PYTHON

String = plain text. To store a string, we need quotation marks.

name="Tom"

Numbers: To store a number we don’t need to have quotation marks

age=50
age=50.458

Boolean values = True or False values.

1.1 Working with strings

print("Giraffe Academy")
create a new line
print("Giraffe\nAcademy")
Giraffe
Academy
print("Giraffe\"Academy")
Giraffe"Academy
1.2 Storing strings into variables
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase)
Giraffe Academy
Concatenation
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase +" is cool")
Giraffe Academy is cool

String functions
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase.lower())
giraffe academy
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase.upper())
GIRAFFE ACADEMY
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase.isupper())
False
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase.upper().isupper())
True
Length function
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(len(phrase))
15
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase[0])
G
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
#0123
print(phrase[0])

phrase="Giraffe Academy"
#0123
print(phrase[3])
a
Index function
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase.index("G"))
0
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase.index("Acad"))
8
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase.index("z"))

Replace function
phrase="Giraffe Academy"
print(phrase.replace("Giraffe","Elephant"))
Elephant Academy
1.2 Working with numbers
print(3+4.5)
7.5

print(3*4+5)
17
Number functions
Absolute value=abs()
myNum=-5
print(abs(myNum))
5
Power function - E.g. 3^2
print(pow(3,2))
9
print(max(4,6))
6
print(min(4,6))
4
print(round(3.4))
3
print(round(3.5))
4
Import external code in order to have access to other math functions
from math import *

floor function: will remove the decimal point

from math import *

myNum=-5
print(floor(3.2))
3
Ceil function: will round the number up
from math import *

myNum=-5
print(ceil(3.2))
4
Square rout (raiz quadrada
from math import *

myNum=-5
print(sqrt(36))
6
Getting input from users
name=input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello",name,"!")
Enter your name: Fabio
Hello Fabio !
name=input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello"+name+"!")
Enter your name: Fabio
HelloFabio!
name=input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello "+name+" !")
Enter your name: Fabio
Hello Fabio !
name=input("Enter your name: ")
age=input("Enter your age: ")
print("Hello",name,"!","You are",age)
Enter your name: Fabio
Enter your age: 35
Hello Fabio ! You are 35

Building a basic calculator

num1 = input("Enter a number: ")
num2 = input("Enter another number: ")
result = num1 * num2
print(result)

NOTA: Como não está definido, o python considera por defeito que qualquer valor
introduzido é uma string (texto).
Para podermos introduzir números os código tem que ter isso definido. Ou seja,
temos que converter as strings que obtemos do input do user para números.

int() = integer = the user can only insert whole numbers

num1 = input("Enter a number: ")
num2 = input("Enter another number: ")
result = int(num1)*int(num2)
print(result)
num1 = input("Enter a number: ")
num2 = input("Enter another number: ")
result = int(num1)*int(num2)
print(result)

float() = floating = the user can insert decimal or whole numbers

num1 = input("Enter a number: ")
num2 = input("Enter another number: ")
result = float(num1)*float(num2)
print(result)

Mad libs game: the user needs to insert a random word in a text.
print("Roses are red")
print("Violets are blue")
print("I love you")

Let’s ask the user to insert their own words e.g.:

print("Roses are {color}")
print("{plural noun} are blue")
print("I love {celebrity}")

Code in python:
color=input("Enter a color: ")
pluralNoun=input("Enter a plural noun: ")
celebrity=input("Enter a celebrity name: ")

print("Roses are",color)
print(pluralNoun,"are blue")
print("I love",celebrity)

Working with lists: when we are dealing with large amount of data
[] – when we want to store a bunch of values inside a list
e.g.
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples"]

To refer to an element inside a list we need to use the index value e.g.
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples"]
0 1 2 3
print(fruit)

fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples"]

print(fruit[1])
bananas
We can also use negative index numbers to access elements in the back of the list
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples"]

print(fruit[-3])
bananas

fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples"]

print(fruit[-1])
pineapples
with colon after the index
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]

print(fruit[1:])
['bananas', 'oranges', 'pineapples', 'strawberry']
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]

print(fruit[1:3])
['bananas', 'oranges']

Modify values inside a list

fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]
fruit[2]="blueberries"

print(fruit[1:3])
['bananas', 'blueberries']

List with functions

Extend function: will allow us to take a list and append another list onto the end of
it.
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]
fruit.extend(luckyNumbers)

print(fruit)
['apples', 'bananas', 'oranges', 'pineapples', 'strawberry', 7, 9, 10, 17, 27]

Append: will allow us to add another element in the end of a list

fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]
fruit.append("blueberries")

print(fruit)
['apples', 'bananas', 'oranges', 'pineapples', 'strawberry', 'blueberries']
Insert: will allow us to add an element after a given index
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]
fruit.insert(1,"mango")

print(fruit)
['apples', 'mango', 'bananas', 'oranges', 'pineapples', 'strawberry']
Remove: to remove elements
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]
fruit.remove("oranges")

print(fruit)
['apples', 'bananas', 'pineapples', 'strawberry']
Clear: to remove all the elements inside a list
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]
fruit.clear()

print(fruit)
[]
Pop: removes the last element of a list (pops an element out of the list)
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]
fruit.pop()

print(fruit)
['apples', 'bananas', 'oranges', 'pineapples']
Index: will return the index number in a list
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]

print(fruit.index("oranges"))
print(luckyNumbers.index(17))
2
3
If a name is not will the list will return an error
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]

print(fruit.index("pen"))
print(luckyNumbers.index(17))

count: how many times a value will show up inside a list

fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","oranges","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]

print(fruit.count("oranges"))
2
sort: will place a list in alphabetical order or numbers in ascending order
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","oranges","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]
fruit.sort()

print(fruit)
['apples', 'bananas', 'oranges', 'oranges', 'pineapples', 'strawberry']
Will not show if .sort is included in the print
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","oranges","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]

print(fruit.sort())
None
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","oranges","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,17,27]
fruit.sort()
luckyNumbers.sort()
print(fruit)
print(luckyNumbers)
['apples', 'bananas', 'oranges', 'oranges', 'pineapples', 'strawberry']
[7, 9, 10, 17, 27]
reverse: will reverse the order of a list
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","oranges","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,90,17,27]
fruit.reverse()
luckyNumbers.sort()
print(fruit)
print(luckyNumbers)
['strawberry', 'oranges', 'pineapples', 'oranges', 'bananas', 'apples']
[7, 9, 10, 17, 27, 90]
copy: create another list as a copy of another list
fruit=["apples","bananas","oranges","pineapples","oranges","strawberry"]
luckyNumbers=[7,9,10,90,17,27]
fruit2=fruit.copy()

print(fruit2)
['apples', 'bananas', 'oranges', 'pineapples', 'oranges', 'strawberry']

Tuples
A tuple is a type of data structure which means that is a container where we can
store different values. Is very similar to a list and we can store multiple pieces of
data.
A tuple is immutable which means that the tuple can’t be changed or modified.
Once we create our tuple we cannot modify it. The application for a tuple is an
amount of data that never gone change.
how to create a tuple
coordinates=(4,5)

print(coordinates[0])
4
list of tuples
coordinates=[(4,5),(6,7),(80,90)]

print(coordinates[2])
(80, 90)

Functions
A function is a collection of code that performs a specific task. Helps to organize the
code.
To write a function the first thing is to write the keyword def. When Python sees this
keyword he knows that the programmer wants to use a function.
NOTE: the code inside a function will not be executed by default.
ef sayHi(): #all the code that comes after this line will be inside of our
function
print("hello user") #all the code inside the function needs to be idented
related to the 1st line of code
Process finished with exit code 0
def sayHi():
print("hello user")
sayHi() #we need to call the function
hello user
def sayHi():
print("hello user")

print("Top")
sayHi() #we need to call the function
print("Bottom")
Top
hello user
Bottom