carried away by running
water.
soap is created by mixing fats and oils with base, as opposed
to detergents which is created by combining chemical
compounds in a mixer.
Humans have used soap for millenia. Evidence exists of the
production of soap like materials in around 2800 BC in
ancient Babylon.
PREPARATION OF SOAP
Typically, soap is a fatty acid and as we said earlier there can
be different fatty acids used such as stearic acid, palmatic
acid and many more with a mixture of sodium or potassium
salt. For laundry soap is high percentage of sodium is used
and potassium salt is used for bathing soao. Acid supplies
animal fat and vegetable oil for glycerol and ester
compounds. For preparing soap, sodium hydroxide is heated,
glycerol and fatty acid produces sodium salt. The preparation
of soap is known as sapoanification.
Vegetable oil or animal oil + sodium hydroxide
The mixture is heated at a certain tempreature, after a while
the soap forms a layer at the top and all the glycerin gets
settled down. Then we take the glycerin out of it through the
bottom part itself and the soap is collected from the above.
Then it is cooled for while.
TYPES OF SOAPS
The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain
determines the unique properties of various soaps. Tallow or
animal fats give primarily sodium stearate (18 carbons) a very
hard, insoluble soap. Fatty acids with longer chains are even
more insoluble. As a matter of fact, 3inc stearate is used in
talcum powders because it is water repellent. Coconut oil is a
source of lauric acid (12 carbons) which can be made into
sodium lourate. This soap is very soluble and will lather easily
even in sea water. Fatty acids with only 10 or fewer carbons are
not used in soaps because they irritate the skin and have
objectionable odours.

General Overall Hydrolysis Reaction

Although the reaction is shown as one step reaction, it is in fact
two steps. The net effect as that the ester bonds all broken.
The glycerol turns back into an alcohol. The fatty acid is turned
into salt due to the presence of a basic solution of NaOH. In the
carboxyl group, one oxygen now has a negative charh attracts
the positive sodium ion. A molecule of soap consists of two
parts.
a) Alkyl group - it is oil soluble
b) Carboxylic group - it is water soluble
 MATERIAL REQUIRED
APPARATUS
(a) Five 100ml conicle flasks.
(b) Five 20ml test tubes.
(c) Bunsen Burner.
(d) Stop watch.
 THEORY

There is no quantitative method for the determination of

foaming capacity of soap. The foaming capacity of soap
depends upon concentration of soap in the sample. Solutions
of different soap are prepared by dissolving their equal
weights in equal volumes of distilled water.

These solutions are shaken vigorously to produce foam and

then they are allowed to stand. Times taken for the
disappearance of foam are measured for different samples.
Longer the time taken for the disappearance of foam in a
given samples of soap, greater is its foaming capacity.
 PROCEDURE
1. Four conicle flasks ( 100 ml each) are taken and
numbered 1 to 4.
2. In each of these flasks equal amounts ( say 5 ml ) of the
given samples of soap shavings or granules are taken and
50 ml of distilled water is added.
3. Each conicle flask is heated few minutes to dissolve all
the soap cpmpletely.
4. In a test-tube stand, four big clean and dry test tube are
taken and numbered 1 to 4.
5. 1ml of the four soap solution is then poured in the test
tubes of corresponding number.
6. 10ml. of distilled water is then added to each test tube.
7. Test tube no 1 is then shaken vigourously 5 times. The
foam would be formed in the empty space above the
container.
8. Stop watch is started immediately and the time taken
for the disappearance of foam is noted.
9. Similarly the other test tubes are shaken vigorously for
equal number of times (i,e., 5 times) with approximately
with the same force and the time taken forthe
disappearance of foam in each case is recorded.
10. The lesser the time taken for the disappearance of
foam, the lower pf the foaming capacity.

OBSERVATION
 CONCLUSION
The soap for which the time taken for the disappearance of
foam is highest has maximum foaming capacity and is the
best quality soap among the soaps tested. Foaming capacity
of soap is maximum in distilled water as compared to that in
tap water.

RESULT
Foaming capacity of different samples of soap taken is in the
order:
Vim > Lux > Nima > Rin
THANK YOU