Writing practice

How to do a writing task

1º EVALUACIÓN
STARTER UNIT
VOCABULARY
Verb + Prepositions
 ● look forward + to → con ganas de
● come + from → venir + de
● cry + at → llorar + con/a
● listen + to → escuchar
● dream + about → soñar + con
● laugh + at → reír de
● study + at → estudiar en (I’d really like to study at Salamanca)

Adjective + Prepositions
● (be) keen + on → ser entusiasmado + sobre
● (be) excited + about → estar entusiasmado + por
● (be) kind + to → ser amable con
● (be) proud + of → estar orgulloso de
● (be) crazy + about → estar loco por (de buena manera)
● (be) good + at → ser bueno en algo

GRAMMAR

→ STATIVE VERBS

1. Thoughts and opinions

to agree = estar de acuerdo
to believe = creer
to doubt = dudar
to guess = adivinar, suponer
to imagine = imaginar
to know = saber, conocer
to mean = significar, querer decir
to recognize = reconocer, admitir
to remember = recordar
to seem= parecer
to suspect = sospechar
to think = pensar
to understand = comprender

2. Feelings and emotions

to dislike = no gustar
to hate = odiar
to like = gustar
to love = gustar / amar
to prefer = preferir
to want = querer
to wish = desear

3. Possession and measurement

to belong = pertenecer
to have = tener
to measure = medir
 to own = poseer, ser dueño de
to possess = poseer, tener
to weigh = pesar

1. Some verbs can be stative or action

have - We have an old rifle in the attic / He is having a nervous attack

be - This pizza is so good / My nephew is being naughty at the moment

see - Can you see the eagle right there? / He is not seeing her anymore

taste - This wine tastes disgusting / I´m tasting the cake she has baked

live- We used to live in a big house / He is living in Rome this year

UNIT 1
VOCABULARY
GET
● get a job → conseguir trabajo
● get fit → ponerse en forma
● get into university → entrar/ir a la universidad
● get married → casarse
● get a tattoo → hacerse un tatuaje
● get a pilot’s license → obtener la licencia de piloto

GO
● go backpacking → ir de mochilero
● go swimming → ir a nadar
● go camping → acampar
● go windsurfing → hacer windsurf
● go to a music festival → ir a un festival de música

MAKE
● make friends → hacer amigos
● make money → ganar dinero

DO
● do a bungee jump → hacer puenting
● do a course → hacer un curso
● do some voluntary work → hacer voluntariado
● do homework → hacer los deberes
● do housework → hacer las tareas domésticas
● do exercise → hacer ejercicio

Phrasal verbs with go

● go back = return → volver/regresar
● go on = happen → que algo pase/suceda
 ● go through = experience → pasar/experimentar
● go without = not have → no tener

Verbs / -ed / -ing adjectives

VERB -ED -ING +/-

annoy (molestar) annoyed annoying -

bore (aburrir) bored boring -

depress (deprimir) depressed depressing -

disappoint (decepcionar) disappointed disappointing -

embarrass (avergonzar) embarrassed embarrassing -

excite (emocionar) excited exciting +

exhaust (agotar) exhausted exhausting -

frighten (asustar) frightened frightening -

interest (interesar) interested interesting +

relax (relajar) relaxed relaxing +

surprise (sorprender) surprised surprising +

worry (preocupar) worried worrying -

GRAMMAR
→ PAST SIMPLE & PAST CONTINUOUS
STRUCTURE:

Past Simple:

Affirmative- Subject + verb in past (2nd column)

Negative- Subject + didn’t + infinitive (1st column)

Interrogative- (Wh question) + did + subject + infinitive Past

Past Continuous:

Affirmative- Subject + was (I, he, she, it) were (we, you, they)

+ ing

Negative- Subject + wasn’t/ weren´t + ing

 Interrogative- (Wh question) + was / were + subject+ ing ?

1- PAST SIMPLE – Finished actions

I went to Paris last summer

2- PAST CONTINUOUS - Actions in progress at a

time in the past

She was sleeping at 11 this morning

3- PAST SIMPLE + PAST CONTINUOUS : The action in past

continuous is longer, and the action in past simple is shorter
and interrupts the other one.

I was studying when my brother arrived

4- PAST CONTINUOUS + PAST CONTINUOUS : Both actions

happened at the same time.
I was studying while my sister was reading a book

5- PAST SIMPLE + PAST SIMPLE: One action happened after

the other or one action is consequence of the other.
I watched the film, then I went to bed
When I saw the dog I started running

→ PAST SIMPLE & PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

STRUCTURE:

Past Perfect Simple:

Affirmative- Subject + had + participle (3rd column)

Negative- Subject + hadn’t + participle
Interrogative- (Wh question) + had + subject + participle ?

1- PAST SIMPLE + PAST PERFECT: Both actions are finished

but the action in Past perfect happened before
When I arrived home, my parents had already had dinner

→ PAST PERFECT SIMPLE & PAST PERFECT

CONTINUOUS
 STRUCTURE:

Past Perfect Simple:

Affirmative- Subject + had + participle (3rd column)

Negative- Subject + hadn’t + participle
Interrogative- (Wh question) + had + subject + participle ?

Past Perfect Continuous:

Affirmative- Subject + had + been + ing

Negative- Subject + hadn’t + been + ing
Interrogative- (Wh question) + had + subject + been + ing ?

→ USED TO & WOULD

STRUCTURE AND USE:

To express past habits (solía)

I used to / would play with dolls

I didn’t use to / wouldn’t play with dolls

Did you use to play / would you play with dolls?

We can’t ❌ use would in this use with the following verbs, in

these cases it's only possible → used to

- Verbs of thoughts and opinions: believe, know,

understand, remember, think, forget…
- Verbs of preferences: like, dislike, hate, prefer, detest…
- Verbs of states or possession: have, own, be

UNIT 2
VOCABULARY
● robots → robots
● artificial intelligence → inteligencia artificial
● a virtual world → un mundo virtual
● war → guerra
 ● crime (wave) → una ola de delincuencia
● pollution → contaminación
● catastrophe → catástrofe
● overpopulation → sobrepoblación
● climate change → cambio climático
● epidemic → epidemia
● space travel → viajes espaciales
● colony → colonia
● space station → estación espacial
● aliens → extraterrestres

Phrasal verbs → socializing

● bump into someone → tropezar con alguien
● call round → pay a short visit
● come along with → acompañar
● come over → acercarse a una casa
● come round → venir
● drop someone off at → dejar a alguien en
● go along with → acompañar / seguir algo
● go out → salir
● have someone around → tener a alguien cerca
● meet up with → quedar con
● pick someone up from → recoger a alguien en
● stay in → quedarse en

Reflexive verbs
● teach myself/yourself… → enseñarte a ti mismo
● consider myself/yourself… → considerarte a ti mismo
● prepare myself/yourself… → prepararte a ti mismo
● ask myself/yourself… → preguntartme/te
● enjoy myself/yourself… → disfrutar de mí mismo
● look after myself/yourself… → cuidarme

GRAMMAR
 USING FUTURE FORMS UNIT 2

A) WILL

FORM

I will go/ I’ll go - I won’t go - Will you go?

USES

- PREDICTIONS (subjective; based on opinions)

I think that Brazil will win the World Cup next year

- SPONTANEOUS DECISIONS. Decisiones espontáneas sin

 haberlas planeado previamente.

That chair looks horrible. I think that I will paint it tomorrow

- PROMISES, OFFERS or WARNINGS:

I promise that I won’t be late again

I will help you with your homework if you like
You will fall down if you run

TIME EXPRESSIONS

EVER, NEVER, JUST, STILL, ONLY. We will put these adverbs between
will and the infinitive.

I´ll never go out with her again

He will still help you even if you are angry with him

B) BE GOING TO

FORM

I am going to play – He isn’t going to play - Is he going to

play? USES

- PREDICTIONS (based on evidence, objective)

Brazil is going to win the match- (ganan 4-0 y quedan 5’ para el final
del partido)

- DECISIONS WHICH HAVE BEEN PLANNED IN

ADVANCE: Don’t sit on that chair! I’m going to paint it

TIME EXPRESSIONS

EVER, NEVER, JUST, STILL, ONLY. We will put these adverbs before
going to
He is still going to study at university in spite of the price
 C) PRESENT SIMPLE

USES

- TIMETABLES (FLIGHTS, BUSES, TRAINS, TV

PROGRAMMES, SCHOOL, ETC)

The train leaves tomorrow at 6.00 p.m

D) PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FORM

I am visiting my sister tonight

USES

- PLANS FOR A NEAR FUTURE It´s used for plans in advanced, the same as
be going to but we always have a time expression.

He is visiting his grandparents on Friday

I’m meeting my friends this weekend

E) FUTURE CONTINUOUS (subject + will + be+ vb-ing)

FORM I will be playing – he won’t be playing – will you be

playing…?

USES

-When we know that we will be doing something in a specific

moment in the future. The action will be in progress at that time

Don’t phone me this evening at 7.00. I will be studying.

This time next summer, we will be swimming in the beach
 F) FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE (subject + will+
have+ past participle)
FORM I will have played – he won’t have written – Will you have studied…?

USES
To express that one action will have finished in a specific moment in the

future “You can visit me tonight. By 9.00 pm, I will have done my

homework” TIME EXPRESSIONS

BY + time : “I will have prepared the meal by 13.00”

E) TENSES IN FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

WHEN, BEFORE, AFTER, WHILE, UNTIL, AS SOON AS are
followed by Present Simple

Before I go to university I am going to travel around the

world

He will call him as soon as he arrives home

I will stay here until you forgive me

→ We can use the present simple and present perfect. We

can also use the present continuous after “while”
2º EVALUACIÓN
UNIT 3
VOCABULARY

Adjectives Nouns

aggressive (agresiv@) aggression (agresión)

assertive (asertiv@) assertiveness (asertividad)

confident (seguro de sí mismo) confidence (confianza/seguridad)

defensive (defensiv@) defensiveness (actitud defensiva)

frustrated (frustrad@) frustration (frustración)

impatient (impaciente) impatience (impaciencia)

innocent (inocente) innocence (inocencia)

nervous (nervios@) nervousness (nerviosismo)

open (abiert@, sincer@) openness (franqueza/sinceridad)

self-conscious self-consciousness (vergüenza de

(cohibido/tímido/avergonzado) uno mismo)

sensitive (sensible) sensitivity (sensitiveity❌)

(sensibilidad)

shy (tímid@) shyness (timidez)

Gestures and manners

● to answer your mobile phone → coger el teléfono
● to apologize → pedir disculpas
● to bow → inclinarse (hacia los reyes o así)
● to catch someone’s eye → llamar la atención de alguien
● to greet → saludar/recibir
● to hold hands → tomarse de la mano
● to interrupt → interrumpir
● to kiss → besar
● to queue → hacer cola (wait in line)
● to touch → tocar
 ● to shake hands → estrechar/darse la mano
● to wave → saludar 👋 (it’s a form of greeting)

Pg 35 SB
● happy - happiness (feliz - felicidad)
● able - ability (ser capaz - habilidad)
● important - importance (importante - importancia)
● safe - safety (seguro - seguridad)
● modest - modesty (modesto - modestia)

GRAMMAR
Modal verbs:

[Managed to] entra pg 38

 MODAL VERBS OF DEDUCTION AND POSSIBILITY

MUST: When we are sure that something is true.

My mother must be at home – Mi madre debe estar

en casa That girl must be Ann – Esa chica debe ser

Ana

COULD- MAY – MIGHT: When we are not sure but we think that it
can be possible.

It could / may / might rain tomorrow – Puede que

llueva mañana He could / may / might be at home –

Puede que él esté en casa CAN’T: When we are sure that

something is imposible

They can’t be at home, they went on holiday yesterday- No

pueden estar en casa, se fueron de vacaciones ayer.

He can’t be Tom, he is much taller- No puede ser Tom, él es

mucho más alto

PAST MODALS OF SPECULATION

MUST + HAVE + PARTICIPLE: To talk about the past when we

are very sure that something is true.

Sarah must have eaten all the cakes because she has a
stomachache: Sarah debe haberse comido todos los pasteles
porque tiene dolor de estómago

CAN’T /COULDN’T+ HAVE + PARTICIPLE: To talk about the past

when we are sure that something is imposible.

She can’t / couldn’t have stolen your money because she is very
honest. Ella no puede haber robado tu dinero porque es muy
honesta

MAY/MIGHT/COULD+ HAVE + PARTICIPLE: To talk about the

past when we are not sure about something

Mary may / might / could have already arrived home. Mary

puede que ya haya llegado a casa.

1. CIRCLE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

a) You (may/must) eat three nutritious meals a day if you want to be healthy.

b) We will be in France this summer. (Would/ could) we spend a few days with you?

c) You (shouldn´t/should) be respectful of the elderly.

d) If you want to have dinner at the restaurant, you (are able to/ ought to) book a table in
advance.

e) In order to be accepted to university, you (might/have to) have good marks in your
exams.

f). This is top secret. You (mustn´t/don´t have to) tell anybody.

g) Look at those clouds. I think it (must/might) rain soon.

h) Do you have toothache? Don´t you think you (should/have to) go to the dentist?

i) I would like to talk to you. (May/Would) I call you at home?

j) When she was younger, she (can/could) run much faster.

k) It was very difficult, but Danny (might/ was able to) get a ticket for the football match.

l) My brother could /might walk before he started talking.

m) You have worked very hard. You could /must be tired.

n) Helen mustn´t /couldn´t do her homework, because she was ill.

o) The weather forecast says it may /should rain tomorrow.

p) I´ll try to finish, but I can´t/ might not have enough time.

q) Jim always goes on holiday to the same place. He might /must like being there.

2. FILL IN THE CORRECT FORM OF THE MODALS FROM THE LIST BELOW. THERE
MAY BE MORE THAN ONE CORRECT ANSWER.

Should ought to must can might mustn´t may

The computer is a wonderful invention, however you _must__ use it carefully. In order to
avoid losing documents, you should/ought to always save everything you type. In addition,
you _can _ print out a copy of all important documents. One of the greatest fears of
computer users is a virus. There are certain dates on which you __mustn’t_ turn on your
computer for fear of infection. Your computer_may/might_ get a virus if you insert used
diskettes, so you __should/ought to__ try to avoid doing so. Moreover, you might/may__
want to buy an anti-virus program.

3. REWRITE EACH SENTENCE USING A MODAL O MODAL PERFECT.

1. Drinking alcohol while you drive is prohibited by law.

You mustn’t drink alcohol while you drive

2. Perhaps I will go to the cinema.

I may go to the cinema

3. I am not able to get up early in the morning.

I can´t get up early in the morning

4. I suggest you sleep at least seven hours the night before a big exam.
 You should sleep at least seven hours the night before a big exam.

5. It is a pity we didn´t spend our last holiday in the country.

We could / should have spent our last holiday in the country

6. I don´t think I told you all the news.

I may not have told you all the news

7. It was wrong of the manager to employ 13-year-old children.

The manager shouldn’t have employed 13-year –old children

8. He is late for work again. He probably woke up late.

He may have woken up late

4. ERROR CORRECTION.

1. You must to save all the documents on your computer.

Must save

2. My father might had helped you yesterday if you had asked.

Might have helped

3. Victor should spent more time studying for yesterday´s exam

Should spend

4. Young people today ought be more polite to their parents. ought to be

5. Noemi can have completed the assignment on time if she had tried. _ could have
completed

5. CHOOSE THE MOST APPROPIATE SENTENCE TO FOLLOW EACH EXAMPLE.

1. We could have gone to see a film.

a. What a pity we didn´t go b. Why don´t we go?

2. I should have studied for the exam.

a. I knew all the answers b. I didn´t know any of the answers

3. They have been looking forward to the party all week, but they aren´t here yet.

a. They couldn´t have forgotten about it b. They couldn´t forget about it

4. He still hasn´t arrived.

a. He must take the wrong turning b. He must have taken the wrong turning

5. You could have helped her when she asked you to.
a. Why don´t you? b. Why didn´t you?

6. Believe me, I would have visited her

a. I just didn´t have the time b. I just won´t have the time

6. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING MODAL PERFECTS.

1. My motorbike has disappeared. Someone must have stolen it

2. It is possible she told you a lie. She may have told you a lie

3. Perhaps he called me, but I was out earlier. He may have called

4. It was wrong of you not to apologise to her. You should have apologized to her

7. CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION.

1. When David was three years old he __________ write his own name.

a) must b) could c) is able to

2. In my opinion, Sheila ___________ apologise for her rude behaviour.

a) should b) have to c) can

3. Pupils ____________ smoke in the school grounds. It is forbidden.

a) couldn´t b) needn´t c) mustn´t

4. The bus _________ be late because of the heavy rain.

a) should b) might c) can

5. I´m sorry, I ____________ help you. I don´t know anything about cars.

a) shouldn´t b) can´t c) needn´t

8. CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION.

Students in modern secondary schools in the UK.

Sometimes feel that they have to/should complain about homework, but life isn´t too bad. It
is true that they can´t/must study a lot, but 50 years ago schools were stricter. Students
mustn´t/weren´t allowed to speak without permission and had to/needn´t show teachers a
lot of respect. Teachers and head teachers are able to/could use corporal punishment if
students broke the rules. Also, in many boarding schools and private schools, senior
students (older) need to/were allowed to hit junior students (younger). Juniors had to/must
obey the seniors. The seniors could/must tell the juniors to clean their shoes or make their
beds. This might/can´t seem strange to teenagers today, but school authorities thought that
juniors should/must learn how to serve. Fortunately, young people nowadays needn
´t/mustn´t worry about that.

9. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER.

1. A policeman stopped Mr West for driving through a red light. He told Mr West that he may
have/must have /ought to have stopped at the light.

2. A man is waiting for the results of a driving test. He thinks he may have/ought to
have/shouldn´t have failed.

3. Sally feels ill. She shouldn´t have/could have/might have eaten so much at the party.

4. My friend didn´t meet me at the restaurant. He must have/might have/could have called
to tell me that he wasn´t coming.

5. The Browns are stepping into a new car. They may have/must have/should have bought
a new car.

6. It was wrong of Dan not to warn us about the danger. Dan could have/must have warned
us.

7. There was absolutely no reason for them to come late. They shouldn´t have/should
have come on time.

8. I´m sure that I told you what happened. I might have/must have told you what happened.

9. It´s possible that she left her sweater on the bus. She must have/may have left her
sweater on the bus.

10. Someone may have told him the bad news. He ought to have/might have heard the
bad news.
11. They didn´t write although they had our new address. They could have/might have
written.

10. FILL IN THE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM OF SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE OR
COULD HAVE TOGETHER WITH THE VERB IN BRACKETS.

Jim Kelly loves camping. He remembers an early camping experience. “We packed up to
leave at 5.00. We _couldn’t have stayed (stay) longer because it was so cold. We picked
up all the litter carefully, but we __should have paid_(pay) more attention to our fire. We
_shouldn’t have left (leave) the forest without checking that the fire was out. We _could
have noticed_(notice) that the fire was still burning.

One of the campers looked back and saw leaves burning near the campfire. The wind
__must have blown_(blow) the leaves onto the fire. We rushed back and threw water onto
the flames. We were lucky that we saw the burning leaves. It could have easily caused
(easily cause) a disaster.”

11. REWRITE THESE SENTENCES REPLACING THE WORDS BELOW.

Can can´t could couldn´t must

needn´t

1. I am not able to have breakfast in the morning.

I can’t have breakfast in the morning

2. You don´t have to shout- I am not deaf.

You needn’t shout

3. I have to get a new passport before the summer

I must get a passport

4. When he was younger, he was able to run much faster.

When he was younger, he could run

5. She is able to help you with your project.

She can help

6. She doesn´t have to return the book today.

She needn’t return

7. Drivers have to observe the speed limit.

Drivers must observe

8. Their parents weren´t able to pay for extra lessons.

Their parents couldn’t pay

12. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER.

1. Ron doesn´t feel well. He ___________ see a doctor.

a. should b. had to c. ought to

2. When the children were young, they ________ speak English. Unfortunately, they don´t
remember any of it.

a. must b. could c. might

3. It ________ rain tomorrow. Take umbrellas and raincoats with you on your trip.

a. can´t b. may c. must

4. I ______ speak four languages. My parents taught me all four.

a. can b. need c. should

5. Although I broke my finger, I __________sign my name.

a. was able to b. have to c. couldn´t

6. You ________ review the work done in class or you will forget it.

a. should b. may c. needn´t

7. You __________eat so quickly. You will get a stomach-ache.

a. can´t b. doesn´t have to c. shouldn´t

8. As a child, he _________ dance like a professional.

a. can b. could c. is able to

9. They _________ travel to London tomorrow.

a. can´t b. will be able to c. couldn´t

10. Yesterday, I _________ enter the computer room because I had a special key.

a. was able to b. could c. can

13. THESE ARE THE SCHOOL RULES. REWRITE THEM USING MUSTN´T, DON´T
HAVE TO, MUST, NEEDN´T, SHOULDN´T.
1. Pupils are not allowed to leave the school before classes are over. Pupils mustn’t leave

2. Pupils are not allowed to stay in the classroom during breaks. Pupils mustn’t stay

3. Pupils are obliged to wear the school uniform every day. Pupils must wear

4. Pupils are not obliged to wear closed shoes. They may wear sandals instead. Pupils dont
have to /needn’t wear

5. Pupils are obliged to participate in gym classes. Pupils must participate

6. Pupils are not obliged to participate in competitive sports games. Pupils don’t have to /
needn’t participate

7. Pupils are advised not to leave expensive things in the classrooms. Pupils shouldn’t
leave

14. COMPLETE THESE SENTENCES USING TO BE ABLE TO, SHOULD, OUGHT TO,
MUST, HAVE TO, NEED.

1. You have burnt yourself. You should / ought to be more careful.

2. We have to/must leave soon. The last bus leaves in 10 minutes.

3. I am able to see you tomorrow. I will have some free time then.

4. You don’t have to/ needn’t rush. There is plenty of time. The film only starts in two hours.

5. You have to be quiet in the library. It is forbidden to make a noise.

6. We had to walk home because we missed the last bus last night.

7. The police was able to catch the thief as he was climbing out of a window.

8. Parents have to keep medicines way from children. Cleaning fluids are also dangerous.

9. Paul had to drive the car because his mother has broken her hand.

10. You don’t have to / needn’t worry. I will take care of the children.

15. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH MUST, MUSTN´T, HAD TO, NEEDN´T.

1. You mustn’t throw things out of the car window.

2. You needn’t hurry; we have got plenty of time

3. The doctor says she must stop smoking

4. He forgot his hat, so he had to run back home to get it.

5. You needn’t_go shopping right now; You can go later.

6. The matter is very important; you must allow me to see the manager right away.

7. She had to do her homework last night because she didn´t have time during the day.

8. After her illness last year, she must be very careful not to catch a cold.

9. Everyone must carry some form of identification with them.

16. REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES WITH THE APPROPIATE MODAL.

1. Perhaps it will rain today. (may) It may rain today

2. It´s a good idea to take some money with you. (should) You should take

3. I´s not necessary to clean your room right now. (need) You needn’t clean

4. I suggest you say goodbye before you leave. (should) You should say

5. You know how to do that by yourself. (can) You can do

6. Parents have an obligation to teach their children the difference between right and wrong.
(must)

Parents must teach

7. It is necessary for Dad to get up very early tomorrow morning. (have to) Dad has to get
up

8. In the future, children will know how to use computers before the age of five. (to be able
to) In the future children will be able to use

9. It is forbidden for boys to ride skateboards in the street. (must)

The boys mustn’t ride

10. It is not necessary to be rich in order to be happy. (have to) You don’t have to be

UNIT 4
VOCABULARY
Getting involved

Verbs Nouns

volunteer → ser voluntario a volunteer → un voluntario

donate → donar a donation → una donación

raise awareness → concienciar an awareness raising event → un acto

de concienciación

appeal → atraer/gustar an appeal → encanto/atractivo

sponsor → patrocinar a sponsor → un patrocinador

give to charity → donar a la caridad charity → caridad

fundraise → recaudar fondos a fundraising event → un acto para

recaudar fondos

take part in → participar en participation → la participación

raise money → recaudar dinero

campaign → hacer campaña a campaign → una campaña

occupy - occupiers - occupation sponsor - sponsor - sponsorship

Collocations
● voting rights → being legally allowed to vote
● serious crime → illegal behaviour
● lifelong habit → something you regularly do in a lifetime
● legal age → the age a person can do something according to the law
● political engagement → being involved in politics
● informed decision → a choice made using knowledge

Issues & action

● women’s rights → derechos de la mujer
● workers’ rights → derechos del trabajador
● animal rights → derechos animales
● human rights → derechos humanos
● education cuts → recortes en educación
● health cuts → recortes en sanidad
● racial equality → igualdad racial
● gender equality → igualdad de género

Verbs Noun (person) Noun (action/object)

protest → protest a protester → protestante a protest → una protesta

demonstrate → a demonstrator → un a demonstration → una

manifestar manifestante manifestación

hold a rally → celebrar un a rally → un mitin

mitin

march → marchar a marcher → un a march → una marcha

marchador

sign a petition → firmar a petition → una petición

una petición

a slogan → un slogan

a banner → una
pancarta/cartel

an activist → un activista

GRAMMAR
 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

They are sentences that are made by a subordinate clause that expresses the
condition and a main clause that indicates the result. It doesn’t matter the order
in which they appear, but if the subordinate clause is the first, we need a
comma between both.

LINKS

If: si

TYPES

1-Zero Conditional: Always truth

If + PRESENT SIMPLE, Main clause PRESENT SIMPLE

If you heat ice, it melts

Anne runs if she sees a dog

→ We can use WHEN instead of IF with the same meaning

When you mix red and yellow, you get orange

2-First conditional: It is used for probable situations, real situations that it

´s posible they happen in the future
If + PRESENT SIMPLE - Main clause WILL/ WON’T+ INFINITIVE

If you don’t clean your room, you won’t go out. If your laptop doesn´t

work, you won’t do your homework

I will take an umbrella if it rains

3- Second conditional: It is used for improbable situations, hypothetical or

imaginary.

If + PAST SIMPLE, main clause WOULD + INFINITIVE

I would help others if I won the lottery.

If I were/was taller, I would play in a basketball team.

4- Third Conditional: It is used to talk about something in the past that did
not happen.

If+ PAST PERFECT (had+ participle), main clause

WOULD+HAVE+PARTICIPLE
If I had known that you were ill, I would have gone to visit you.

He wouldn’t have told that if he had thought before

→ even if = incluso si
→ unless = a menos que
→ supposing = si
MIXED CONDITIONALS

They are a mix of the second and third conditional

1- To talk about an unreal situation in the past, with a present

result.

If + PAST PERFECT, main clause WOULD

● If I had won the lottery, I would be rich

● If I hadn’t taken Chinese in secondary school, I wouldn’t

have so many job opportunities

2- To talk about the possible past result of an unreal situation in

the present.

If + PAST, main clause WOULD HAVE+PARTICIPLE

● If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw

yesterday.

● If Mary spoke Russian, she would have translated the letter

for you.
1st CONDITIONAL
1. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense.

1 If they charge more than thirty pounds, I won’t pay

2 If Alice wants to play outside, she will have to wear her coat.

3 Unless Tom helps me, I won’t be able to finish this work.

4 If you don’t feel well, you should go to the doctor.

5 If people want to succeed, they will have to work hard.

2 Rewrite the following sentences without changing the meaning of the

original one.

1 The opera singer won't make an appearance unless the photographers are there.

If the photographers are there, the opera singer will make an appearance.

If the photographers aren’t there, the opera singer won’t make an appearance.

2 I won't be able to help you unless I get a full report by tomorrow.

If I don’t get a full report by tomorrow, I won’t be able to help you.

3 Ian walks to school if no one gives him a lift.

Unless someone gives him a lift, Ian walks to school.

4 I'll come round tomorrow if I don't have to work late.

Unless I have to work late, Iĺl come round tomorrow.

2nd CONDITIONAL
3. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense.

1 If Tina had a new hair-style, I think she would look much nicer.

2 Sandra would have a better chance of being a model if she were / was slimmer.

3 If I were rich, I would go for a trip around the world.

4 Bill would live in the USA if he had a work permit.

5 If Jim didn’t t tell so many lies, people would like him more.

6 If we went to London next week, we would go to see that new film everybody's talking
about.

7 If I were Diane, I wouldn’t go to the concert without a ticket.

8 If you bought a word processor, I would show you how to use it.

3rd CONDITIONAL
4. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH THE CORRECT VERB TENSE.

1 If Alan hadn’t teased the dog yesterday, it wouldn't have bitten him and he wouldn’t have
had to hospital.

2 If Tom hadn’t helped me with my homework last week, I wouldn’t have passed the exam.

3 You would have looked better if you had worn a suit to go to the concert last night.

4 If we hadn’t missed the bus last night, we wouldn’t have needed to find a taxi.

5 If the weather hadn’t been so bad yesterday, we would have gone for a picnic.

5. JOIN EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES TO MAKE ONE SENTENCE IN THE THIRD

CONDITIONAL.
1 They didn't know about the invitation. They didn't come.

If they had known about the invitation, they would have come

2 He did not know about your existence. He didn't come to see you.

If they had known about your existence, they would have come to see you.

3 She was too careless with her things. She lost her purse.

If she hadn’t been too careless with her things, she wouldn’t have lost her purse.

4 I didn't know the boy liked books so much. I didn't buy one for him.

If I had known the boy liked books so much, I would have bought one for him.

5 He didn't study, so he didn't pass his exams.

If he had studied, he would have passed his exams.

UNIT 5
VOCABULARY
Values

Nouns (-/+) Adjectives (-/+) Adverbs (-/+)

racism → racismo

(dis)loyalty → (des)lealtad (dis)loyal → (des)leal

discrimination →
discriminación

(dis)honesty → (dis)honest → (dis)honestly →

(des)honestidad (des)honest@ (des)honestamente
dignity → dignidad

(in)equality → (un)equal → (des)igual (un)equally →

(des)igualdad (des)igualmente

humanity → humanidad

(mis)trust →
(des)confianza

prejudice → prejuicios

(dis)respect → (falta de) (dis)respectful → (dis)respectfully →

respeto (ir)respetuoso (ir)respetuosamente

(un)kindness → (falta de) (un)kind → (poco) amable (un)kindly → (poco)

amabilidad amablemente

Idiomatic expressions
● be over the moon = be really happy and delighted
● be in the dog house = be in disgrace/ in a bad situation because someone is
angry at one : in trouble.
● be down in the dumps = feel unhappy
● need a bit of ‘me time’ = need time for yourself
● through thick and thin = in good times and bad times

Relationship verbs
● ask (sb) out → invitar a alguien a salir (2)
● break up with (sb) → romper con alguien (1)
● flirt with (sb) → ligar con alguien
● get over (sb/smth) → superar algo/a alguien (3)
● get married to (sb) → casarse con alguien
● get on (well) with (sb) → llevarse bien con alguien (4)
● get to know (sb) → conocer a alguien
● go out with (sb) → salir con alguien (4)
● have children → tener hijos
● have (smth) in common with (sb) → tener algo en común con alguien
● make a commitment → comprometerse
SB pg 64
(1)
41
51
6
50
25
64
59
39
17
48
87

(2)
1. going out with
2. broke up
3. got over
4. have anything in common
5. got on Ok with each other
6. flirted
7. get to know them
8. asked her out
9. get married
10. meet
11. have children
12. make a commitment

WB pg 50
(1)
him that she’d like
his/ for that weekend
told me that Marina was playing
if she wanted to meet up later
asked me where I was going

(2)
Nicole said that her sister had broken up with her boyfriend.
Pilar said that she could play the guitar, but she couldn’t sing.
The teacher ordered us to be quiet and sit down.
Dave asked Hana if she would like to go to the pool with him.
Vanessa asked Carlos where he was going.
(4)
1. She told reporters: “The reviews are very unkind and I’m thinking of taking
legal action against one newspaper.”
2. One journalist asked her: “Why do you think the reviews have been so bad?”
3. The angry star replied: “I think the critics are too stupid to understand what
the film is about.”
4. Evans was asked: “Will you work with the film’s director, Paulo Fusilli, again?”
5. She answered: “I can’t answer the question for legal reasons.”

(5)
1. The teacher asked the class to stop talking and listen.
2. Mila reminded me not to forget to revise for the physics exam the following
day.
3. Amber suggested staying in and ordering a pizza.
4. Juan recommended seeing the new Almodóvar film.
5. Phoebe warned us to be careful when we were skiing because it’s a
dangerous sport.
(6)
were
will always be
should
has shown
can
have
live
have been
will be
are going to spend

GRAMMAR
Reported speech
REPORTED SPEECH

1. STATEMENTS
→ A. Verb shift

Present simple: “I like ice cream” _________> Past simple: She said

(that) she liked ice cream.

Present continuous: “I am living in London_______> Past Continuous:

She said she was living in London.

Past Simple: “I bought a car” ___________> Past Perfect : She said

she had bought a car.

Present perfect: “I have seen Julie” ________> Past Perfect : She said

she had seen Julie.

Past perfect * : “I had taken English lessons before” ________> Past

Perfect : She said she had taken English lessons before.

Will : “I will see you later” ___________> Would: She said she would

see me later.

Would * : “I would help, but..” ___________> Would: She said she

would help but...

Can: “I can speak perfect English”____________> Could: She said

she could speak perfect English.

Could * : “I could swim when I was four” __________> Could: She

said she could swim when she was four.

Should * : “I should call my mother”__________> Should: She said

she should call her mother.

Might * : "I might be late"___________> Might: She said she might

be late.
May: “He may come later” ________> Might: She said he might come

later.

Must: "I must study at the weekend" __________> Had to : She said

she had to study at the weekend.

→ B. Time and Place expressions change

Now_____________ then / at that time

Today _____________ that day

Tonight _____________that night

Yesterday _________ the day before/ the previous day

Last week / month/ year ___________the week/month/ year

before / the previous week/month / year

Tomorrow ______________ the next day / the following day

Next week /month / year ________ the next week / month / year

This /these__________ that / those

Here _______________ there

Now ____________ Then/At that moment

→ C. Personal, possessive and object pronouns

Subject Object Possessive

I me my

You you your

He him his

She her her

It it its

We us our

You you your

They them their

2. QUESTIONS

A. Verb Shift

B. Si empieza la pregunta por una partícula interrogativa, la

unimos

directamente:

She asked me: “Where did you study?” --- She asked me where I had

studied

Si empieza la pregunta sin partícula interrogativa, la unimos

con IF

She asked me: “Have you studied?” --- She asked me if I had studied

Hay que tener en cuenta que nuestra nueva frase es

afirmativa así que el orden será: SUJETO + VERBO

C. Time and place changes

D. Personal, possessive and object pronouns

ORDERS: (order, command, tell)

Subject + Verb + Object

→ AFFIRMATIVE: to + inf

→ NEGATIVE: not to + inf

The police told us: “Don’t step on here.” → “The police told us not to step

on there.”

3. REPORTING VERBS

3.1 ADMIT, AGREE, CLAIM, COMPLAIN, CONFIRM, DENY,

EXPLAIN, MENTION, PROMISE, REPORT

SUBJECT+ VERB (CONJUGADO, NORMALMENTE EN

PASADO)+ THAT + CLAUSE

● My friend told me: “I didn’t steal the money”

● My friend denied that he had stolen the money

3.2 REMIND, WARN, PROMISE

SUBJECT + VERB (CONJUGADO, NORMALMENTE EN

PASADO)

+OBJECT + THAT + CLAUSE

● “Don’t forget to put the bins out” Sam told me

● Sam reminded me that I didn’t forget to put the bins out.

3.3 AGREE, OFFER, PROMISE, REFUSE

SUBJECT + VERB (CONJUGADO, NORMALMENTE EN

PASADO) + (NOT) TO + INFINITIVE

● “I will help you with your suitcases” The doorman told him

The doorman offered to help him with his suitcases

● “We won’t accept this offer” they told us

They refused to accept that offer

● “I won’t do it again” The child told his father

The child promised not to do it again

3.4 ADVISE, ASK, ENCOURAGE, INVITE, REMIND, WARN,

TELL, ORDER

SUBJECT + VERB (CONJUGADO, NORMALMENTE EN

PASADO) + OBJECT + (NOT) TO + INFINITIVE

● “Don’t stroke the neighbour’s dog” Lily told me

 Lily advised me not to stroke the neighbour’s dog

● “Do you want to come to my party?” She told us

She invited us to come to her party

3.5. DENY, RECOMMEND, SUGGEST

SUBJECT + VERB (CONJUGADO, NORMALMENTE EN

PASADO) + (NOT) +ING

● “You shouldn’t sleep during the day” His mum told him

His mum recommended not sleeping during the day

● “Why don't’ we have dinner out? My husband said

My husband suggested having dinner out.

3.6. ADMIT TO, APOLOGIZE FOR

SUBJECT + VERB (CONJUGADO, NORMALMENTE EN

PASADO) + (NOT) +ING

● “I broke the window” Sam said

Sam admitted to breaking the window

● “I am sorry that I didn’t say goodbye yesterday” Jill told me

Jim apologized for not saying goodbye the day before

3.7. BLAME SOMEONE FOR, ACCUSE SOMEONE OF

SUBJECT + VERB (CONJUGADO, NORMALMENTE EN

PASADO) + OBJECT + PREPOSITION+ (NOT) +ING

● “You stole the money from my purse!” She told him

She accused him of stealing the money from her purse

Say and tell: reporting verbs → sirven para
introducir el tipo de frase que quiero decir.
Say: no hace falta el objeto indirecto (la persona que recibe la frase)
Tell: sí hace falta el objeto indirecto
SAY:
→ Sara said that …
→ Sara said to me that …

TELL:
→ Sara told me that …
→ Sara told ___
Reporting verbs and structure
 ● Ask
● Tell
● Order
● Advise
● Remind
● Warn

Reporting questions
SB pg 62 (1)
he couldn’t meet her because he was working
it didn’t matter because she had to do some work anyway
they had always been kind to her
they were going to help me
he wouldn’t go out with her if she didn’t like his friends
Katie that he would see her the following day, and that he wouldn’t be late
to Jackie that he was really looking forward to meeting her sister
him that he had met his mum when they had both been studying in Sydney
that she had gone out the previous night with her boyfriend and they hadn’t got
home until late.
that her sister had been living in Dublin with their cousins since the previous month.
SB pg 62 (2)
I told him that I had a boyfriend
Susan said to me that she was going
We spoke to Dan and he told us that he was busy
I told Julia that she should text me
The police said to us that we should move

SB pg 62 (3)
to stay in that night
to stop texting her boyfriend
not to mention it to John
going out
going to see that new film
to take some tissues with me

SB pg 62 (4)
if he thought he would get married
how his parents had first met
if we were doing anything at that weekend
who she would most like to meet w-question + suj + lo demás
where I had been for my last holiday
if I had seen any good films recently
if he could help me with my homework
3º EVALUACIÓN
UNIT 6
VOCABULARY
Inventions and discovery

VERB NOUN (person) NOUN (verb)

adapt adaptor adaptation

create creator creation

design designer design

develop developer development

discover discoverer discovery

innovate innovator innovation

inspire inspiration

invent inventor invention

observe observer observation

replace replacement

research researcher research

revolutionize revolutionary revolution

Prefixes
 PREFIXES MEANING EXAMPLE WORDS

re- again replace, reuse, rewrite

anti- against antisocial

pro- for/ in favour of pro-democracy

under- not enough / under undergraduate

over- too much / above overworked

multi- many multicultural

inter- Between / connected international

micro- Very small / in great detail micromanage, microwave

mis- incorrectly misplace, misunderstand

Describing objects

DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE ADJECTIVES

opinion useful
useless
stylish
(un)attractive
funky
eye-catching
high-quality

size giant-sized
life-size
pocket-sized

age modern

shape heart-shaped
star-shaped
round

colour red, blue, yellow

other disposable
waterproof
practical
inflatable
economical
eco-friendly
child-friendly
 low-cost
durable
solar-powered
long-lasting
shockproof

origin French, Spanish

material wooden
ceramic
recycled

GRAMMAR

PASSIVE VOICE
VERB TRANSFORMATION

🔹 Activa: They write a report every month. (PRESENT SIMPLE)

🔹 Pasiva: is/are written
→Activa: She is baking a cake. (Present continuous) (Bake→ baked)
🔹 Pasiva: A cake is being baked.
→Activa: The company hired new employees. (Past simple) (hire → hired)
🔹 Pasiva: New employees were hired by the company.
→Activa: The students were doing the exercises. (Past continuous) (do → done)
🔹 Pasiva: The exercises were being done by the students.
→Activa: They have finished the project. (present perfect) (finish → finished)
🔹 Pasiva: The project has been finished.
→Activa: She had prepared the documents. (Past perfect) (prepare → prepared)
🔹 Pasiva: The documents had been prepared.
→Activa: The team will complete the task. (future simple) (complete → completed)
🔹 Pasiva:.The task will be completed by the team.
→Activa: They are going to build a new school. (going to) (build → built)
🔹 Pasiva: A new school is going to be built.
→Activa: You must follow the rules. (modal verb: must) (follow → followed)
🔹 Pasiva: The rules must be followed.
→Activa: She can solve the problem. (modal verb: can) (solve → solved)
🔹 Pasiva: The problem can be solved.

Is she cleaning the house?

Is the house being cleaned by her?

Will they finish the project by Friday?

Will the project be finished by Friday?

Has he repaired the car?

Has the car been repaired by him?

Are they watching the movie now?

Is the movie being watched now?

Did she invite you to the party?

Were you invited to the party by her?

When will they announce the results?

When will the results be announced?

Have they completed the report?

Has the report been completed?

Did the teacher explain the lesson?

Was the lesson explained by the teacher?

Who wrote this book?

Who was this book written by?
UNIT 7
VOCABULARY
Describing objects

TOPIC VOCABULARY

film director
genre
romantic comedy
horror
box office → taquilla
audience
Viewers
Blockbuster → exitazo de taquilla

TV talent show
game show
reality show

music charts
track
album
hit

computer games launch

literature bestseller
reader
series

internet stream
viral video

Phrasal verbs with put

● put something together = form
● put up with = tolerate
● put something off = delay
● put something in = invest time and effort
● put something down (to) = be the reason for

Adjectives & prefixes

POSITIVE ADJECTIVES NEGATIVE PREFIX NEGATIVE ADJECTIVE

responsible ir- irresponsible

legal il- illegal

tasteful dis- distasteful

obedient dis- disobedient

moral im- immoral

mature im- immature

decent in- indecent

appropriate in- inappropriate

suitable un- unsuitable

censored un- uncensored

 safe un- unsafe

GRAMMAR
Defining (sin comas) and non-defining (con comas) relative clauses
El that solo se puede intercambiar en las defining.
Cuando se refiere al sujeto → no se puede omitir el relativo
Cuando se refiere al objeto → sí se puede omitir el relativo
Solo en las defining se puede omitir el relativo.